Bread Wheat Genotypes Research Articles

Drought responses of traditional and modern wheats in different phenological stages

Drought is one of the most pressing issues in many regions worldwide. Selecting wheat genotypes adapted to changing climatic conditions is crucial for sustainable agricultural production, economic development, and food security. In this study, 156 bread wheat genotypes, including landraces from Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan, which have adapted to changing climatic conditions for thousands of years, and high-yielding modern wheat varieties, including advanced breeding lines and cultivars were evaluated. The genotypes were subjected to seasonal drought treatments under rain shelters, including pre-heading drought (T1), post-heading drought (T2), irrigation based on long-term precipitation (T3), and seasonal precipitation and supplemental irrigation (T4). Grain yield and physio-morphological and quality traits of the genotypes under seasonal drought and irrigated conditions were evaluated. Drought treatments reduced yield and some physio-morphological traits and increased quality traits. Pre-heading drought treatments had the greatest effect on yield and physio-morphological traits while post-heading drought treatments had the greatest effect on quality traits. Modern wheat cultivars had higher grain yields compared to landraces, but some landraces had a lower yield loss compared to modern wheats under drought stress. The higher tillering rate of the landraces resulted in greater biomass production, taller plant height, and peduncle length. Landraces had higher protein content in all treatments, whereas modern wheats had higher protein content in T2 treatments due to the selection pressure that has been ongoing for years. In summary, given that different drought scenarios will be encountered in the future, landraces should be effectively used in the breeding programs to develop seasonal drought-tolerant modern or climate-resilient wheat varieties.

Assessment of intra- and inter-genetic diversity in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat genotypes based on omega, gamma and alpha-gliadin profiles.

Durum and bread wheat are well adapted to the Mediterranean Basin. Twenty-three genotypes of each species were grown to evaluate the intra- and inter-genetic diversity based on omega (ω), gamma (γ) and alpha (α)-gliadin profiles. To achieve this purpose, the endosperm storage proteins (both gliadins and glutenins) were extracted from wheat grains and electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. The results of SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed nine polymorphic loci out of 16 loci with durum wheat genotypes and nine polymorphic loci out of 18 loci with bead wheat genotypes. The polymorphisms revealed by the SDS-PAGE were 56% and 50% in durum and bread wheat genotypes, respectively. Using the cluster analysis, the durum wheat genotypes were clustered into five groups, while the bread wheat genotypes were grouped into six clusters using un-weighed pair group mean analyses based on ω, γ, and α-gliadins profiles. The 46 durum and bread wheat genotypes were grouped into seven clusters based on the combined ω, γ, and α-gliadins profiles revealed by the SDS-PAGE. The in silico analysis determined the intra-genetic diversity between bread and durum wheat based on the sequences of ω, γ, and α-gliadins. The alignment of ω-gliadin revealed the highest polymorphism (52.1%) between bread and durum wheat, meanwhile, the alignment of γ and α-gliadins revealed very low polymorphism 6.6% and 15.4%, respectively. According to computational studies, all gliadins contain a lot of glutamine and proline residues. The analysis revealed that the bread wheat possessed ω and γ -gliadins with a lower content of proline and a higher content of glutamine than durum wheat. In contrast, durum wheat possessed α-gliadin with a lower content of proline and a higher content of glutamine than bread wheat. In conclusion, the SDS-PAGE, in silico and computational analyses are effective tools to determine the intra- and inter-genetic diversity in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat genotypes based on ω, γ, and α-gliadins profiles.

Assessment of genetic diversity for heat tolerance in advanced breeding lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell.)

