Breadfruit Research Articles

New development and validation of 50 SSR markers in breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae) by next-generation sequencing.

Premise of the study:Using next-generation sequencing technology, new microsatellite loci were characterized in Artocarpus altilis (Moraceae) and two congeners to increase the number of available markers for genotyping breadfruit cultivars.Methods and Results:A total of 47,607 simple sequence repeat loci were obtained by sequencing a library of breadfruit genomic DNA with an Illumina MiSeq system. Among them, 50 single-locus markers were selected and assessed using 41 samples (39 A. altilis, one A. camansi, and one A. heterophyllus). All loci were polymorphic in A. altilis, 44 in A. camansi, and 21 in A. heterophyllus. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 19.Conclusions:The new markers will be useful for assessing the identity and genetic diversity of breadfruit cultivars on a small geographical scale, gaining a better understanding of farmer management practices, and will help to optimize breadfruit genebank management.

Quality Characteristics of Noodles Produced from Wheat Flour and Modified Starch of African Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Blends

ABSTRACTWheat flour and modified-starch from African breadfruit (MS) were used in ratios of 100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 and 50:50 to produce noodles. Chemical composition, culinary and sensory attributes of the noodles were investigated. The protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, moisture and calorific values of the flour noodles ranged from 4.76 to 0.33%, 0.35 to 0.57%, 0.83 to 0.57%, 0.53 to 0.57%, 8.03 to 0.15% and 349.51 to 355.81 kcal/100 g respectively. Moisture content increased with increasing addition of MS and later reduced. Addition of MS flour up to 30% had no significant effect on the overall acceptance of noodles. The results showed that MS flour can be incorporated up to 30% for noodles to improve the nutrient value without affecting the acceptability. There were no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the sensory attributes of the noodles up till 30% level of inclusion with MS.

Semicolonized Mind

Semicolonized Mind

Effect of plant hormones on the in vitro culture of breadfruit shoots (Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosberg)

Under the influence of plant hormones, after 8 weeks of in vitro culture, the growth of breadfruit shoot (Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosberg) was very different. With shoots that were cultured on 1 mg/L BA medium after 10 days of being transferred to ½ MS supplemented with 10 mg/L BA medium, the percentage of shoot development was the highest (86.8 %), and the secretion of phenolic compounds or forming callus were not observed. On the ½ MS supplemented with 12 mg/L BA medium, shoots growed strongly and healthily but the secretion of phenolic compounds and the forming of callus affected the ability of the shoot development. On the ½ MS supplemented with 0.45 mg/L BA, 0.6 mg/L Kinetin (Kin) medium and on the ½ MS supplemented with 0.45 mg/L BA, 0.6 mg/L Kin, 0.35 mg/L GA3 medium, the percentage of shoot developed were lower than those on the ½ MS supplemented with 10 mg/L medium. The addition of 0.35 mg/L GA3 in the culture medium help to appear the lateral more than the remaining experiments. Roles of respiration rate and endogenous hormones were discussed to understand the physiological changes in the in vitro culture shoots breadfruit.

Preparation of a Breadfruit Flour Bar.

Breadfruit is a nutritious, high energy food with a low quantity of protein but excellent protein quality. It has the potential to be developed into desired products which will help increase its utilization and add value to the crop. The overall purposes of this investigation were to develop a portable, nutritious, ready-to-eat breadfruit product (bar), test the sensory qualities of the product, and evaluate the nutritional properties of the product. Flour made from the Micronesian variety, Meinpadahk (Artocarpus altilis × Artocarpus mariannensis), was utilized for the development of the breadfruit bar. Breadfruit is a rich source of fiber, vitamins such as vitamin C, minerals such as potassium, and phytochemicals such as flavonoids. Nutritional labeling indicates that the breadfruit bar is high in carbohydrates and low in fat, and sensory evaluation indicates that 81% of the panelists found the bar acceptable while 19% disliked the bar. The breadfruit bar can provide an appealing and inexpensive gluten-free food source based on locally available breadfruit.

