Triticum Aestivum Research Articles

TaNAR2.1 and TaNAR2.2 differ in influencing nitrogen uptake and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

NAR2 (Nitrate assimilation related protein) is a protein chaperone involved in transporting nitrate across membranes. However, the expression pattern and function of NAR2 genes in wheat are still largely unknown. Here, we cloned two TaNAR2 genes (TaNAR2.1 and TaNAR2.2). To assess and compare the functional differences of TaNAR2.1 and TaNAR2.2, we analyzed the subcellular localization and expression pattern of the two genes in wheat under low nitrogen (LN) and high nitrogen (HN) conditions, as well as the nitrate influx and root system architecture of TaNAR2.1 and TaNAR2.2 overexpression wheat under LN and HN. Additionally, we investigated the effects of TaNAR2.1 and TaNAR2.2 overexpression on the growth phenotype, nitrogen uptake and yield of wheat throughout the growth period. There are significant differences in the expression patterns and functions of TaNAR2.1 and TaNAR2.2. TaNAR2.1 is located in the cytoplasm, nucleus and the plasma membrane, whereas TaNAR2.2 is a cytoplasm-specific protein. TaNAR2.1 appears to exhibit larger changes in expression levels and a higher capacity for nitrate influx than TaNAR2.2 under external nitrate supply. Overexpression of TaNAR2.1 significantly improves grain nitrogen use efficiency and increases grain yield, whereas overexpression of TaNAR2.2 enhances vegetative and reproductive growth of wheat roots. These findings indicate that TaNAR2.1 plays a crucial role in wheat nitrogen accumulation and yield, while TaNAR2.2 is pivotal for wheat root growth.

Genetic Transformation of Triticum dicoccum and Triticum aestivum with Genes of Jasmonate Biosynthesis Pathway Affects Growth and Productivity Characteristics.

The transformation protocol based on the dual selection approach (fluorescent protein and herbicide resistance) has been applied here to produce transgenic plants of two cereal species, emmer wheat and bread wheat, with the goal of activating the synthesis of the stress hormone jasmonates by overexpressing ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtAOS) and bread wheat (TaAOS) and OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE 3 from A. thaliana (AtOPR3) under the strong constitutive promoter (ZmUbi1), either individually or both genes simultaneously. The delivery of the expression cassette encoding AOS was found to affect morphogenesis in both wheat species negatively. The effect of transgene expression on the accumulation of individual jasmonates in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat was observed. Among the introduced genes, overexpression of TaAOS was the most successful in increasing stress-inducible phytohormone levels in transgenic plants, resulting in higher accumulations of JA and JA-Ile in emmer wheat and 12-OPDA in bread wheat. In general, overexpression of AOS, alone or together with AtOPR3, negatively affected leaf lamina length and grain numbers per spike in both wheat species. Double (AtAOS + AtOPR3) transgenic wheat plants were characterized by significantly reduced plant height and seed numbers, especially in emmer wheat, where several primary plants failed to produce seeds.

The Interaction Effect of Nitrogen Levels on Growth Characteristic of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present research work was carried at the Agronomy Farm, Department of Agronomy, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad (U.P.), during Rabi season of 2014-2015. This farm is located at a distance of 42 Km. from Faizabad district headquarters at Faizabad – Raibareilly road. The ANOVA of the research trail used a design: randomized block design (factorial) to evaluate growth traits, comprising of initial plant population, plant height (cm), number of shoots (m-2). The data indeed suggested that initial plant population was not significantly influenced by either variety levels or nitrogen levels. Contrastingly, the data showed that variety levels and nitrogen levels significantly affected plant height at 30, 60, 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. The number of shoots at 30 DAS was not affected significantly by variety levels and nitrogen levels in the data. In addition, Variety levels showed a significant effect on the shoot number at 60 and 90 DAS and also at harvest stage, while nitrogen levels did not show significant effects in growth attributes of wheat under study.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in wheat (Triticum aestivum): a systematic review on bioactivity, inheritance, functionality and their effects on end products

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in wheat (Triticum aestivum): a systematic review on bioactivity, inheritance, functionality and their effects on end products

