Brazilian Jiu-jitsu Research Articles

Effects of a school-based Brazilian jiu-jitsu programme on mental health and classroom behaviour of children from Abu Dhabi: a randomised trial

ABSTRACT This study is a randomised trial which aimed to evaluate the effects of a school-based Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) programme on the mental health and classroom behaviour of children from a secondary public school in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). For this, 88 male sixth-grade schoolchildren were randomly (randomisation [1:1] by lot) assigned to either a BJJ class (experimental group) or a traditional physical education class (control group) for 12 weeks. As inclusion criteria, eligible participants were all children aged 10 through 13, enrolled in the sixth grade of the UAE. The experimental group took two classes per week of BJJ, and the control group took two classes per week of traditional physical education. For the assessment of the primary outcome, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire for Teachers model (SDQ-t) was completed before and after the interventions by two classroom teachers. During the study, 8 children did not attend the minimum number of classes and were excluded from the final analyses, leaving 80 children (40 in each group). The results showed that BJJ classes significantly decreased emotional symptoms (p = 0.007; small effect), hyperactivity/inattention (p < 0.001, moderate effect), total difficulties score (p = 0.002; moderate effect), and externalising problems (p = 0.001, |2 = 0.07; moderate effect), when compared with classes of traditional physical education. Thus, the findings of the current study showed that male sixth-grade students in a public school in the UAE demonstrated significant improvements in mental health, as well as in classroom behaviour following their participation in a 12 week BJJ programme.

Acute Supplementation with Capsaicin Enhances Upper-Limb Performance in Male Jiu-Jitsu Athletes.

The present study investigated whether acute capsaicin (CAP) supplementation improves mean power output (MPO) and peak velocity (PV) during the performance of the free bench press exercise (FBP). Twelve (n = 12) male Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes (age: 24.3 ± 1.5 years, height: 1.74 ± 0.1 m, body mass: 75.7 ± 10.1 kg) participated in this randomized, placebo (PLA)-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. For each condition, 45 min after CAP (12 mg purified) or PLA (12 mg of Celulomax E) consumption, the participants performed four sets of five repetitions of FBP at a load of 60% of body mass with five-min rest intervals. The MPO (t = 5.6, df = 11, p = 0.001, EF = 0.3, IC 95% = −0.55 to 1.05) and PV (t = 5.4, df = 11, p = 0.001, EF = 0.5, IC 95% = −0.32 to 1.30) were significantly higher with CAP supplementation versus PLA. Acute CAP supplementation appears to improve MPO and PV during FBP in male BJJ athletes.

Comparison of the Physical Fitness Profile of Muay Thai and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes with Reference to Training Experience.

Background: In combat sports, successful competition and training require comprehensive motor fitness. The aim of this study was to diagnose the level of physical fitness and to determine the level of differences between athletes of combat sports characterized by stand-up fighting, such as Muay Thai; and ground fighting, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Methods: The study examined and compared 30 participants divided into two equal groups: Muay Thai athletes (n = 15; age: 24.24 ± 3.24; body height: 174.91 ± 5.19; body weight: 77.56 ± 7.3), and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) (n = 15; age: 22.82 ± 1.81; body height: 175.72 ± 7.03; body weight: 77.11 ± 8.12). Basic characteristics of the somatic build were measured. Selected manifestations of the motor potential of motor skills were also evaluated using selected tests from the EUROFIT test battery, the International Test of Physical Fitness, and computer tests of coordination skills. Relative strength and maximal anaerobic work (MAW) indices were calculated. The strength of the relationship between the effect of motor fitness and training experience was also assessed. Results: The athletes of both groups (Muay Thai and BJJ) presented similar levels of basic characteristics of the somatic build. Motor fitness in the tested groups showed significant differences between the athletes of these sports in static strength (p = 0.010), relative strength (p = 0.006), arm muscle strength in pull-ups (p = 0.035), and functional strength in bent arm hanging (p = 0.023). Higher levels of these components of motor fitness were found for the athletes in the BJJ athletes. In the Muay Thai group, significant very high strength of association was found between training experience and five strength tests. Furthermore, a significantly high strength of association was found in two tests. In the BJJ group, significant relationships with very high correlation were found between the variables in five strength tests. Conclusions: Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes performed better in strength tests (static strength, relative strength, shoulder girdle strength, functional strength). High correlations between the training load and the level of physical fitness were found in flexibility and strength tests in BJJ athletes and most strength tests in Muay Thai athletes.