Food security and public health are becoming major concerns for the global leaders due to climate change. The uneven distribution of rainfall and temperature has increased the global food demand with quality food. The current study was carried out for analysis of genetic diversity among 64 bread wheat genotypes for heat tolerance based on 21 morpho-physiological traits. The sixty four genotypes were grouped into five different clusters. Maximum number of genotypes was in cluster V (17) with lowest intra cluster distance (3.866) followed by cluster II (15), I (14), III and IV (each having 9 genotypes). Genotypes of cluster IV and I were more genetically diverse due to maximum inter cluster distance between them (8.873). The cluster II was designated as “highly tolerant” while cluster I and V as “moderately tolerant” and “highly sensitive” respectively, to heat stress on the basis of comparison of cluster mean values for yield and its major contributing traits like, peduncle length, flag leaf length, grain filling duration and so on. By collating their mean performance, the genotypes P-13348, P-13676, P-13820 and P- 14114 were found to be more heat tolerant in cluster II. Similarly, genotypes P-13808, P-13638 and P-14050 were found more moderately tolerant among cluster I genotypes and genotypes P-14106, P-14112 and P-14121 were most sensitive among the cluster V genotypes to terminal heat stress.

Multivariate analyses, heritability and genotype environment interaction of bread wheat genotypes in Ethiopia

Considering the genetic variability of bread wheat is essential for the development of improved, high-yielding germplasm. The extent of genetic variability, heritability and genotype-environment interaction in 180 bread wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) genotypes was investigated using field-based phenotyping of 12 agro-morphological traits. The experiment was positioned at alpha lattice design in two replications in Ethiopia at Kulmsa agricultural research center, Meraro (substation of Kulmsa agricultural research center) and Holeta agricultural research center. Moderate heritability and genetic advance were observed in plant height (50 %, 5.5 %), spick length (38 %, 5.3 %), number of kernels per spick (50 %, 5.23 %), and thousand kernel weights (41 %, 4.38 %), respectively. The analysis discovered that the mean performance of grain yield per-plot was the highest at Kulmsa, implying that Kulmsa could be better for bread wheat to perform well. Phenotypic and genotypic associations of grain yield with number of kernels per speculate (0.42 and 0.99), spick weight (0.91 and 0.99), leaf area (0.14 and 0.55) were positive and significant correlated both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Analysis of variance showed that highly significant differences for environment and genotype in which grain yields were significantly affected by environment, counted 55.22 % of the total variation, whereas genotype and genotype environment interaction accounted for 27.46 % and 17.44 %, respectively. Moreover, genotypes 53, 68 and 168 are high performing valuable genetic resources to be used in further bread wheat breeding program. Inclusively, the study provided valuable information for the bread wheat improvement.

Physio-biochemical responses of registered bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to drought stress: Variations in antioxidant parameters and photosynthetic pigment amounts

In this study, physio-biochemical parameters of 7 registered bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (Gerek 79, Sultan 95, Haymana 79, Grk/Cty, T98-9, Pastor, PM ME1) were investigated under drought stress conditions. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), photosynthetic pigment, total protein, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation (malonyldialdehyde-MDA) and proline levels were determined in this wheat genotypes exposed to different drought duration (3rd, 6th and 10th day). As a result of this study, among 7 different wheat genotypes, Gerek 79 and Haymana 79 genotypes were the most physiologically sensitive to drought. In comparison, Pastor and Sultan 95 genotypes were the most drought-tolerant varieties. In addition, in parallel with the prolongation of the drought period in wheat varieties in general, it was determined that the content of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly due to oxidative damage, while proline and MDA content increased

Identification and estimation of lodging in bread wheat genotypes using machine learning predictive algorithms