The Cycles agroecosystem model: Fundamentals, testing, and applications

Models of the soil–plant-atmosphere continuum are repositories of knowledge and gears in analytical and decision support tools applied to agroecosystems. In this paper, we present the Cycles agroecosystem model theory along with test cases and applications. Cycles combines innovations for simulating soil hydrology and biogeochemistry, including carbon and nitrogen saturation theory, with a modular software architecture. These elements enable simulating monoculture or polyculture crop sequences and associated management practices, containerizing for applications that require high-performance computing, and data assimilation at runtime. A comparison of simulated and measured daily evapotranspiration (ET) obtained with the eddy covariance method for maize (Zea mays L.) and shrub willow (Salix spp.) shows that Cycles represents well meteorological and vegetation controls of ET (root mean square error or RMSE = 0.75 mm d-1). Cycles accurately simulated differences of 150 mm in growing season ET between these two plant communities. Comparisons of modeled versus measured soil water content under soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) in southeastern Pennsylvania for six soil layers at 0.1-m increments show accurate representation of water depletion and recharge (RMSE of 0.027–0.011 m3 m−3). Simulations of growth and nitrogen uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in eastern Washington also highlight the model’s skill simulating processes that affect water and nutrient fluxes simultaneously. To highlight Cycles’ suitability for incorporation in high performance computing applications, we present a coupling of Cycles with an autonomous crop sequence builder (Cycles-A) in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. This system automatically identified areas for double cropping and selected the optimum combination of annual crops across the watershed. The Cycles model innovations and agroecosystem framing continue advancing the premise of making models not only dynamic knowledge repositories but useful tools for research and landscape management.

Elucidation of biochemical and physiological modulations in Triticum aestivum induced by green synthesized nitrogen-enriched zinc nano-complexes

This study investigates the efficacy of a green synthesized nitrogen-rich zinc complex (Zn-NC) using quinoline (C9H7N) as the nitrogen-rich substrate to enhance growth and biochemical properties in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The performance of Zn-NC was compared to standard zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Both Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Three concentrations (100, 200, and 500 ppm) of each compound, along with a control, were applied to local soil samples (n=3). The physiological (biomass, elongation) and biochemical effects (chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenols) on wheat were investigated. Potential phytotoxic effects were evaluated to establish the biostimulants' safety thresholds. Plants treated with green Zn-NC showed an average increase in shoot length of 25 % compared to the control group. The chlorophyll content in plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 18 %, while those treated with green Zn-NC increased by 12 % compared to control. Application of ZnO-NPs resulted in a 30 % increase in total yield, whereas green Zn-NC treatment led to a 22 % yield increase. The root biomass of plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 28 %, and those treated with green Zn-NC saw a 20 % increase compared to controls. Based on the optimization of overall results, the ZnO NPs showed phytotoxic effects at concentrations above 200 ppm, while green Zn-NC exhibited no significant phytotoxicity even at concentrations up to 300 ppm. This study delineates the optimal concentrations of Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs that can enhance nutrient delivery and yield in cereal crops while mitigating phytotoxic risks. The findings provide valuable insights into applying nano-biostimulants in agroecosystems, highlighting their potential to improve productivity and sustainability in agriculture.

Cover crop and herbicides can control purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and increase crop yields in conservation agriculture-based crop rotations

Adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) practices can lead to the dominance of perennial weeds including purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in different agroecologies over time. Without effective management of this weed, successful adoption of CA in smallholder farming systems is rather unlikely. Therefore, we aimed to develop an integrated strategy for managing C. rotundus in CA-based crop rotations. This study encompassed a two-year (during 2020–21 and 2021–22) field experimentation at Kanpur, India with a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments included purple nutsedge management practices in main plot and crop rotations in sub-plot under CA platform (no-tilled with added crop residues). Six management options were adopted in the summer season (during April to June) as main plots that were super-imposed with two crop rotations such as pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth) – wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br) – chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as sub-plot. Growing of cover crop Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata (Willd.) Pers.) during the summer season for 45 days followed by knockdown with 2,4-D 500 g a.i. Ha−1 (cultural management; Sesbania+2,4-D) and/or summer irrigation followed by application of halosulfuron-methyl 70 g a.i. Ha−1 at 20 days after irrigation (chemical management; halosulfuron-methyl) reduced the C. rotundus density by 37–42% and 23–64% over years, respectively, than conventional practice (ploughing during summer followed by irrigation and glyphosate 1.5 kg a.e. Ha−1 application). Besides, these practices could decrease 25–27% total weed density (p < 0.05) than conventional practice (mean of years) in summer season. Importantly, these management practices had a carry-over effect on reduction in density of C. rotundus and total weeds of rainy and winter season crops. For instance, Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl decreased 35% and 15% density of C. rotundus, respectively, during rainy season than conventional practice. Irrespective of crop rotations, Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl decreased 30–40% density of C. rotundus (mean of years) in winter season than conventional practice (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in dry weight of C. rotundus was recorded under Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl in summer season by 13–23%, rainy season by 23–29%, and winter season by 55–72% than conventional practice. Pearlmillet-chickpea rotation had a 10–35% lower infestation of C. rotundus than pigeonpea-wheat (p < 0.05). Management practices such as Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl had higher system productivity by 15–19% in 2020–21 (p < 0.05), 5–7% in 2021–22 (p > 0.05), and 10–12% in average (p > 0.05) than conventional practice. Summer mungbean cultivation increased 45.2% and 10.1% density of C. rotundus in rainy season over Sesbania +2,4-D and halosulfuron-methyl in CA system, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the density of this weed was significantly higher under pigeonpea crop during rainy season by 41.4% than under pearlmillet crop (mean of years). Therefore, system-based approaches such as growing of cover crop Sesbania followed by knockdown with 2,4-D (Sesbania +2,4-D) and/or herbicide-based management through halosulfuron-methyl during summer season and subsequently recommended weed management practices in cropping systems (pearlmillet – chickpea and pigeonpea – wheat) can reduce the infestation of C. rotundus and total weeds in CA than conventional practice.