Women Brazilian Jiu-jitsu practitioners showed a higher incidence of concussion: an epidemiological analysis

Women Brazilian Jiu-jitsu practitioners showed a higher incidence of concussion: an epidemiological analysis

Evaluating the Effect of the Combat Style Congruency on Performance and Fatigability in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: A Pilot Study.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a martial art emphasizing ground combat with multiple ramifications to self-defense and military training. Some Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes prefer fighting on their back (Guardadors), while others preferentially adopt a standing or kneeling position (Passadors). Whether the combat scenario leading to adopt a preferential or nonpreferential combat style influences the combat outcomes remains unexplored. In a counterbalanced design, 13 athletes performed simulated combats from either a congruent or incongruent scenario with regard to their preferred combat style. We collected combat scores from the official ranking system and measured upper- and lower-limb explosive performance before and after the combats, as well as the rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentrations to index fatigability. Passadors had greater grip strength than Guardadors (Rp2 = .23, P = .03), whereas Guardadors showed higher lower-limb performance (Rp2 = .16, P = .05). When forced to combat as Passadors, Guardadors exhibited greater grip-strength impairment and a greater increase in perceived exertion (Rp2 = .12, P = .04; Rp2 = .15, P = .05, respectively). They also had higher blood lactate concentrations (Rp2 = .19, P = .02). Guardadors exhibited greater fatigability after fighting from an incongruent combat situation compared to Passadors, presumably due to greater difficulties to adjust to the loss of initiative when restricted to a primarily defensive role. Future studies should examine how combat style congruency might affect performance and influence recovery strategies during high-level competitive events.

Relationship between a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu specific test performance and physical capacities in experience athletes

This study aimed to correlate the physiological and neuromuscular parameters with the Jiu-Jitsu Anaerobic Performance Test (JJAPT). Fourteen male Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes (27.3 ± 3.7 years) participated in this study. The athletes were assessed on three occasions separated by 48-hour intervals: a) vertical jump and incremental tests; b) isokinetic evaluation of hip flexor muscles and the Wingate test; c) JJAPT. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare the JJAPT repetitions and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) over the test, and the Pearson correlation was used to verify the relationship between JJAPT performance, physiological and neuromuscular variables. There was a significant decrease of JJAPT repetitions especially from the fourth set ( P = 0.001) and an increase of RPE ( P < 0.001) over the sets. The JJAPT repetitions were not correlated with neuromuscular and the Wingate anaerobic test parameters ( r = −0.06 to 0.24; P > 0.05). Mean JJAPT repetitions were significantly higher ( P = 0.01) in the advanced (18 ± 2 reps) compared to the novice repetitions (15 ± 2 reps). Advanced athletes showed higher JJAPT performance than novice, but not higher physical performance when assessed by neuromuscular, aerobic and anaerobic tests. The physical tests results were not correlated with JJAPT performance. Thus, it is possible to suggest that JJAPT showed higher sensitivity to discriminate BJJ athletes than traditional cycle ergometer fitness tests. Cette étude avait l’objectif de corréler les paramètres physiologiques et neuromusculaires avec la performance lors du test anaérobie de Jiu Jitsu (JJAPT). Quatorze athlètes de Jiu-Jitsu brésiliens (JJB) (27,3 ± 3,7 ans) ont participé à cette étude. En trois occasions séparées par un intervalle de 48 heures, les athlètes ont été soumis aux évaluations suivantes: a) le test de saut vertical et un test incrémental; b) évaluation isocinétique des muscles fléchisseurs de la hanche et le test Wingate; c) JJAPT. L’analyse de la variance pour les mesures répétées a été utilisée pour comparer les répétitions du JJPAT et al. perception de l’effort (RPE) au cours du test, et la corrélation de Pearson a été utilisée pour vérifier la relation entre les performances lors du JJPAT et les variables physiologiques et neuromusculaires. Il y avait une diminution significative des répétitions de JJAPT, en particulier à partir du quatrième série ( p = 0,001) et une augmentation de le RPE ( p < 0,001) au cours des séries. Les répétitions JJAPT n’étaient pas corrélées avec les paramètres neuromusculaires et physiologiques ( p > 0,05). La moyenne des répétitions JJAPT étaient significativement plus élevées ( p = 0,01) chez les avancés (18 ± 2 répétitions) que chez les novices (15 ± 2 répétitions). Les athlètes avancés ont montré dès lors des JJPAT plus élevées que les novices, mais pas des performances physiques supérieures lorsqu’ils sont évalués par des tests neuromusculaires, aérobies et anaérobies. Les résultats des tests physiques n’étaient pas corrélés aux le JJPAT. Ainsi, il est possible de suggérer que JJAPT a montré une sensibilité plus élevée à la discrimination des athlètes de JJB que les tests de fitness traditionnels sur ergocylce.

Back pain and body posture of non-professional Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners.

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of back pain in non-professional Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners (NP-BJJ practitioners), and to assess the relationship between their back pain and postural disorders.MethodsThe study involved 61 subjects (age: 30.7 ± 4.9 years old; body mass: 79.4 ± 12.9 kg; body height: 179.6 ± 8.4 cm; 8 woman and 53 man), 31 who trained Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) and 30 subjects who had never trained any combat sport. The mean time of training BJJ in the study population was 3.9 ± 4.1 years. Postural assessments were conducted with the use of the photogrammetric method. The assessment of back pain and injuries was conducted with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and with our proprietary questionnaire.ResultsAmong both populations, 37 subjects reported back pain. There were no differences in back pain location between the two groups or in functional state on the ODI. Significant differences between the groups in the values of the postural parameters (spinal height, length of kyphosis, length of lordosis, pelvis inclination angle) were observed. Statistically significant differences between the NP-BJJ practitioners with and without back pain in the length of the thoracic kyphosis and the differences in the height of the waist triangles were found.ConclusionsBoth in the study population and in the control group the spinal pain was minimal or moderate on the ODI. BJJ practitioners who reported back pain had characteristic postural changes in some of the analysed postural parameters in comparison to BJJ practitioners who did not report back pain.

