Breaking Mechanism Research Articles

A three-parameter model for dark matter halos based on general relativity and quantum field theory

In this paper, we present a three-parameter model for the distributions of “dark matter” around local spherically symmetric and static distributions of normal matter, usually referred to as “dark matter halos”. The model is based on the assumption that the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism involving the Higgs field in the standard model of elementary particle physics leads to the existence of a constant distribution of vacuum energy throughout space–time. This is to be interpreted as a constant distribution of proper energy, as measured by local observers in their proper reference frames. Due to the presence of this universal distribution of vacuum energy, the model requires the introduction of the cosmological term in the Einstein field equations, in order to regulate the behavior of the resulting geometry at cosmologically large distances. By implementing the model on galactic scales, we are able to establish the gravitational consequences of such a homogeneous distribution of proper energy density at these scales. This results in equivalent halo masses and orbital velocity curves that, at least qualitatively, match the observations for galactic “dark matter” halos. Although the detailed realization of the model presented and calculated here cannot be construed as a precise representation of galactic structure, given that most of the actual structure of the galaxy, such as the galactic disk itself, is ignored, and replaced by a single spherically symmetric bulge, in this paper we do introduce the conceptual framework that may be used to construct a more complete galactic model in the future.

DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor Peposertib Enhances Efficacy of 177Lu-Based Radioimmunotherapy in Preclinical Models of Prostate and Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Novel radiation sensitizers, including inhibitors targeting DNA damage response, have been developed to enhance the efficacy of anticancer treatments that induce DNA damage in cancer cells. Peposertib, a potent, selective, and orally administered inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase, impedes the nonhomologous end-joining mechanism for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. We investigated radioimmunotherapy alone or with peposertib in preclinical models of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or prostate cancer. Methods: 177Lu-DOTA-girentuximab (targeting carbonic anhydrase IX) or 177Lu-DOTA-rosopatamab (targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen) was used to deliver β-radiation to tumors via a single intravenous dose (3 or 6 MBq) in mice bearing SK-RC-52 RCC or LNCaP prostate cancer xenografts, respectively. Peposertib (50 mg/kg daily for 14 d) was administered via oral gavage. Biodistribution and invivo imaging of 177Lu-based radioimmunotherapy were performed for both preclinical models. Tumor growth and body weight were monitored until the endpoint. Assessment of DNA damage was performed by measuring DSBs through analysis of γH2AX foci formation in tumor sections. Results: Ex vivo biodistribution and invivo SPECT/MRI revealed excellent tumor uptake of each radiopharmaceutical. Mouse body weight was stable in all treatment arms. Peposertib alone did not show a significant antitumor effect. The addition of peposertib to 177Lu-DOTA-girentuximab showed enhanced antitumor efficacy compared with 177Lu-DOTA-girentuximab alone in the SK-RC-52 animal model, with a 4 of 4 complete response rate in the 177Lu-DOTA-girentuximab (6 MBq) plus peposertib arm. Peposertib combined with low-dose 177Lu-DOTA-girentuximab (3 MBq) demonstrated antitumor activity comparable to 177Lu-DOTA-girentuximab (6 MBq) monotherapy. In the LNCaP prostate cancer model, the combination of 177Lu-DOTA-rosopatamab (6 MBq) and peposertib achieved a 3 of 4 complete response rate. Increased DSBs were observed with the addition of peposertib to 177Lu-based radioimmunotherapy. Conclusion: The combination of peposertib with 177Lu-based radioimmunotherapy was well tolerated in preclinical models of RCC and prostate cancer. Our findings suggest a synergistic effect between peposertib and 177Lu-based radioimmunotherapy, wherein peposertib enhanced the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy. This synergy indicates the potential to reduce the necessary dose of radioimmunotherapy for effective cancer treatment.

Local structural dynamics of Rad51 protomers revealed by cryo-electron microscopy of Rad51-ssDNA filaments.