BackgroundLodging or stem bending decreases wheat yield quality and quantity. Thus, the traits reflected in early lodging wheat are helpful for early monitoring to some extent. In order to identify the superior genotypes and compare multiple linear regression (MLR) with support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest regression (RF) for predicting lodging in Iranian wheat accessions, a total of 228 wheat accessions were cultivated under field conditions in an alpha-lattice experiment, randomized incomplete block design, with two replications in two cropping seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020). To measure traits, a total of 20 plants were isolated from each plot and were measured using image processing.ResultsThe lodging score index (LS) had the highest positive correlation with plant height (r = 0.78**), Number of nodes (r = 0.71**), and internode length 1 (r = 0.70**). Genotypes were classified into four groups based on heat map output. The most lodging-resistant genotypes showed a lodging index of zero or close to zero. The findings revealed that the RF algorithm provided a more accurate estimate (R2 = 0.887 and RMSE = 0.091 for training data and R2 = 0.768 and RMSE = 0.124 for testing data) of wheat lodging than the ANN and SVR algorithms, and its robustness was as good as ANN but better than SVR.ConclusionOverall, it seems that the RF model can provide a helpful predictive and exploratory tool to estimate wheat lodging in the field. This work can contribute to the adoption of managerial approaches for precise and non-destructive monitoring of lodging.

Wheat Grains as a Sustainable Source of Protein for Health.

Protein deficiency is recognized among the major global health issues with an underestimation of its importance. Genetic biofortification is a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to overcome global protein malnutrition. This study was designed to focus on protein-dense grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and identify the genes governing grain protein content (GPC) that improve end-use quality and in turn human health. Genome-wide association was applied using the 90k iSELECT Infinium and 35k Affymetrix arrays with GPC quantified by using a proteomic-based technique in 369 wheat genotypes over three field-year trials. The results showed significant natural variation among bread wheat genotypes that led to detecting 54 significant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) surpassing the false discovery rate (FDR) threshold. These QTNs showed contrasting effects on GPC ranging from -0.50 to +0.54% that can be used for protein content improvement. Further bioinformatics analyses reported that these QTNs are genomically linked with 35 candidate genes showing high expression during grain development. The putative candidate genes have functions in the binding, remobilization, or transport of protein. For instance, the promising QTN AX-94727470 on chromosome 6B increases GPC by +0.47% and is physically located inside the gene TraesCS6B02G384500 annotated as Trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (T6P), which can be employed to improve grain protein quality. Our findings are valuable for the enhancement of protein content and end-use quality in one of the major daily food resources that ultimately improve human nutrition.

Study of Correlation and Path Coefficients to Emphasize Grain Yield and its Components in Bread Wheat

The research was conducted to study traits association with direct and indirect effect and its cumulative effect in 40 bread wheat genotypes at SardarVallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, (U.P.). The research was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications during Rabi 2019. Genotypic correlation coefficient observed higher comparison to all respective phenotypic correlation coefficient. Path coefficient analysis were observed positive and direct effect on grain yield per plant exerted by days of 50% flowering, number of productive tillers per plants, total number of spikelets per spikes, 1000 seeds weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index. Cumulative effect correlation and path on grain yield per plant exerted by biological yield per plant, harvest index, days of 50% flowering and total number of spikelets per spikes indicated that improvement in wheat can be achieved by selecting these characters.

Characterization of zinc uptake in seedlings of wheat cultivars differing in Zn-deficiency tolerance as affected by histidine

Knowledge of the characteristics of zinc (Zn) uptake by plant roots may help in understanding the reasons for variations in the Zn deficiency tolerance of plant cultivars. We investigated the apoplastic and symplastic Zn uptake and proton secretion by roots of three bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum cvs. Rushan, Kavir, and Falat) and a durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum cv. Yavarus) under influence of histidine addition in a nutrient solution. Seedlings of wheat genotypes were planted in a nutrient solution containing 10 µM Zn with or without added 50 mM histidine (His). A control with no added Zn or histidine was also used. A significant variation was found among wheat genotypes in shoot Zn content and the characteristics of Zn uptake by roots. The addition of Zn enhanced shoot Zn content compared to the control while the effect of His was genotype-dependent. His addition in combination with Zn enhanced shoot Zn content in Rushan and Falat but not in Kavir and Yavarus compared with the only Zn supply treatment. For all wheat genotypes, the addition of Zn enhanced the total, apoplastic, and symplastic root Zn concentration compared to the control. The highest and lowest amounts of proton (H+) were secreted from the roots of Rushan and Yavarus genotypes, respectively. In all wheat genotypes except Falat, the combined addition of zinc and histidine enhanced root H+ secretion compared with the only supply of Zn. Higher plant Zn uptake was associated with a higher ability to secretion of H+ from roots and higher proportion of symplastic to apoplastic Zn.

