Brazilian Restinga Research Articles

Composição, uso de hábitat e estações reprodutivas das espécies de anuros da floresta de restinga da Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, sudeste do Brasil

Apresentamos aqui dados sobre a composição de espécies, o uso de hábitat e as estações reprodutivas dos anuros da floresta de restinga da Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, sudeste do Brasil. Entre fevereiro e dezembro de 1993, foram realizadas visitas mensais à área de estudo, com permanência de três ou quatro dias, totalizando 28 dias de trabalhos de campo. Três poças pré-selecionadas foram investigadas diariamente entre 18:00 e 22:30 horas, quando foi estimado o número de machos vocalmente ativos nas agregações observadas, tentando-se localizá-los visualmente em seus substratos característicos de vocalização. A fauna é composta por 20 espécies, a maior riqueza já registrada em um ambiente de restinga do Brasil. De acordo com os critérios da IUCN, oito dessas espécies possuem populações em declínio, devido principalmente à perda de hábitat. Onze espécies apresentaram machos em atividade de vocalização e reprodução nas poças monitoradas mensalmente durante todo o período de estudo; a maioria dos hilídeos apresentou segregação vertical em seus sítios de vocalização sobre a vegetação marginal. Scinax hayii e S. littoralis foram consideradas de reprodução contínua, mas o período reprodutivo da maior parte das espécies mostrou-se associado à estação chuvosa. A alta riqueza de espécies observada na área e a indicação de declínios populacionais de algumas espécies em outras regiões sugerem que a região da Juréia apresenta uma grande relevância como área de preservação de anuros.

Do Terrestrial Tank Bromeliads in Brazil Create Safe Sites for Palm Establishment or Act as Natural Traps for Its Dispersed Seeds?

ABSTRACTThis study shows for the first time that terrestrial tank bromeliads from Brazilian restinga can act as natural traps for dispersed palm Euterpe edulis seeds. Such bromeliads, which are shade intolerant, gain benefits by limiting palm recruitment since they hinder canopy formation and, consequently, increase luminosity over its aggregates.

Native bromeliads as biomonitors of airborne chemical elements in a Brazilian restinga forest

Epiphytic bromeliads have been used as biomonitors of air pollution since they have specialized structures in leaves for absorbing humidity and nutrients available in the atmosphere. Leaves of five bromeliad species were collected in the conservation unit Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and analyzed by INAA. Vriesea carinata was the species showing most accumulation, with the highest mass fractions of K, Na, Rb and Zn. Similar results were previously found for the same species collected in the dense ombrophilous forest. Chemical composition of bromeliads provided an indication of the atmosphere status in the conservation unit.

Photosynthetic changes and oxidative stress caused by iron ore dust deposition in the tropical CAM tree Clusia hilariana

The effect of iron solid particulate matter (SPMFe) deposited onto soil and leaves on photosynthesis and oxidative stress was evaluated in Clusia hilariana, a CAM tropical tree of high occurrence in Brazilian restingas. Significant increases in iron content were found in plants exposed to SPMFe applied onto leaf and soil surfaces. However, only the application of SPMFe on leaves of C. hilariana caused significant reductions in some evaluated characteristics such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, organic acid accumulation, potential quantum yield of PSII, and changes in daily CAM photosynthesis pattern. Increase in relative membrane permeability and reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the leaves of plants exposed to SPMFe also were observed; however, lipid peroxidation did not change. These responses seem to be due to the combination of physical effects such as increase of leaf temperature, reduction in light absorption, obstruction of stomatal pores, and biochemical effects triggered by oxidative stress.

Frog species richness, composition and beta-diversity in coastal Brazilian restinga habitats