An effector protein of Fusarium graminearum targets chloroplasts and suppresses cyclic photosynthetic electron flow.

Chloroplasts are important photosynthetic organelles that regulate plant immunity, growth, and development. However, the role of fungal secretory proteins in linking the photosystem to the plant immune system remains largely unknown. Our systematic characterization of 17 chloroplast-targeting secreted proteins of Fusarium graminearum indicated that Fg03600 is an important virulence factor. Fg03600 translocation into plant cells and accumulation in chloroplasts depended on its chloroplast transit peptide. Fg03600 interacted with the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) proton gradient regulation 5-like protein 1 (TaPGRL1), a part of the cyclic photosynthetic electron transport chain, and promoted TaPGRL1 homo-dimerization. Interestingly, TaPGRL1 also interacted with ferredoxin (TaFd), a chloroplast ferredoxin protein that transfers cyclic electrons to TaPGRL1. TaFd competed with Fg03600 for binding to the same region of TaPGRL1. Fg03600 expression in plants decreased cyclic electron flow (CEF) but increased the production of chloroplast-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Stably silenced TaPGRL1 impaired resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) and disrupted CEF. Overall, Fg03600 acts as a chloroplast-targeting effector to suppress plant CEF and increase photosynthesis-derived ROS for FHB development at the necrotrophic stage by promoting homo-dimeric TaPGRL1 or competing with TaFd for TaPGRL1 binding.

Qtl Mapping for Grain Yield Component Traits in Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Bread Wheat Under Heat Stress Using 35 K Snp Array

Qtl Mapping for Grain Yield Component Traits in Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Bread Wheat Under Heat Stress Using 35 K Snp Array

Optimum Determination of NPSB Fertilizer Rates on Bread Wheat (Triticum asetivum L.) Varieties

The field experiment was conducted at Degam district during main cropping season to investigate the response of bread wheat varieties to NPSB fertilizer rates and identify its economic benefit. Factorial combination of three improved bread wheat varieties (Danda’a, Hidase and Kakaba) and six fertilizer rates [Control, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer each supplemented with 92 kg N ha-1 and 64/20 kg NP ha-1 (Blanket recommendation) were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest NKS (54.9), AGBM (13.8 tons ha-1), SY (9.4 tons ha-1) and GY (4549kg ha-1) were recorded from 200 kg NPSB fertilizer. Among the varieties the highest NKS (54.3) from Danda’a, TKW (49.3 g) and GY (3351kg ha-1) were recorded from Hidase variety. Variety Kakaba score the highest PH (102.5 cm) and PNT (5 per plant) with combination of 200 kg and 150 kg NPSB fertilizer respectively and reached days to heading and maturity earlier than Danda’a and Hidase. In general, the economic feasibility of the fertilizer over varieties combination indicated that application of 200 kg NPSB ha-1to all varieties Hidase, Danda’a and Kakaba resulted in maximum marginal rates of return 640.14 %, 604.81% and 481.47%, with a net benefit of 97993, 88596, and 82996 ETB respectively. Although, application of 200 kg NPSB ha-1 led to the highest MRR for the Hidase variety as compared to all other treatments and with about a total of 9397 ETB net benefit increment. Therefore, application of 200 kg of NPSB in supplement of 92 kg N ha-1 fertilizer with Hidase variety was the best producing economically profitable with acceptable grain yield.

AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis for Selection of Some High Yielding Terminal Heat Stress Tolerant Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Genotypes in Bangladesh

AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis for Selection of Some High Yielding Terminal Heat Stress Tolerant Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Genotypes in Bangladesh

Efficiency of paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different doses of nitrogen fertilization

Application of growth regulators like paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid is a suitable way to prevent excessive nitrogen consumption. Therefore, this 2-year research was conducted in Karaj, Iran. This research was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a split-plot arrangement in 2019–2021. Treatments included nitrogen at three levels: (60, 105 and 150 kg ha−1) which were placed in the main plots. The second factor was the foliar application of growth regulators at three levels: [gibberellic acid (100 ppm), paclobutrazol (200 ppm) and control]. The results showed that application of paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid raised super wheat yield and quality compared to control. The highest biological yield (27.67 ton ha−1), was observed in the interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the second year, which was the same with nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the first year and also interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + paclobutrazol in the second year. The highest grain protein (14.69%) was seen in nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the second year and nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the first year. Growth regulators usage and increasing the nitrogen content (150 kg ha−1), improved the yield and grain quality of wheat. Therefore, the interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid and nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 +paclobutrazol, were the best treatments of this study, due to the creation of suitable environmental conditions for wheat, and these treatments can be suggested to the farmers.

Comparative effects of micron-sized silicon sources and Si nanoparticles on growth, defense system and cadmium accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in Cd contaminated soil

Elevated levels of cadmium (Cd) in soils posesignificant challenges to global agricultural crop production. The potential of silicon (Si) nanoparticles (NPs) and biogenic Si sources of different sizes to mitigate Cd stress in wheat remains largely unexplored. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various sizes of biogenic Si sources: rice husk biochar (RHB), sugarcane bagasse (SB), and rice straw (RS); categorized by particle size (<150 μm, 150–250 μm, and 250–1680 μm, denoted as S1, S2, and S3, respectively), and Si NPs on wheat growth and Cd accumulation. The application of RHB (<150 μm) significantly increased plant height (105 %), spike length (94 %), shoot dry weight (93 %), root dry weight (83 %), and grain weight (89 %) compared to the control. The RHBS1 treatment delivered the greatest reduction in the bioavailable fraction of soil Cd (-74 %), as well as Cd levels in roots (-85 %), shoots (-93 %), and grains (-97 %) compared to the polluted control. Additionally, RHB (<150 μm) showed the highest increase in antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the Cd-spiked treatment. Interestingly, the various biogenic Si sources have the potential to mitigate Cd stress in wheat plants. Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms and to investigate the effectiveness of different biogenic Si sources and particle sizes in alleviating Cd stress in crops.

Exploring Novel Genomic Loci and Candidate Genes Associated with Plant Height in Bulgarian Bread Wheat via Multi-Model GWAS.

In the context of crop breeding, plant height (PH) plays a pivotal role in determining straw and grain yield. Although extensive research has explored the genetic control of PH in wheat, there remains an opportunity for further advancements by integrating genomics with growth-related phenomics. Our study utilizes the latest genome-wide association scan (GWAS) techniques to unravel the genetic basis of temporal variation in PH across 179 Bulgarian bread wheat accessions, including landraces, tall historical, and semi-dwarf modern varieties. A GWAS was performed with phenotypic data from three growing seasons, the calculated best linear unbiased estimators, and the leveraging genotypic information from the 25K Infinium iSelect array, using three statistical methods (MLM, FarmCPU, and BLINK). Twenty-five quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with PH were identified across fourteen chromosomes, encompassing 21 environmentally stable quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs), and four haplotype blocks. Certain loci (17) on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5B, 5D, and 6A remain unlinked to any known Rht (Reduced height) genes, QTL, or GWAS loci associated with PH, and represent novel regions of potential breeding significance. Notably, these loci exhibit varying effects on PH, contribute significantly to natural variance, and are expressed during seedling to reproductive stages. The haplotype block on chromosome 6A contains five QTN loci associated with reduced height and two loci promoting height. This configuration suggests a substantial impact on natural variation and holds promise for accurate marker-assisted selection. The potentially novel genomic regions harbor putative candidate gene coding for glutamine synthetase, gibberellin 2-oxidase, auxin response factor, ethylene-responsive transcription factor, and nitric oxide synthase; cell cycle-related genes, encoding cyclin, regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) protein, katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit, and expansins; genes implicated in stem mechanical strength and defense mechanisms, as well as gene regulators such as transcription factors and protein kinases. These findings enrich the pool of semi-dwarfing gene resources, providing the potential to further optimize PH, improve lodging resistance, and achieve higher grain yields in bread wheat.