Effects of ZnSO4 on growth, some key physiological processes and ionic homeostasis of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under salinity stress

Effects of ZnSO4 on growth, some key physiological processes and ionic homeostasis of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under salinity stress

Performance of some bread wheat genotypes under New Valley condition

Performance of some bread wheat genotypes under New Valley condition

Canonical Correlation Analysis of Physiological and Grain Yield-related Traits in Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown in the Greenhouse under Normal and Flowering Drought Stress Conditions

Canonical Correlation Analysis of Physiological and Grain Yield-related Traits in Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown in the Greenhouse under Normal and Flowering Drought Stress Conditions

Canonical Correlation Analysis and Grouping of Bread Wheat Genotypes Based on Morphophenological Traits and Fusarium Head Blight Tolerance Indexes

Canonical Correlation Analysis and Grouping of Bread Wheat Genotypes Based on Morphophenological Traits and Fusarium Head Blight Tolerance Indexes

How does post-flowering source/sink manipulation affect grain weight and commercial quality in Argentinean bread wheat genotypes with different baking aptitude?

How does post-flowering source/sink manipulation affect grain weight and commercial quality in Argentinean bread wheat genotypes with different baking aptitude?

Heterosis, Correlations and Path Analysis of Grain Yield Components in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Seven genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used (SK 95, Side14, Side 12, SK94, Giemiza 9, Giemiza 7, Al-Fayyad) and their 21 crosses from half diallel crosses, and they were planted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Faculty of Agriculture. Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, using a randomized complete block design with three replicates in order to study the hybrid vigor, the genetic and phenotypic correlation, and the path analysis of the grain yield components. It is noted from the results that the hybrid 2*6 had the heterosis deviation from the average of the parents and the best of them are significant and in the desired direction in the number of active tillers plant-1, the number of grains spikes-1 and grain yield, and the genetic and phenotypic correlation was positive for the significant number of active tillers plant-1, the number of spikelet's spike-1 and the number of grain spike-1, and significant positive for the weight of 1000 grains with the grains yield plant-1, and the highest genetic and phenotypic correlation value of the number of grains spike-1 was 0.8** and 0.785**, respectively with grain yield, and when the correlations were divided into direct and indirect effects, the number of grains spikes-1 had the highest direct effect, which confirms the possibility of adopting it as a selective indicator to improve grain yield.

Association Between Dominant Wheat Stem Rust Races Found in Ethiopia and Grain Yield in Advance Bread Wheat Genotypes

The study was conducted in 2019 and in 2020 across two locations: Dhera and Asasa in Ethiopia to study the correlation between dominant stem rust races found in Ethiopia and grain yield on bread wheat genotypes found in the national wheat research program pipelines. Twenty three bread wheat genotypes and two released bread wheat varieties set as a Bread Wheat National Variety Trial by the national wheat research program for low altitude and planted at Dhera and Asasa. A square lattice design with two replications used for experiment conducted on the field. A plot of six rows, size of 2.5 m by 1.2 m, and a total area of 3 m2 used. The same genotypes planted using complete randomized design in three replications at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center green house. Seven-day old seedlings were inoculated with spores of selected races: TTTTF, TKTTF, TKKTF, TTRTF and BULK. Data on infection types (IT) were recorded 14 days after inoculation using 0–4 scale. Result in the study revealed that Grain yield had positive genotypic association with all four races but bulk at Dhera. A very high negative significant genotypic correlation r=-0.708*** obtained between Grain yield and field Stem rust diseases score at Asasa. Those genotypes carrying race-specific effective gens for the races used in the green house were resistance at the seedling stage. But, on the field, at the adult stage, they lost the resistance and become susceptible.