Effect of Breadfruit Leaf Powder (Artocarpus altilis) on Performance, Fat and Meat Cholesterol Level and Body Immune of Male Native Tegal Duck

Effect of Breadfruit Leaf Powder (Artocarpus altilis) on Performance, Fat and Meat Cholesterol Level and Body Immune of Male Native Tegal Duck

Effect of Artocarpus altilis fruit based-diet on liver and kidney function indices on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase alarmingly in spite of years of intensive research. The need to explore alternative therapy such dietary and phytotherapy has been gaining attention in the management/treatment of diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: The present research work was carried out to investigate the biochemical indices in the liver and kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats fed with Artocarpus altilis fruit based-diet. METHODS: Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg) in albino rats. A total of thirty two albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were grouped into four; control (non-diabetic rat), diabetic untreated rats, diabetic rats administered with metformin daily and diabetic rats fed with Artocarpus altilis fruit based-diet groups. Biochemical indices in the serum, liver and kidney were determined. RESULTS: The results shows significant (P < 0.05) decrease in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, urea, creatinine and lipid peroxidation of diabetic fed with Artocarpus altilis fruit based-diet. Also diabetic rats fed with Artocarpus altilis fruit based-diet demonstrated significant increase (p < 0.05) in albumin and total protein concentrations as well as antioxidant enzymes activities when compared with diabetic untreated rats and diabetic rats administered with metformin daily. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study demonstrated that consumption of Artocarpus altilis fruit based-diet may ameliorate the liver and kidney function indices of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Suitability and availability analysis of tropical forest wood species for ethanol production: a case study in East Kalimantan

Amirta R, Mukhdlor A, Mujiasih D, Septia E, Supriadi, Susanto D. 2016. Suitability and availability analysis of tropical forest wood species for ethanol production: a case study in East Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 17: 544-552. Fifteen species of woody biomass from tropical forest of East Kalimantan, Indonesia and identified as Acacia mangium, Aleurites moluccana, Alstonia scholaris, Anthocephalus cadamba, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus elasticus, Cananga odorata, Gmelina arborea, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Macaranga gigantea, Macaranga tanarius, Paraserianthes falcataria, Shorea leprosula and Swietenia macrophylla were characterized and studied to find out and discover their potential utilization as suitable feedstocks for biofuel (ethanol) production. Characterization was done by evaluation of lignin, holocellulose and cellulose contents of woody biomass including the yield of reducing sugar (saccharification) after pretreated with alkaline (NaOH) at moderate temperature. Among 15 species of tropical forest wood biomass evaluated, our findings showed that M. gigantea was gave the highest yield of saccharified sugar (42.22%, weight of original wood dry basis) and also yield of theoretical ethanol (± 273 L/ton). We also found growth of M. giganteawas very fast to produce approximately 26,119 kg ha-1 dry biomass within 3 years. In general, the tropical wood biomass such as M. gigantea, A. moluccana, G. arborea, A. cadamba, and P. falcataria are suitable and potentially to be used as feedstocks for ethanol production due to their fast growing ability, availability and attractive chemical composition to produce high saccharified sugar and yield of ethanol.

Determination and evaluation of the mineral composition of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) using multivariate analysis technique

Breadfruit is a fruit originated from South Pacific and afterward it was widespread in rest of Oceania. In Brazil it is known as “fruta pão” and has been consumed mainly by humble people. In home use, breadfruit has been consumed cooked, fried or roasted. Industrially, it has been employed to prepare breads and flours.In the present paper, the mineral composition of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) was determined and evaluated. Raw breadfruit samples and cooked using domestic methods as boiling and microwave heating were digested in acid media and the elements potassium, calcium, phosphor, magnesium, iron, sodium and manganese were determined employing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Cadmium and lead were also determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), but the concentrations found were lower than the limits of quantification for these elements.Eleven samples were acquired in several cities from Bahia state, Brazil. All these samples were analyzed in triplicate. The data obtained were evaluated employing the multivariate analysis techniques: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). Both techniques showed that the cooking methods using microwave heating and boiling cause loss of the nutrients. PCA also evidenced that the element concentrations in the samples cooked using microwave heating are higher than in the samples cooked by boiling using stove. The average concentrations of the determined elements (expressed as mg100g−1 of sample) in raw samples were as follows: 269.4 for potassium, 40.97 for phosphorus, 26.32 for calcium, 24.35 for magnesium, 1.41 for sodium, 0.1891 for iron and 0.0381 for manganese.

Effect of Cooking Methods on the Nutrient, Phytochemical and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Raw Bread Fruit (Artocarpus communis) Pulp

Effect of Cooking Methods on the Nutrient, Phytochemical and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Raw Bread Fruit (Artocarpus communis) Pulp

Analisis Nilai Tambah dan usaha Pengolahan Tepung Sukun Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani

Bread fruit processing into flour is an alternative way of processing which is has several advantages including; increase the shelf life, facilitate the process of raw materials and increase the selling price, while its nutrient is relatively unchanged. The purpose of this study is to examine the amount of value added product generated by bread fruit flour and to determine business analysis of bread fruit flour in Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta Province. Data is collected using interviews, observation and mutilation. Measurement is done by calculating the value added products resulting from the processing of bread fruit into bread fruit flour, while analysis of feasibility is calculated based on the analysis of profit and analysis of revenue and costs as well as the R/C ratio. Breadfruit flour business has gave product value added, profit and R/C ratio account Rp. 5,500 per kilogram, Rp. 218,000 and 1.57 respectively.