Homologous recombination (HR) is a high-fidelity repair mechanism for double-strand breaks. Rad51 is the key enzyme that forms filaments on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to catalyze homology search and DNA strand exchange in recombinational DNA repair. In this study, we employed single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to ascertain the density map of the wild-type budding yeast Rad51-ssDNA filament bound to ADP-AlF3, achieving a resolution of 2.35 Å without imposing helical symmetry. The model assigned 6 Rad51 protomers, 24 nt of DNA, and 6 bound ADP-AlF3. It shows 6-fold symmetry implying monomeric building blocks, unlike the structure of the Rad51-I345T mutant filament with three-fold symmetry implying dimeric building blocks, for which the structural comparisons provide a satisfying mechanistic explanation. This image analysis enables comprehensive comparisons of individual Rad51 protomers within the filament and reveals local conformational movements of amino acid side chains. Notably, R293 in Loop 1 adopts multiple conformations to facilitate L296 and V331 in separating and twisting the DNA triplets. We also analyzed the crystal structure of Rad51-I345T and the predicted structure of yeast Rad51-K342E using the Rad51-ssDNA structure from this study as a reference.

Understanding perfume deposition mechanisms on different textile substrates in a realistic laundering process

AbstractThe laundering process is an essential routine for maintaining the cleanliness and freshness of textiles. Achieving an efficient deposition and retention of fragrances on different fabric types remains a complex challenge. This study provides a novel comparison of the impact on perfume deposition of different fabric types across wash cycle stages and wash conditions. The critical role of perfume redeposition during rinsing is examined, where micelles entrapped in the textile matrix break due to surfactant concentrations dropping below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), resulting in the release and subsequent redeposition on fabrics of perfume raw materials (PRMs) contained in the micelles. Our findings reveal that adsorption kinetics are faster on cotton compared with polyester. Cotton, due to its amphoteric nature, exhibits greater interaction with water molecules during rinsing, leading to more significant PRM loss. Conversely, polyester demonstrates a higher PRM retention capacity, which can be attributed to its hydrophobic nature. Surprisingly, however, we find that redeposition during the rinse steps of hydrophobic PRMs is more pronounced on cotton than polyester, which may be due to their respective water retention capacities and consequent effect on the micelle breaking mechanism.

On the analytic generalization of particle deflection in the weak field regime and shadow size in light of EHT constraints for Schwarzschild-like black hole solutions

In this paper, an analytic generalization of the weak field deflection angle (WDA) is derived by utilizing the current non-asymptotically flat generalization of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. The derived formula is valid for any Schwarzschild-like spacetime, which deviates from the classical Schwarzschild case through some constant parameters. This work provided four examples, including Schwarzschild-like solutions in the context of Bumblebee gravity theory and the Kalb–Ramond framework, as well as one example from a black hole surrounded by soliton dark matter. These examples explore distinct mechanisms of Lorentz symmetry breaking, with results that are either new or in agreement with existing literature. The WDA formula provided a simple calculation, where approximations based on some conditions can be done directly on it, skipping the preliminary steps. For the shadow size analysis, it is shown how it depends solely on the parameter associated with the metric coefficient in the time coordinate. A general formula for the constrained parameter is also derived based on the Event Horizon Collaboration (EHT) observational results. Finally, the work realized further possible generalizations on other black hole models, such as RN-like, dS/AdS-like black hole solutions, and even black hole solutions in higher dimensions.

Interplay of chiral transitions in the standard model

We investigate nonperturbative aspects of the interplay of chiral transitions in the standard model in the course of the renormalization flow. We focus on the chiral symmetry breaking mechanisms provided by the QCD and the electroweak sectors, the latter of which we model by a Higgs-top-bottom Yukawa theory. The interplay becomes quantitatively accessible by accounting for the fluctuation-induced mixing of the electroweak Higgs field with the mesonic composite fields of QCD. In fact, our approach uses dynamical bosonization and treats these scalar fields on the same footing. Varying the QCD scale relative to the Fermi scale we quantify the mutual impact of the symmetry-breaking mechanisms, specifically the departure from the second order quantum phase transition of the pure Yukawa sector in favor of a crossover upon the inclusion of the gauge interactions. This allows to discuss the “naturalness” of the standard model in terms of a pseudo-critical exponent which we determine as a function of the ratio of the QCD and the Fermi scale. We also estimate the minimum value of the W boson mass in absence of the Higgs mechanism.

Molecular dynamics studies of knotted polymers.