Yields, nutrient-use efficiencies and production economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by foliar nano urea

The nano fertilizers are becoming popular in crop production sector due to their higher nutrient use efficiency and also enhance the productivity and quality while requiring less input and being environmentally safe. In order to assess the effect of foliar application of nano urea on growth and yield performances of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to evaluate nitrogen-use efficiency under integrated use of nano urea, this study was undertaken during the rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal. The experiment was laid-out in a randomized block design (RBD) having 13 treatments consisting of foliar application of water, nano urea (once at tillering and twice at tillering and jointing) and 5% urea in combination with each of 50,75 and 100% of recommended nitrogen doses (RDN) along with a control (without N), and each treatment was replicated thrice. It was observed that foliar application of nano urea (0.4%) twice at tillering and jointing stages with 100% (RDN 5,759 kg/ha) was statistically at par with 100% RDN + 5% foliar spray of urea twice at tillering and jointing stage (5,985 kg/ha) in terms of grain yield, the latter being the highest yielder. Foliar application of either urea or nano urea by curtailing 25-50% RDN did not brought about superior growth and yield performances. Under each level of RDN (100%, 75% and 50%), foliar application of 5% urea was a bit superior to nano urea, though the difference was not statistically significant. However, nano urea reflected higher nitrogen-use efficiency under all levels RDN; partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) and agronomic nitrogen-use efficiency (ANUE) values be- ing the highest under 50% RDN along with two spraying of nano urea (56.76 and 24.50 kg grain/kg N). The treat- ment comprising 100% RDN+ 5% spray of urea at tillering and jointing stages resulted in the highest net return (69608 `/ha) and B: C ratio (2.58), closely followed by the treatment comprising nano urea application twice (gross return, net return and B: C ratio of 109,426 `/ha, 63,748 `/ha and 2.40, respectively) with 100% RDN, being statis- tically at par with each other. It can be concluded from this two-year trial that only foliar application of nano urea by curtailing soil nitrogen application to 25-50% resulted in reduced yield performances of wheat; nano urea had pro- motive effects on yields when it was applied along with 100% RDN.

Potassium supply for improvement of cereals growth under drought: A review

AbstractPotassium (K) is an essential macronutrient that determines crop productivity and promotes crop growth under conditions of abiotic stress. In this review paper, peer‐reviewed publications (experimental data) dealing with the role of K administration in the control of cereals growth under drought stress are reviewed and analyzed. Most published research on the impact of K administration on cereals growth under drought focuses primarily on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), along with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). The beneficial effect of K on cereals growth under drought has been related to maintenance of water balance in the crops, increased activity of the antioxidant enzymes, increased synthesis of osmolytes, contribution to a low sodium (Na)/K ratio, extension of the grain filling period, and increase of the grain growth rate and weight. Moreover, K was suggested as a possible way for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (e.g., bread wheat and sorghum). Nevertheless, the beneficial effect of foliar applied K in dried soil during grain filling differed among bread wheat cultivars, highlighting that the effect of K supply on grain weight may differ depending on application method, that is, administration through the soil or the foliage. Overall, K supply could be exploited as a tool for increasing cereal tolerance to drought, for example, by considering late administration of K through top dressing applications or foliar sprayings. Yet additional information is needed on the rate and the K form, along with the most suitable growth stage for application. Such information could help agronomists develop strategies for high‐quality cereal production in stressful environments.

Efficiency of different incubating material for phosphate rich organic manure in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A field experiment was conducted at Centre for Research on Integrated Farming Systems, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar during 2018–19 to 2020–21 to study the efficiency of differ- ent incubating material for phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) in wheat. A total of fourteen treatments such as T1 : Control, T2 : DAP @ 60 kg P2 O5 /ha, T3 : Rock phosphate @ 40 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with vermicompost, T4 : Rock phosphate @ 60 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with vermicompost, T5 : Rock phosphate @ 40 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with FYM, T6 : Rock phosphate @ 60 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with FYM, T7 : Rock phosphate @ 40 kg P2 O5 /ha incu- bated with compost, T8 : Rock phosphate @ 60 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with compost, T9 : Rock phosphate @ 40 kg P2 O5/ha incubated with vegetable waste, T10 : Rock phosphate @ 60 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with vegetable waste, T11 : Rock phosphate @ 40 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with green algae, T12 : Rock phosphate @ 60 kg P2 O5 /ha incu- bated with green algae, T13 : Rock phosphate @ 40 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with cow urine and T14 : Rock phosphate @ 60 kg P2 O5 /ha incubated with cow urine were evaluated based on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield. The pooled result of three years experiment indicated that phosphorus source of DAP in wheat (60 kg P2 O5 /ha) can be replaced with Udaipur rock phosphate (31% P2O5 ) @ 198 kg/ha incubated for 30 days with FYM or vermicompost or compost or vegetable waste (each of 593 kg) or cow urine (593 L) in the ratio of 1:3 ratio as basal for obtaining higher yield and net returns.