Artocarpus altilis and Pandanus tectorius: Two Important Fruits of Oceania with Medicinal Values

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) and Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) are two cultural icons of Oceania. Fruits of both species are rich in carbohydrates, and contain proteins, vitamins and minerals. Endowed with triterpenes, flavonoids, stilbenes, arylbenzofurans and sterols as chemical constituents, fruits of A. altilis possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-hyperglycemic properties. With phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids, fruits of P. tectorius possess antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, α-glucosidase inhibitory and antidiarrheal properties. In comparison, more bioactivities have been reported in other plant parts such as leaves, bark, wood and root of these two species. Nevertheless, the scientific evidence is convincing that the regular consumption of fruits of A. altilis and P. tectorius by the islanders of the Pacific does have both nutritive and medicinal values.

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF “KAILI INDE TRIBE” IN CENTRAL SULAWESI INDONESIA

ABSTRACTThe research entitled “Ethnobotanical study of Kaili Inde tribe in Central Sulawesi Indonesia” has been conducted from April to June 2012 at the Mantikole, a village of Kaili Inde which is located in Palu Central Sulawesi Indonesia. This research aims was to know the interaction between Kaili Inde society and their environment especially plant biodiversity being used in their daily need. Basic data of ethnobotany such as traditional plant use in the village have been collected by using direct interview and establishment of transect. Village leaders, religious leaders, traditional healers, government officers and crafts-people are the target groups who interviewed during the study. The interviews were recorded by audio recorders and notebooks. Photographs were also taken to record information. All recognizable morphospecies of plants/voucher specimens were collected for identification purpose. Plant collecting was according to the “Schweinfurth method” (Bridson and Forman 1999). The observation was included vernacular name, scientific name, family, habitus and uses. Processing of the specimens was conducted at Herbarium Celebense (CEB), Tadulako University Palu. Identification was done in the field and in CEB. Data were analyzed quantitatively by using ICS (Index of Cultural Significance) formula. The results indicated that One hundred thirty two (132) plant species consisting of 60 families were used by Kaili Inde tribe. 39 species were used as food, 62 species as medicine, as building material 6 species, 23 species for traditional rituals and 10 plant species as handicrafts. The plant species that have highest ICS was Pa'e (Oryza sativa L), followed by sweet potato Untoku (Ipomea batatas), Pia'lei '(Allium cepa), “affo” (Schyzostachyum brachy–cladum), “kamonji” (Artocarpus communis), “tunau” (Arenga pinnata), “lemo barangay (Citrus aurantifolia), “cangkore” (Arachys hypogea), “gampaya” (Carica papaya), “siranindi” (Kalankoe pinnata), “kasubi” (Manihot esculenta), and “srikaya” (Annona squamosa), while the lowest ICS was Camara (Casuarina junghuniana).

Collaborating with Nature: The Pristine Habitats, in Ugep, Yakurr L.G.A., Nigeria

Pristine habitats serve as ecological resource for educational services and the conservation of biodiversity. The need to maintain a balance between nature and development is very important. When pristine habitats face changes due to anthropogenic activities, species erosion sets in and this will eventually lead to extinction. This subtle move in most cases is unnoticed until the effects are established. The pristine habitats in Ugep are faced with this challenge. The Ugep Urban Landuse Master Plan and Ugep Orthophoto map [1] have been used to identify the pristine habitats and further calculate the total landmass to be approximately 855.38 hectares. Ten (10) pristine habitats were identified within the residential blocks along the drainage corridors of Loblo, Isayi, Mma Oden, Kiwei, Ewiden and Oganghwen. The pristine block at Njelokoko-2 has the highest landmass, 201.01 hectares, representing 23.50 percent while Njelokoko-1 has the least landmass, 18.99 (2.22 percent). The spatial turnover of the species composition shows a trend of direct proportion with the landmass size and anthropogenic activities in the pristine habitats. Tree species such as Albizia zygia and Artocarpus communis rarely occurred together with other tree species. Among the bird species, it was observed that Dendropes goerae, Milvus migrans, Pica pica, and Streptopelia senegalensis roost, breed and feed in pristine habitats with emergent trees while Halocyno leucoephala, Halocyno malimbicus, Frasena clnernscens, Streptopelia semitorguata and Crimifer piscator are restricted to narrow corridors of pristine habitats along stream buffers. The nature that the pristine habitat portends and the species observed in such highly urbanized context as Ugep, are very important in conservation planning and meeting the urban challenges.