Molecular dynamics calculations have been used to explore the influence of knots on the strength of a polymer strand. In particular, the mechanism of breaking 31, 41, 51, and 52 prime knots has been studied using two very different models to represent the polymer: (1) the generic coarse-grained (CG) bead model of polymer physics and (2) a state-of-the-art machine learned atomistic neural network (NN) potential for polyethylene derived from electronic structure calculations. While there is a broad overall agreement between the results on the influence of the pulling rate on chain rupture based on the CG and atomistic NN models, for the simple 31 and 41 knots, significant differences are found for the more complex 51 and 52 knots. Notably, in the latter case, the NN model more frequently predicts that these knots can break not only at the crossings at the entrance/exit but also at one of the central crossing points. The relative smoothness of the CG potential energy surface also leads to stabilization of tighter knots compared to the more realistic NN model.

Characterization of Dolomite Stone Broken Under Axial Impact

As the extraction of oil and gas progresses into deeper and ultra-deep geological formations, the enhancement of rock-breaking efficiency in drill bits has emerged as a critical factor in ensuring energy security. Among the various techniques employed, vibratory percussion drilling technology is widely recognized for its ability to improve both the efficiency and speed of penetrating hard rock formations. This study examined the effects of varying loading conditions on the characteristics of rock fracture and damage, maintaining a constant cutting speed and lead angle. By designing a small polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bit and incorporating simulation results, the research sought to analyze the influence of axial impact components on the efficiency of breaking dolomite samples, as well as the effects of impact frequency and amplitude on drilling pressure and rock-breaking energy. The findings revealed that an increase in the axial impact amplitude significantly enhanced rock-breaking efficiency, elevated von Mises stress, and increased principal compressive stress. An increase in impact frequency effectively reduced the overall stress and frictional work. These results underscored that the stress analysis revealed that the peak stress increased at lower impact amplitudes, with notable changes occurring at an amplitude of 1.5, leading to a 100% increase in Mises peak stress compared with an amplitude of 1.0. Axial impact drilling promoted deep crack formation and the development of a tensile damage zone beneath the cutter, indicating its effective rock-breaking capabilities. Axial impact drilling significantly reduced the threshold drilling pressure compared with conventional rotation, with an impact amplitude of 0.3 mm decreasing the static load by 44.1%. Additionally, increasing the axial impact amplitude enhanced the rate of penetration (ROP) while maintaining a constant static load, resulting in remarkable efficiency improvements. The results of the study are expected to provide theoretical guidance for the mechanism of impact rock breaking and the design of impact rock-breaking tool parameters.

Research on rock breaking mechanism of PDC cutter under the action of ultrasonic vibration.

Ultrasonic vibration technology has significant potential for breaking hard rocks. Understanding the optimal frequency for rock breaking under ultrasonic vibration can significantly reduce the cost of rock breaking and extend the service life of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters. This is important for practical engineering applications. This study presents a three-dimensional finite element model of rock breaking by a PDC cutter under ultrasonic vibration. The model was established using ABAQUS software and used to simulate the dynamic rock breaking process of the PDC cutter. A comparative analysis was performed between conventional rock breaking and rock breaking under ultrasonic vibration. According to the result, ultrasonic vibratory rock breaking is more likely to cause damage to the rock when a PDC cutter is used, particularly at a vibration frequency of 40 kHz. As the ultrasonic vibration frequency (20-40kHz) increases, the mechanical specific energy (MSE) initially decreases and then increases. The MSE reaches a minimum value at a frequency of 20-25 kHz, representing a decrease of 15.52%-22.24% compared with conventional rock breaking, which can significantly improve the rock breaking efficiency and reduce the drilling cost. The temperature of the PDC cutter increases significantly under ultrasonic vibration compared with conventional rock breaking. Additionally, the temperature of the PDC cutter increases gradually with an increase in the vibration frequency. These results provide theoretical support for the use of ultrasonic vibration technology.

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Mutations and Memory Retention during the Evolutionary Growth of Carbon Nanotubes.

Symmetry is a motif featured in almost all areas of science, and understanding the mechanism of symmetry breaking is challenging. Similar to mutations that disrupt symmetry in evolution, defects in materials offer insight into symmetry breaking. Here, we investigate symmetry in intragenerational mutations and symmetry breaking in transgenerational mutations in the evolutionary growth system of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Mutations caused by pentagon-heptagon (5-7) pairs in different conformations shorten the lifespans of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by acting as time markers during growth. Symmetric distributions are observed for intragenerational mutations from (n, m) to (n + i, m-i) (where i ∈ caslon Z) with different appearance orders of pentagon and heptagon. Such symmetry breaks occur in transgenerational mutations. Intragenerational mutations occur multiple times on a SWNT, oscillating regularly between i and - i until termination occurs. These types and effects are retained in the form of memory to encode SWNTs during subsequent growth, resulting in a length reduction after each mutation. Our results provide a profound understanding of symmetry breaking and memory retention and offer guidance for the controlled synthesis of materials.