We studied the species richness and composition of frogs in 10 restinga habitats (sand dune environments dominated by herbaceous and shrubby vegetation) along approximately 1500 km of coastal areas of three Brazilian States: Rio de Janeiro (Grumari, Maricá, Massambaba, Jurubatiba and Grussaí), Espírito Santo (Praia das Neves and Setiba) and Bahia (Prado and Trancoso). We estimated beta-diversity and similarity among areas and related these parameters to geographic distance between areas. All areas were surveyed with a similar sampling procedure. We found 28 frog species belonging to the families Hylidae, Microhylidae, Leptodactylidae and Bufonidae. Frogs in restingas were in general nocturnal with no strictly diurnal species. The richest restinga was Praia das Neves (13 species), followed by Grussaí and Trancoso (eight species in each). The commonest species in the restingas was Scinax alter (found in eight restingas), followed by Aparasphenodon brunoi (seven areas). Our data shows that richness and composition of frog communities vary consistently along the eastern Brazilian coast and, in part, the rate of species turnover is affected by the distance among areas. Geographic distance explained approximately 12% of species turnover in restingas and about 9.5% of similarity among frog assemblages. Although geographic distance somewhat affects frog assemblages, other factors (e.g. historical factors, disturbances) seem to be also involved in explaining present frog assemblage composition in each area and species turnover among areas. The frog fauna along restinga habitats was significantly nested (matrix community temperature = 26.13 degrees; p = 0.007). Our data also showed that the most hospitable restinga was Praia das Neves and indicated that this area should be protected as a conservation unit. Frog assemblage of each area seems to partially represent a nested subset of the original assemblage, although we should not ignore the importance of historical factors. This nestedness pattern, in part, probably results from the intensive fragmentation of restinga habitats. Possibly, many frog species may have been lost in some studied areas as a result of the extensive habitat degradation to which restinga habitats are presently exposed.

Spatial variation in the structure and floristic composition of "restinga" vegetation in southeastern Brazil

We examined large-scale spatial variation of structural parameters and floristic composition in open Clusia scrub, a vegetation type of the Brazilian restingas (sandy coastal plain vegetation). This vegetation is organized in islands separated by sandy stretches with sparse herbaceous vegetation. We located 12 sample areas on three consecutive beach ridges, lying parallel to the coastline and at different distances from the ocean, in close proximity to two lagoons (Cabiunas and Comprida). Each sample area was divided into three strips. We used the line intercept method to sample all woody plants ³ 50 cm tall. We used nested ANOVA to verify structural variation between different sampling scales. TWINSPAN analysis was performed to examine the variation in floristic composition between areas. The overall diversity index was 3.07. Six species are repeatedly dominant throughout the entire sampling area. There was homogeneity in relation to diversity and species richness between beach ridges but not within beach ridges. Floristic composition and structural parameters did not vary in relation to distance from the sea but floristic composition did vary as a function of proximity to Cabiunas or Comprida lagoon. Differences in plant cover between sample areas may be related to the paleoformation of this sandy coastal plain.

Restoration of a Restinga Sandy Coastal Plain in Brazil: Survival and Growth of Planted Woody Species

Abstract In this article we report the results of an experiment introducing 17 native shrub and tree species into a Brazilian restinga (i.e., coastal sandy plain vegetation). Restingas have been affected by human impact for about 8,000 years, and human occupation for housing, tourism, and land speculation has recently increased in such a way that there is a need for conservation of remnant patches and restoration of degraded areas throughout the coast to protect biodiversity. Our study site is a remnant located in Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in the country, and has been subjected in the past to deforestation, man‐made fire, and sand extraction. Although trees and shrubs predominantly compose natural restinga vegetation, local vegetation after impact was replaced by an exotic grass cover, which meant a drastic reduction in species richness. Thus, in this experiment we removed the grass cover, introduced shrub and tree species, and monitored survival and growth of 20 plants per species for 2 years. Despite the adversities imposed by the nutrient‐poor sandy soil, 70% of the species showed high survival percentage and considerable growth. This report on restoration initiatives in the restingas points out the viability of shrub and tree plantation following exotic grass removal as a strategy to restore Brazilian coastal vegetation.

Cupins de duas florestas de restinga do nordeste brasileiro

A estrutura da comunidade de cupins foi avaliada em duas florestas de restinga localizadas nos municípios de Mataraca e Cabedelo, Estado da Paraíba. Um protocolo padronizado de amostragem foi aplicado em cada área. Vinte e cinco espécies foram encontradas, sendo 19 em Mataraca e 15 em Cabedelo, com 9 espécies comuns às duas localidades. As espécies de Nasutitermitinae e as do grupo dos comedores de madeira foram dominantes em ambas as áreas. A baixa riqueza de espécies, em comparação com outros ecossistemas do Nordeste, e a baixa freqüência de encontros de humívoros e da subfamília Apicotermitinae podem estar relacionadas com as propriedades do solo das restingas. As espécies construtoras de ninhos conspícuos (todos arborícolas) foram Armitermes holmgreni Snyder, 1926, Microcerotermes exiguus (Hagen, 1858), M. strunckii (Sörensen, 1884), Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky, 1855), N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), e N. macrocephalus (Silvestri, 1903). A fauna mostrou-se composta por espécies características de outras formações vegetais, principalmente Mata Atlântica e Cerrado, neste caso estando de acordo com o padrão geral de distribuição estabelecido pelas comunidades vegetais e pela fauna de vertebrados estudados em outras restingas brasileiras.