Rheological, baking, and sensory properties of composite bread dough with breadfruit (Artocarpus communis Forst) and wheat flours.

The rheological (Pasting, farinograph, and alveograph) properties of wheat flour (WF) replaced with breadfruit four (05–40%) was analyzed. Baking and sensory qualities of the resulting bread were evaluated. Differences in baking properties of loaves produced under laboratory and industrial conditions were analyzed with t‐test, whereas ANOVA was used for other analyses. Peak and final viscosities in the composite blends (CB) ranged from 109.20 to 114.06 RVU and 111.86 to 134.40 RVU, respectively. Dough stability decreased from 9.15 to 0.78 min, whereas farinograph water absorption increased 59.7–65.9%. Alveograph curve configuration ratio increased from 1.27 to 7.39, whereas specific volume (Spv) of the loaves decreased from 2.96 to 1.32 cm3/g. The Spv of WF loaves were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that of the 5% CB, whereas production conditions had no significant effects on absorbed water (t = 0.532, df = 18 P = 0.3005), weight loss during baking (t = 0.865, df = 18, P = 0.199), and Spv (t = 0.828, df = 14.17, P = 0.211). The sensory qualities of the 5% blend were not significantly different from the WF.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus and Artocarpus altilis Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts

Increasing drug resistance of pathogens and negative consequences of antibiotic usage has led to the search for alternative medicines from nature. Many plants have been exploited to cure infectious diseases from time immemorial. The present investigation evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Arto c arpus he te ro phyllus i. e . Jack fruit (Kos in Sinhala) and Ar to carpus altil is i. e. Bread fruit (Dhel in Sinhala) leaf and stem bark extracts. Hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol were used as extraction solvents and test organisms were Es cher ich ia col i, M icro coccus lu te us, As per g illus nig e r and T richode rma sp. A disc diffusion test was adopted to test the susceptibility of the selected microbes to the extracts while Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution of extracts. Phytochemical screening was carried out by specific chemical identification tests. Bioassay data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA (SPSS 20 at 95% confidence level). Ethanolic stem bark extracts (30mg/ml) of A. he te ro phyllus and A. altil is possessed significant antibacterial activity against Es cherich ia col i with 9.50 ± 0.44 mm and 7.49 ± 0.28 mm inhibition zone radii respectively. Dichloromethane extracts of leaf and stem bark showed lesser antibacterial activity against both of the bacteria with inhibition zones of 3.00 ± 0.34 mm to 5.66 ± 0.16 mm while hexane extracts did not show any antibacterial activity. Antifungal activity on the other hand was not detected in any of the extracts. Bacterial antibiotic tetracycline and fungal antibiotic ketoconazole which were used as positive controls were more effective even at 1/10 concentration compared to all the plant extracts tested. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phytosterols, anthraquinone, terpenoids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids and diterpenes in both of the trees. These results confirm the potential antibacterial activity of A. he te ro phyllus and A. altilis stem barks and the presence of medicinally important phytochemicals in aerial parts of the plants. OUSL Journal Vol.9 2015: 1-17

The Effect of Breadfruit Leaves Infusion on Acute Renal Failure Rat model Abstract

Background : Empirically , breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaf has been used as traditional medicine for several diseases, such as acute renal failure. This research is aimed at finding the effects of breadfruit leaf infusion on blood creatinine levels in rats to model acute renal failure. Methods : This research is an experimental study, using 30 male wistar rats, weighing 150–250 g, divided into 5 groups. The first group is a negative control and the second group is a positive control. Groups 2–5 were induced with Gentamicine and peroxicam for 7 days, and then groups 3–5 given infusion of breadfruit leaf in different doses for 7 days, and then blood creatinine levels were tested at the 15 th day. This data was analyzed using a multiple comparison Dunnett T3 test because this data is not homogenous. This research was done in pharmacology laboratorium universitas padjadjaran from Oktober–November 2012. Result : Bases on average creatinine levels of 0.62, 0.87, 0.98, and 0.87 mg/dL observed for the diffetent groups, it was statistically show that significantly different creatinine levels, differing by 0.038 (p < 0.05) were observed for the control group and the group which was given an infusion of breadfruit leaf. Conclusion : It can be concluded that infusions of breadfruit leaf do have an effects on blood creatinine levels in acute renal failure. Key words : acute renal failure, breadfruit leaf, creatinine DOI: 10.15850/amj.v2n4.527