Molecular characterization of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes using SSR markers

An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at the research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University to study the genetic diversity of 80 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, using 43 polymorphic SSR markers. A total of 84 alleles were discovered, with an average of 3 alleles amplified per locus. The average value of the allelic PIC varied from 0.26 to 0.82. Primers, viz. Xgwm 129, Xgwm 131, TaGST, CFA2147, Xwmc48, Xbarc 1165 and Xwmc169 may be deemed particularly informative given their high PIC values. Indices of dissimilarity varied from 0.14 to 0.42. Eighty wheat genotypes were clustered into two main groups with 35 and 45 genotypes each using the dendrogram constructed on the basis of molecular data of polymorphic markers. Using STRUCTURE, genotypes were classified into 4 major sub-populations having Fst values 0.351, 0.363, 0.508 and 0.313, respectively. Future breeding operations in wheat cultivars for tolerance to abiotic stress should consider genotypes clustering into different groups. Assessing the molecular genetic diversity is a reliable approach to identify cultivars by analyzing of specific regions of the cultivars DNA based on their unique genetic profiles.

The Rule of Salinity Stress in Activation of Retrotransposition Rate in some Bread Wheat Genotypes.

The Rule of Salinity Stress in Activation of Retrotransposition Rate in some Bread Wheat Genotypes.

Correlation between physiological and yield attributes in bread wheat genotypes for high temperature tolerance

Aim: The aim of the present study was to observe the role of heat stress in the correlation of physiological and yield attributes in bread wheat genotypes. Methodology: Seven wheat genotypes (PBW781, RWP-2018-30, PBW821, RWP-2018-31, WH1239, RWP-2018-26, and RWP-2018-32) along with three check varities namely DBW14, WH730, and RAJ3765 were grown under timely sown (TS) and late sown (LS) conditions in the field research area of Wheat Section, CCS HAU, Hisar (2018-19). For generating heat stress, delay in sowing (4 weeks) was done in late sown from timely sown. These wheat lines were assessed for several physiological and yield attributes under both conditions and one genotype was found to be heat-tolerant under late sown condition. Results: PBW821 was classified as thermo-tolerant due to maximum grain yield, higher normalized difference vegetation index, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and lower canopy temperature compared to other varieties under late sown conditions. Interpretation: Identification of a heat-resistant wheat genotype would be a valuable resource for developing high-yielding cultivars under high-temperature conditions, and these findings might also be used in breeding programs. Key words: Grain yield, Heat tolerance, Physiological traits, Triticum aestivum

An efficient triose phosphate synthesis and distribution in wheat provides tolerance to higher field temperatures.

High temperatures in the field hinder bread wheat high-yield production, mainly because of the adverse effects of heat over photosynthesis. The Yaqui Valley, the main wheat producer region in Mexico, is a zone prone to have temperatures over 30°C. The aim of this work was to test the flag leaf photosynthetic performance in 10 bread wheat genotypes grown under high temperatures in the field. The study took place during two seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021). In each season, control seeds were sown in December, while heat-stressed were sown in late January to subject wheat to heat stress (HS) during the grain-filling stage. HS reduced Grain yield from 20 to 58% in the first season. HS did not reduce chlorophyll content and light-dependent reactions were unaffected in any of the tested genotypes. Rubisco, chloroplast fructose 1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase), and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities were measured spectrophotometrically. Rubisco activity did not decrease under HS in any of the genotypes. FBPase activity was reduced by HS indicating that triose phosphate flux to starch synthesis was reduced, while SPS was not affected, and thus, sucrose synthesis was maintained. HS reduced aerial biomass in the 10 chosen genotypes. Genotypes SOKWB.1, SOKWB.3, and BORLAUG100 maintained their yield under HS, pointing to a potential success in their introduction in this region for breeding heat-tolerant bread wheat.