Ramet demography of a nurse bromeliad in Brazilian restingas

Restingas are sandy coastal plains that stand between the sea and the Brazilian Atlantic forest mountains. The predominant restinga vegetation type in northern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is characterized by the formation of islands that begins with colonization by some pioneer herbs and/or woody plants. Pioneer plants are stress-resistant and nurse many other less-resistant plant species. Determining the spatiotemporal variation in the dynamics of nurse plants is essential to understand the ecological functioning of restingas as a whole. The goal of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal variation in population dynamics of the nurse bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis. We monitored A. nudicaulis ramets in different habitats, microhabitats, and years. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variation in demographic traits and in population growth rate. Results showed young ramet traits were more variable at the microhabitat level, and when variable, vegetative ramet traits varied at all spatiotemporal scales. Overall, λ values indicated that A. nudicaulis basically remained spatiotemporally stable as most of the λ values did not significantly differ from unity. Hence, the stability of A. nudicaulis in different microhabitats and habitats in the restinga may create several settlement opportunities for many other less-resistant species.

Reproductive Ecology of the Parthenogenetic Whiptail Lizard Cnemidophorus nativo in a Brazilian Restinga Habitat

Abstract We studied the reproductive cycle of the teiid lizard, Cnemidophorus nativo, at the restinga of Guaratiba, in Prado municipality, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. The population was all female. For each female, we recorded total number of follicles, number of vitellogenic follicles in each ovary, size and color of the largest follicle, presence and size of corpora lutea, and number and size of oviductal eggs. The smallest reproductive female measured 48.8 mm (SVL). Clutch size varied from one to four eggs (mean = 2.2 ± 1.0; N = 37) and was significantly affected by female size (F1,35 = 8.437; R2 = 0.194; P = 0.006). Fifty percent or more of sexually mature females were reproductive each month, containing either oviductal eggs or vitellogenic ovarian follicles and juveniles (30–48.3 mm SVL) occurred in nearly all months studied, indicating an extended period of reproduction by the species. The number of reproductive females was not significantly related to monthly rainfall or to temperature in th...

Flavonóide e triterpenos de Stigmaphyllom paralias

Stigmaphyllom paralias is a herb belonging to the family Malpighiaceae that occurs in sand soil of brazilian restinga. This is the first report regarding phytochemical study with this species. The hexane extract of the aerial parts of plant afforded the triterpenes friedelin, lupenone, 3-oxo-a-amirin and 3-oxo-b-amirin, the mixture of a-amirinyl palmitate and stearate, lupeol and 3,4-seco-friedelan-3-oic acid. The AcOEt extract yielded the flavonoid luteolin-7-rutinoside. All compounds were characterized by analysis of spectrometric data and the fatty acids esterified with a-amirine were identified by GC/MS of methyl derivatives of transesterified products . This is the first natural occurence of 3,4-seco-friedelan-3-oic acid and the 13C NMR spectral data were inequivocally assigned by two-dimensional techniques. This work also permitted to correct the 13C NMR resonances attributed to methyl groups C-26 and C-27 of fridelin.

The occurrence of amphibians in bromeliads from a southeastern Brazilian restinga habitat, with special reference to Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura, Hylidae).

Five species of anuran amphibians, all belonging to the family Hylidae, were collected at Praia das Neves, municipality of President Kennedy, southeastern Brazil. The species were represented by four genera: Scinax, Hyla, Aparasphenodon, and Trachycephalus. Four species (A. brunoi, Hyla albomarginata, Scinax altera, and S. cuspidatus) were found during the dry season (August 1999), and two (A. brunoi and Trachycephalus nigromaculatus) in the rainy season (February 2000). Aparasphenodon brunoi was the most abundant species in Praia das Neves. Some reproductive aspects and feeding habits of this hylid were investigated. Aparasphenodon brunoi was found mainly inside the bromeliad Aechmea lingulata, the largest plant analyzed. Fifteen specimens were collected during the dry season (August 1999) (11 males and 4 females). During the rainy season (February 2000), we collected 14 specimens (3 males, 10 females, and 1 juvenile). Sex-ratio was 1:1. Frogs ranged in snout-vent length from 31.2 to 69.3 mm. Females were larger than males. One female had 1,451 fully developed oocytes in her ovaries. The major groups of prey found in the stomachs were: Insecta, Myriapoda, and Arachnida. Blattodea, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera (only ants) were the main food types in frequency, number, and weight. Aparasphenodon brunoi is a threatened species in many habitats of southeastern Brazil. Only natural vegetation protection may guarantee its survival during the immediate future.