EVALUATION OF TIMING CHAIN QUALITY AND ITS EFFECT ON TIMING SYSTEM OPERATION

Internal combustion engines are still the main source of propulsion for automotive vehicles. The timing system plays a very important role in the proper functioning of these engines. One of the widely used technical solutions to drive this system is the timing chain. However, in recent years, there has been a clear trend towards more frequent timing system failures. Many research works have focused on wear analysis or finite element method (FEM) modeling of chains. In contrast, it was decided to carry out a comparative study of the mechanical properties of new timing chains that are commercially available as spare parts for automotive workshops. The present study was carried out on timing system components of the popular Multijet 1.3 diesel engine used in Fiat, Opel, and Suzuki vehicles. Force-elongation curves were obtained for each of the tested chains, allowing their elongation under load to be estimated. In addition, breaking forces were measured, and breaking mechanisms were analyzed to compare the quality of the chains. Numerical parameters were proposed to estimate the quality of the tested chains. The chain tensioning forces resulting from the operation of the hydraulic tensioner were also estimated. The effect of the dynamic forces stretching the chain elastically on the timing accuracy during engine operation was also calculated.

Splitting behavior of lamella

Lamella is a unique microstructure in matters that possesses special properties. The formation and evolution of lamellar microstructures are crucial for achieving super abilities, while the mechanisms of lamellar formation and evolution at the nanoscale are unclear. Driving by the interesting while uncovered micromechanism in lamellar microstructure evolution, we performed the phase-field simulation and experiment to investigate the multiple splitting behaviors of lamellar Ti-Al alloys. The splitting mode of lamella is discovered, inner splitting (IS) and outside splitting (OS). The originations of splitting are found to come from the high interfacial energy of step-like interface between γ variants for the IS, and the stress concentration at α2/γ interface drives step-like interface for the OS. The lamellar splitting is complied with the energy change in matter, decreasing in total free energy and elastic energy, while increasing in interfacial energy. These findings provide the new mechanisms of internal lamellar interface breaking driven by the interfacial energy. Therefrom, the expected matter features will be achieved by the strategy of microstructure modulation and optimization.

Bosonic multi-Higgs correlations beyond leading order

The production of multiple Higgs bosons at the LHC and beyond is a strong test of the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking. Taking inspiration from recent experimental efforts to move toward limits on triple-Higgs production at the Large Hadron Collider, we consider generic bosonic deviations of HH and HHH production from the Standard Model in the guise of Higgs effective field theory (HEFT). Including one-loop radiative corrections within the HEFT and going up to O(p4) in the momentum expansion, we provide a detailed motivation of the parameter range that the LHC (and future hadron colliders) can explore, through accessing nonstandard coupling modifications and momentum dependencies that probe Higgs boson nonlinearities. In particular, we find that radiative corrections can enhance the sensitivity to Higgs self-coupling modifiers and HEFT-specific momentum dependencies can vastly increase triple-Higgs production, thus providing further motivation to consider these processes during the LHC’s high-luminosity phase. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Error thresholds in the presence of epistatic interactions.

Models for viral populations with high replication error rates (such as RNA viruses) rely on the quasispecies concept, in which mutational pressure beyond the so-called "error threshold" leads to a loss of essential genetic information and population collapse, an effect known as the "error catastrophe." We explain how crossing this threshold, as a result of increasing mutation rates, can be understood as a second-order phase transition, even in the presence of lethal mutations. In particular, we show that, in fitness landscapes with a single peak, this collapse is equivalent to a ferroparamagnetic transition, where the back-mutation rate plays the role of the external magnetic field. We then generalize this framework to rugged fitness landscapes, like the ones that arise from epistatic interactions, and provide numerical evidence that there is a transition from a high average fitness regime to a low average fitness one, similarly to single-peaked landscapes. The onset of the transition is heralded by a sudden change in the susceptibility to variations in the mutation rate. We use insight from replica symmetry breaking mechanisms in spin glasses, in particular by considering the fluctuations of the genotype similarity distribution as the order parameter.

