Social Housing In Brazil Research Articles

Meta-PREVI Grammar

This paper describes part of a wider research that aimed at using Shape Grammar to generate more diverse and interesting urban spaces in Brazilian Social Housing developments. A shape grammar corresponding to design patterns was inferred from the PREVI Lima urban plan developed by C. Alexander [1] in the 1970s. The grammar was inferred from the plan layout and from the text instructions (or pattern descriptions) presented by Alexander, and can be applied to design new plans within a wider formal universe than what the plan layout would suggest. The final section of the paper points towards the development of generic grammars as a way of encapsulating good qualities of certain design projects and applying them to new situations.

O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA HABITAÇÃO SOCIAL NO BRASIL

This paper shows how the housing problems progressed in Brazil over the years from the beginning of urbanization to the present day, and which public policies implemented by the government to minimize this situation, especially for the popular housing deficit. The process of urbanization in the socioeconomic and historical context of the country was responsible for the deterioration of the housing problem reflecting the current conformation of Brazilian cities. The text is divided in three parts, it is a historical social housing in Brazil, after that treat about the main actors in determining the housing problem in the country and, finally, are covered housing programs conducted after the extinction of BNH and restructuring of Brazilian cities. From the 1990s, several programs were implemented to meet the housing deficit in the country and currently the largest example is the “Minha Casa Minha Vida” program, created in 2009. Finally, after analyzing the programs implemented in Brazil, it is noticed that housing policies implemented only mask the problem and end up benefiting the private sector and the most influential classes in wealth of the country. A process that prevails long and must be set aside.

Granite plates as slabs in social housing in Brazil

Granites slabs are largely used for paving. The most common way to settle the slabs is using a thin layer of industrialised mortar. More recently, there has been interest focused on setting the stone with non-adherent systems – without mortar. However, there is a lack of information concerning these methods. The present study evaluated the mechanical properties of three types of granites with great commercial acceptance for non-adherent paving uses and also determined the stone thickness for this type of use. The slabs are 200 cm wide and 300 cm long and are supported on the four edges by a concrete frame. To evaluate the performance of the slabs according to the use and the environmental conditions, the following tests were performed: abrasion resistance, slip resistance, index gravity and petrography analysis. The properties tested for the structural design of the granite plates were compressive strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic wave velocity. The results indicate that charnockite should be assembled using a thickness of 30 mm, only for indoor uses. The syenogranite and the monzogranite could be used for both interior and exterior uses. The thicknesses of monzogranite and syenogranite slabs should be 20 mm and 30 mm respectively.

Trapped by the land? Change and continuity in the provision of social housing in Brazil

Despite economic growth, institutional strengthening, improved regulatory frameworks for urban land markets and availability of subsidized financial resources for social housing, Brazilian urban development policy has continued to face challenges in providing access to housing for low-income groups in general, and families earning up to three minimum salaries in particular. In this article, we argue that state spatial policies have been severely weakened by the lack of leverage over urban land markets. In that respect, the renewed rolled-out developmental state that has followed the neoliberalization of spaces in the 1990s, as reflected in the Statute of the City, the creation of the Ministry for Cities and the launch of federal housing finance programmes represent advances, but have not been able to trigger structural change in the production of urban space.

Housing Policy. A Critical Analysis on the Brazilian Experience

The last decade has revealed significant advancements on social housing in Brazil. Along with the implementation of the National Housing Policy (2004), the National Housing System (2005), and the National Housing Plan (2008), a consistent model to face the Brazilian housing deficiency was created. The prime period of the actions and resources taken by the various government levels and private agents took place during the implementation of Minha Casa Minha Vida [My Home My Life] program (PMCMV), whose goal was to build a million houses. Based on the outlined context, this paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between National Housing Policy and PMCMV, discussing its implications on housing outlook in the country. A bibliographical and documentary research showed theoretical and conceptual unbalance between these two policies, allowing speculation on the prevalence of the economic component over the social one.

A life cycle energy analysis of social housing in Brazil: Case study for the program “MY HOUSE MY LIFE”

The Brazilian government has started up a large social housing program for low-income families. Considering the large investment for this program, it is important to analyse the environmental impact to create a base for further improvement assessment. The goal of this paper is to visualise the energy use (embodied and operational) during the life cycle of case study for a house in the social housing program. The case study showed that the embodied energy (EE) is 7.2GJ/m2 or 30% of the total energy from the life cycle, the operational energy is 17.5GJ/m2. Half of the Embodied Energy is due to material use for maintenance and around 57% of the embodied energy is used in the wall construction. Compared to other international studies (5.8GJ/m2 per 50 years), the embodied energy is relative high (7.2GJ/m2 per 50 years) whereas the operational energy is only the half (17.5 compared to 36GJ/m2 per 50 year). The study indicates that the largest improvement potential for reducing the embodied energy is connected to the walls trough choosing materials and systems with less Embodied Energy and higher durability to decrease the need for maintenance and substitution of materials.

The concept of desired value as a stimulus for change in social housing in Brazil

User satisfaction has been studied extensively in social housing, but this has not had a significant impact on design factors in many cases. In recent years, such studies have included the assessment of values relating to design attributes. This paper presents a discussion on the concept of desired value in social housing, based on results of a study conducted in the region of the city of Campinas, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. End-users of four multi-family social housing projects, based on five storey walk-up apartment blocks were asked to identify aspects of housing design, which are most valued. The research method was based on the concept of stated preferences, where approximately 200 respondents organized a list of design attributes in order of their desired values. The investigation tool was based on the analogy of a deck of cards. Data was statistically analyzed and a general importance index was created for each of the value attributes. Results showed that security was the main preference aspect. Analysis of general results indicates a list of possible improvements to projects with regard to value delivery to end-users at little or no costs. To contribute towards a process of incremental improvements to social housing models in the State of São Paulo, the results of the case study can be applied by agents of the local housing provision system, in conjunction with a conceptual framework of data on housing quality indicators.

Método de análise de risco de incêndios em favelas: uma abordagem

A partir da apresentação das favelas no contexto da habitação popular urbana no Brasil e, em especial, na cidade de São Paulo, o problema dos incêndios é brevemente construído, para então ser explorada a gestão do risco associado a esse tipo de evento, por meio da proposição de um método de análise alinhado aos objetivos, possibilidades e limitações concretas à sua aplicação.

Déficit habitacional: um problema a ser resolvido ou uma lição a ser aprendida?

O artigo trata da análise histórica e crítica da habitação social no Brasil, explicitando os primórdios que a transformaram num problema, expresso numericamente como déficit e acompanhado da perspectiva de uma solução. O objetivo aqui é expor criticamente a construção histórica do deficit habitacional em busca daquilo que lhe 'deu forma', evitando o entendimento de que o aumento de estoque de unidades de habitação, como o proposto pelo programa do governo federal Minha Casa, Minha Vida, seja solução à crise habitacional brasileira.