Melanopsidium Colla (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae): A Monospecific Brazilian Genus with a Complex Nomenclatural History

Melanopsidium is a poorly known monospecific genus, represented by dioecious shrubs endemic to Brazilian restingas. Its systematic relationships have been considered ambiguous by some authors, but recent phylogenetic studies strongly support its position in the tribe Gardenieae, and more precisely within the “Alibertia-group”. Its complex taxonomic history, full description, lectotypification, synonymy, and biogeographic observations are presented; original plates here selected as lectotypes are reproduced; staminate and pistillate flowers are illustrated; and a distribution map is included.

Thermal ecology of two sympatric skinks (Mabuya macrorhyncha and Mabuya agilis] in a Brazilian restinga habitat

Abstract In a restinga habitat of southeastern Brazil, we studied some aspects of the thermal biology of two sympatric skinks (Mabuya macrorhyncha and Mabuya agilis) with distinct microhabitat preferences. The two species did not differ significantly in their mean body temperature. Sex and body size did not explain body temperature variation within either species. The body temperature of both species is significantly affected by air temperature, but only that of M. agilis is significantly influenced by sand surface temperature, presumably due to its more terrestrial habit compared to M. macrorhyncha. We found no significant seasonal variation in body temperature for either species, although environmental temperatures varied seasonally, indicating that both species may be selecting an optimal range of body temperatures, possibly through behavioural thermoregulation.

Age structure of two marsupial species in a Brazilian restinga

This note is part of a population study of a small mammal assemblage undertaken at Restinga de Barra de Marica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Here we characterize the age structure and reproductive patterns of two didelphid marsupials: Philander opossum (Linnaeus) and Didelphis aurita (Wied). A capturemark-recapture study was conducted on Restinga Forest, the most complex vegetational type in Barra de Marica (see Araujo & Henriques (1984) and Cerqueira et al. (1990) for a complete description of the area). We established a 4 ha grid with 100 trap stations from July 1988 to July 1990, and this was sampled quarterly, each session consisting of seven trapping-nights. We used Young live traps baited with peanut butter, banana, bacon, rolled oat and manioc slices. Individuals were marked by tail tattooing. Ages were estimated by the dental formulas developed by D'Andrea et al. (1994) and Motta (1988) for Philander opossum and Didelphis aurita, respectively. For the former species the experimental standard error of age estimation is 9.2 days and for D. aurita it is 7.9 days. Age classes were divided according to biological parameters. In P. opossum: class I before weaning, up to 80 days old; class II immature young, 81-175 days old, with no reproductive activity; class III mature young, 176323 days old; class IV adults, individuals of 324 days or more with complete dental development. In D. aurita: class I up to 100 days old; class II 101 to 170 days old; class III 171 to 336 days old; class IV individuals of 337 days or more. The minimum estimated age of a weaned individual of P. opossum was 88 days and for a lactating female 176 days; this agrees with data from captive

Movement patterns of five species of small mammals in a Brazilian restinga

ABSTRACTDuring the course of a population study of small mammals in a Brazilian coastal shrubland we calculated the movements between successive captures, the residence time, the indices of aggregation and the kinds of movements of the five most common species of small mammal. A capture-mark-recapture study was undertaken over two years, quarterly.Philander opossum, Akodon cursorandProechimys iheringipresented low mobility, with a high proportion of restricted movements, long residence time and larger coefficients of aggregation.Didelphis auritaandMetachirus nudicaudatuspresented higher mobility and exploratory movements, short residence time and small coefficients of aggregation. The species with lower mobility had permanent populations within our sampling grid, while the species with higher mobility used areas outside the grid, presenting no local populations but occupying portions of regional metapopulations.