Multi-stage evolution of pore structure of microwave-treated sandstone: Insights from nuclear magnetic resonance

Microwave fracturing has great potential in improving the efficiency of hard rock breaking. However, the pore evolution, which can be regarded as the damage accumulation and progressive failure of the rock subjected to microwave irradiation, remains unclear. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is employed to investigate the pore evolution and fracture mechanism of the sandstone under different microwave power levels. The results show that the pore evolution of the specimens, including distribution of pore size, the weight in volume of various-sized pore, and porosity, exhibits different changing trends under various microwave power levels. The pore evolution of the specimens under microwave irradiation can be categorized into four phases: overall pore expansion, localized pore closure in the internal region, micro-cracks propagation induced by thermal stress, and macro-cracking (or melting). Moreover, pore evolution also plays a crucial role in the decomposition and evaporation of bound water, particularly when the specimens experience fractures triggered by thermal stress induced by the microwave treatment (TSIMT). The employing of NMR imaging (NMRI) description also provides an auxiliary and effective illustration on the pore evolution of the specimens under microwave irradiation. Finally, the mechanism of microwave-assisted rock breaking under different power levels is comprehensively discussed based on the NMR results from a microscopic perspective. It is anticipated that the findings of this study can provide valuable insights for enhancing the efficiency of microwave-assisted rock breaking.

Emergence of Optical Activity and Surface Morphology Changes in Racemic Amino Acid Films Under Circularly Polarized Lyman-α Light Irradiation.

The homochirality of life remains one of the most enigmatic issues in the study of the origin of life. A proposed mechanism for symmetry breaking involves irradiation by circularly polarized light (CPL). To investigate the photoreaction of amino acids under CPL irradiation, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) CPL irradiation system was developed at the synchrotron light source UVSOR-III. Hydrogen Lyman-α CPL (121.6 nm) is considered a potential asymmetric source in space. Therefore, racemic alanine film samples were irradiated with Lyman-α CPL to explore the photoreaction of biomolecules. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra measurements revealed that irradiation with right- (left-) handed CPL induced a positive (negative) anisotropy factor g in the wavelength range of 180-240 nm. However, the spectra differed from those of enantiopure alanine, exhibiting broad wavelength ranges and no sign change. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) measurements indicate formation of larger molecules, such as oligomeric alanine adducts or modified oligomers after the Lyman-α CPL irradiation. Additionally, CPL irradiation considerably changes the microstructure of the alanine film surface, leading to the formation of circular network aggregates on the scale of 100 nm. The morphology changes in the alanine film and/or the formation of the larger molecules could be possible causes of the modified anisotropy factor spectra compared to those of enantiopure alanine. These findings highlight the need for further research on the photoreaction of biomolecules in solid states under VUV CPL irradiation, particularly in the photoionization energy range, to validate the cosmic scenario of homochirality.

Micro‐ and nanorobots from magnetic particles: Fabrication, control, and applications

AbstractMagnetic microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) have long been used as ideal miniaturized delivery and detection platforms. Their use as micro‐ and nanorobots (MNRs) is also emerging in the recent years with the help of more dedicated external magnetic field manipulations. In this review, we summarize the research progress on magnetic micro‐ and nanoparticle (MNP)‐based MNRs. First, the fabrication of micro‐ and nanorobots from either template‐assisted NP doping methods or directly synthesized MPs is summarized. The external driving torque sources for both types of MNRs are analyzed, and their propulsion control under low Reynolds number flows is discussed by evaluating symmetry breaking mechanisms and interparticle interactions. Subsequently, the use of these MNRs as scientific models, bioimaging agents, active delivery, and treatment platforms (drug and cell delivery, and sterilization), and biomedical diagnostics has also been reviewed. Finally, the perspective of MNPs‐based MNRs was outlined, including challenges and future directions.

Application of Clifford’s Algebra to Describe the Early Universe

This article is a shortened review of previous results obtained by the author. The advantages of describing the geometric nature of the physical properties of the early universe using the Clifford algebra approach are demonstrated. A geometric representation of the wave function of the early universe is used, and a new mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking with different degrees of freedom is proposed. A possible supersymmetry is revealed, and it is shown that the energy of the initial vacuum can be considered equal to zero. The origin of baryonic asymmetry and the nature of dark matter can be explained using a geometric representation of the wave function of the early universe.