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) gibberellin 2-oxidase genes in stem elongation and abiotic stress response

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop in the Oceania. Susceptibility to windstorm damage is a primary constraint on breadfruit cultivation. Significant tree loss due to intense tropical windstorm in the past decades has driven a widespread interest in developing breadfruit with dwarf stature. Gibberellin (GA) is one of the most important determinants of plant height. GA 2-oxidase is a key enzyme regulating the flux of GA through deactivating biologically active GAs in plants. As a first step toward understanding the molecular mechanism of growth regulation in the species, we isolated a cohort of four full-length GA2-oxidase cDNAs, AaGA2ox1- AaGA2ox4 from breadfruit. Sequence analysis indicated the deduced proteins encoded by these AaGA2oxs clustered together under the C19 GA2ox group. Transcripts of AaGA2ox1, AaGA2ox2 and AaGA2ox3 were detected in all plant organs, but exhibited highest level in source leaves and stems. In contrast, transcript of AaGA2ox4 was predominantly expressed in roots and flowers, and displayed very low expression in leaves and stems. AaGA2ox1, AaGA2ox2 and AaGA2ox3, but not AaGA2ox4 were subjected to GA feedback regulation where application of exogenous GA3 or gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol was shown to manipulate the first internode elongation of breadfruit. Treatments of drought or high salinity increased the expression of AaGA2ox1, AaGA2ox2 and AaGA2ox4. But AaGA2ox3 was down-regulated under salt stress. The function of AaGA2oxs is discussed with particular reference to their role in stem elongation and involvement in abiotic stress response in breadfruit.

Antioxidant prenylated phenols of Artocarpus plants attenuate ultraviolet radiation-induced damage on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Two novel prenylated phenols, cyclocomunoindenol (1) and cyclocomunohexanol (2) were isolated from the cortex of roots of Artocarpus communis. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 2 and 6 revealed significant DPPH-scavenging activity with an IC50 values of 435.48±0.93 and 53.55±8.73μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, and 6 displayed significant ABTS+ scavenging activity with an IC50 values of 164.26±2.44, 227.01±3.64, and 44.09±0.88μM, respectively. Compound 6 exhibited an inhibitory effect on XO activity with an IC50 value of 10.91±1.77μM and the relative oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values of 1–6, using ORAC-pyrogallol red (PGR) assay, were determined to be 0.28±0.06, 0.31±0.02, 0.55±0.25, 0.84±0.36, 0.35±0.15, and 0.70±0.09, respectively. Antioxidants 5 and 6 significantly attenuate UVA radiation-induced damage on human HaCaT keratinocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts. These finding showed that 1–6 may be used as antioxidants and 5 and 6 may protect skin against the adverse effects of UV radiation.

Consumption of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-rich dried fruits is associated with reduction in urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine: a randomized clinical trial

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural is widely presented in foods and produced through the degradation of hexoses and the Maillard reaction. This study aimed to investigate any association between 5-HMF content of consumed dried fruits and urinary excretion of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The study consisted of 75 healthy volunteers. After an overnight fasting, two urine samples were collected before and 5 h after consumption of date, apricot, currant, plum and fruit bread, 100 g each. Twenty-five samples from frequently consumed types of dried fruits were analyzed for 5-HMF with HPLC. Urinary 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (HMFA) and 8-OHdG were determined using HPLC and ELISA, respectively. The amount of 5-HMF in the tested samples varied from 314.8 ± 166.1 to 2496.3 ± 2301.2 mg/kg. The lowest and highest levels of 8-OHdG were 10.1 ± 1.5 µg/g creatinine for plum and 24.7 ± 6.6 µg/g creatinine for date. At the two time points, mean HMFA levels varied from 630.6 ± 114.5 to 2116.8 ± 600.3 and 286.7 ± 24.8 to 582.0 ± 119.2 (µg/g creatinine), respectively. There was a significant difference in HMFA amounts of the samples before and after consumption of apricot and plum (P 0.66, P < 0.01). It is concluded that consumption of 5-HMF-rich dried fruits is associated with a significant reduction in urinary excretion of 8-OHdG.