A critical review of the factors influencing pre‐harvest sprouting of wheat

AbstractPre‐harvest sprouting (PHS) is a global issue affecting a multitude of crops, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The combination of conducive conditions and a lack of genetic seed dormancy results in the sprouting of intact grain at or prior to harvesting. The initiation of germination synthesizes gibberellic acid resulting in the activation of the alpha‐amylase synthesis via a calcium‐dependent signal transduction pathway. Alpha‐amylase synthesized via this pathway degrades the endosperm, decreasing bread‐making quality. A commonly used indicator for bread‐making quality is the Hagberg Falling Number. Environmental, phenotypic, genetic, and management factors influence the susceptibility of wheat to PHS. Rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity are commonly associated with PHS. The combination of these conditions results in the greatest severity of PHS. Morphological features such as awns and epicuticular waxes may increase the quantity of rainfall retained against the grain, increasing the risk of PHS. Similarly, management factors such as fertilization and fungicide application also may increase the risk of PHS occurring. Further research is necessary to understand the mechanisms and impact of management factors on PHS. Additionally, further investigations are needed to explore how environmental and genotypic interactions affect PHS susceptibility.

Effect of seed priming and seed rate on the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A field experiment was carried out to determine the impact of different seed rates and priming strategies on germination percentage, growth attributes and yield of wheat. The experiment comprised of twelve treatments i.e. dry seed surface seeding; 12 hour soaked seed surface seeding; seed priming with 1% KNO3 and seed priming with 1% CaCl2 at 100, 125 and 150 kg/ha seed rate. The results indicated that highest final germination percentage (84 %) at 10 DAS was found with seed priming with 1% CaCl2 at 100 kg/ha seed rate. The tallest plant was observed with seed priming with 1% CaCl2 at 150 kg/ha seed rate. However, number of tiller/m2 and dry matter accumulation was recorded maximum with seed priming with 1% CaCl2 at 150 kg/ha seed rate, which was 7.27% and 20% higher compared to number of tillers/m2 and dry matter accumulation under dry seed surface seeding with 100 kg/ha seed rate respectively. Among different treatments, highest grain yield (4662 kg/ha) and straw yield (5694 kg/ha) were found with seed priming with 1% CaCl2 at 150 kg/ha seed rate. Similarly, maximum gross (₹114851/ha) and net (₹76884/ha) returns were obtained in seed priming with 1% CaCl2 at 150 kg/ha seed rate but highest B: C ratio (3.09) obtained with seed priming with 1% CaCl2 at 125 kg/ha seed rate. Hence, adopting seed priming strategies at different seed rates can improve growth and yield of wheat.

Trait-customized sampling of core collections from a winter wheat genebank collection supports association studies.

Subsampling a reduced number of accessions from ex situ genebank collections, known as core collections, is a widely applied method for the investigation of stored genetic diversity and for an exploitation by breeding and research. Optimizing core collections for genome-wide association studies could potentially maximize opportunities to discover relevant and rare variation. In the present study, eight strategies to sample core collections were implemented separately for two traits, namely susceptibility to yellow rust and stem lodging, on about 6,300 accessions of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Each strategy maximized different parameters or emphasized another aspect of the collection; the strategies relied on genomic data, phenotypic data or a combination thereof. The resulting trait-customized core collections of eight different sizes, covering the range between 100 and 800 accession samples, were analyzed based on characteristics such as population stratification, number of duplicate genotypes and genetic diversity. Furthermore, the statistical power for an association study was investigated as a key criterion for comparisons. While sampling extreme phenotypes boosts the power especially for smaller core collections of up to 500 accession samples, maximization of genetic diversity within the core collection minimizes population stratification and avoids the accumulation of less informative duplicate genotypes when increasing the size of a core collection. Advantages and limitations of different strategies to create trait-customized core collections are discussed for different scenarios of the availability of resources and data.