A Newly Bio-Based Material for the Construction Industry Using Gypsum Binder and Rice Straw Waste (Oryza sativa)

Construction is one of the economic sectors with the greatest influence on climate change. In addition to working procedures, the primary carbon footprint is attributed to the choice of materials and the energy required for their manufacturing. The underlying idea of this study is to minimize the effects and offer new solutions to emerging problems in the quest for materials that can be deemed as natural, such as gypsum (calcium sulphate dihydrate) and rice straw (Oryza sativa). The acquisition of these materials involves a lower carbon footprint compared to the conventional materials. It is well known since ancient times that gypsum and cereal straw can be used in construction, with numerous examples still available. Cereal straw is one of the oldest construction materials, traditionally combined with earth and occasionally with certain binders, with it continuing to be employed in construction in many countries to this day. This work showcases the feasibility of producing stable prefabricated elements from straw waste with construction gypsum, addressing a significant environmental concern posed by the alternative of having to burn such materials. In this study, for the proposed bio-based material, specific tests, such as thermal conductivity, flexural and compressive strength, and fire resistance, were carried out to evaluate the principal physical and mechanical characteristics for different compositions of water, gypsum, and straw fiber samples. The results highlighted the good performance of the proposed materials in order to spread their use in the green building industry. The addition of straw fibers improved, in different ways, some important physical characteristics of these components so as to diminish environmental pollution and to obtain better material performance. The tests highlighted the different behaviors of the proposed material with respect to the different cuts of the straw and as well as the water/gypsum ratio; this is not very well understood and probably depends on the micro structure of the straw fibers. The blocks with raw straw showed a significant improvement in the breaking mechanism (1775.42 N) compared to the blocks with cut straw (712.26 N) when subjected to bending tests, and their performance in compression tests was also acceptable. Additionally, a very interesting reduction in thermal conductivity was achieved by incorporating rice straw (0.233 W/mK), and high fire exposure times were obtained, with gypsum preventing the spread of ignition in any type of fiber.

Mechanism of microwave-assisted coal desulfurization with urea peroxide

To effectively remove organic sulfur from coal for higher resource efficiency, an innovative microwave-assisted urea peroxide for desulfurization system was designed. The experimental group with different microwave frequencies and the conventional pyrolysis control group were set up to prove the desulfurization effect of microwave in coordination with urea peroxide. The experimental results showed that under 1000 W microwave irradiation and the promotion of urea peroxide, the desulfurization efficiency can reach 67.29 %, with an increase of 38.32 % while the conventional pyrolysis is only 28.97 %. According to the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, the effectiveness of microwave coordination with urea peroxide for desulfurization is explained from macroscopic point of view. Benzylidene thiol, dibenzyl sulfide, and dibenzyl disulfide were selected as model compounds for the quantum chemical calculation. The simulation results demonstrated that the changes in the pathway energy barriers for desulfurization align with the experimental material transformations, confirming the accuracy of the simulation. The sulfur-containing bonds of mercaptans will be destroyed to form hydrogen sulfide, and the undestroyed bonds will remain in the organic matter. After being oxidized, the sulfur-containing bond will break to form a water-soluble sulfonic acid free radical. The unoxidized sulfur bonds of thioethers will be destroyed to generate unstable phenyl free radicals and free sulfur radicals. To achieve stability, phenyl free radicals can pair to form diphenylethane or combine with other radicals (such as •H). In contrast, sulfur free radicals can only react with hydrogen radicals to form hydrogen sulfide. However, the limited availability of hydrogen radicals in the system restricts the desulfurization efficiency. After oxidation by urea peroxide, the thioethers will form sulfones. The sulfur-containing bonds will be fractured and directly generate phenyl and sulfur dioxide, which reduces the dependence on hydrogen free radicals. The three-dimensional desulfurization path of microwave collaboration with urea peroxide experiment was simulated and converted to the analytical bond breaking and formation mechanism. This study proved that microwave synergizes with urea peroxide can intensify the desulfurization process. It provides a high-efficiency method for the clean and green utilization of coal, which is conducive to supporting environmentally sustainable development.