“Being Mean” and “Spazzing Out:” Social Calibration and Gender in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Training

This article draws on ethnographic data from a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu gym to describe “social calibration” as ongoing interstitial work through which actors assess expectations of intensity and adjust their behaviors and dispositions accordingly. It explores two intensity breaches at the gym: “spazzing out” and not “being mean” enough. Using a microsociological lens, it analyses gym members' understandings of, and reactions to, these breaches. This study provides theoretical insight into micro‐interactional processes of social calibration used to negotiate and align intensity levels with prevailing norms, and shows how through these processes practitioners transgress or reinforce gendered expectations. A video abstract is available at: https://bit.ly/Burke2022.

Chaos Adaptive Particle Swarm for Physical Exercise Health Assessment.

Particle crowd algorithmic rule is a mayor examination hotspot in the authentic optimization algorithmic rule respond. Based on the PSO algorithmic rule to make optimal the RBFNN example, an amended order of nonlinear adaptable laziness power supported on the contest of population variegation is intended to extend the fixedness of population unlikeness performance and hunt capabilities to preclude the algorithmic rule from dripping into a topical extreme point prematurely, thereby further improving the prophecy correctness. Simulation experience shows that the amended PSO-RBFNN standard has open advantageous in the fixedness and sharp convergency of the prognosis proceed. In fashion to reprove the justness of reverse kinematics of robots with composite make and supercilious degrees of liberty, an amended adaptative suffix abound optimization (IAPSO) is spoken. First, the motoric equality of the 6-DOF strength-example avaricious robot design is established by the amended DH (Denavit-Hartenberg) argument course; second, on the base of the existent morsel abound algorithmic rule, the population Manhattan ceremoniousness is interested to lead the maneuver condition of the population in aqiqiy measure. And bound the adaptative lore substitute accordingly to the dissimilar maneuver possession and then adopt distinct site and hurry update modes; lastly, the fitness province with handicap substitute is present to trial the honest-prick and extended course transposition of the robot mold, and the delusion is not joint product major than 0.005 rad. The feint inference shows that the established kinematics shape is chasten, and the amended algorithmic program captures into recital the nicety, uniqueness, and velocity of the inverted resolution of the existent PSO algorithmic program, as well as higher deliverance truths. We conduct an experiment on the Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The results have clearly shown the advantage of our method.

Effects of 3 mg/kg Body Mass of Caffeine on the Performance of Jiu-Jitsu Elite Athletes.

The effects of caffeine were investigated in judo, boxing, taekwondo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. However, this substance was never investigated regarding traditional jiu-jitsu. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the effects of caffeine in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and technical variables during combat in traditional jiu-jitsu elite athletes. Methods: Twenty-two young professionals of traditional jiu-jitsu, 11 men and 11 women (age = 22 ± 4 (18–33) years, body mass = 66.6 ± 10.8 (46.2–86.1) kg, height = 1.70 ± 0.9 (1.55–1.85) m) with 15 ± 7 years of experience in traditional jiu-jitsu, participated in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study. In two different conditions, the traditional jiu-jitsu athletes ingested 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine or a placebo. After 60 min, they performed the SJFT test to measure throwing performance, and subsequently, combat to analyze offensive and defensive hitting techniques. Results: Caffeine had a main effect on the number of throws during the SJFT test (P < 0.01). In addition, it was effective in sets 2 (13 ± 2 vs. 14 ± 2; p = 0.01) and 3 (12 ± 2 vs. 13 ± 1; p = 0.03). There was also a main effect during the test on heart rate when caffeine was ingested (F = 12.48, p < 0.01). The effects of caffeine were similar compared to the placebo condition regarding performance during combat both in offensive and defensive fighting variables Conclusions: the pre-exercise ingestion of 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine increased performance in the SJFT test, decreased fatigue perception, and increased power and endurance perception in professionally traditional jiu-jitsu athletes. However, it did not seem to improve offensive and defensive technical actions during combat.

Discriminant factors and the relationship between anthropometry and maturation on strength performance in elite young male Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes

Discriminant factors and the relationship between anthropometry and maturation on strength performance in elite young male Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes

A comparative analysis of the sense of optimism and life satisfaction among judo and brasilian jiu jitsu fighters

Background and Study Aim The main aim of the study was to determine the level of optimism and life satisfaction among men of different ages who professionally or recreationally practice judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Material and Methods The study involved 43 judo athletes, 43 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (BJJ) and 42 persons in a control group (homogenously selected in terms of sex and age). The study used the SWLS scale to determine the satisfaction with life and the LOT-R test to determine the level of optimism. Descriptive parametric statistics were presented in order to show the analysed variables. Due to the number of subjects in groups, nonparametric statistics were used in the analysis – to analyse the differences, the Anova Kruskal-Wallis test; to analyse correlations between variables, the agglomerations method using Euclidean distances (single bond in space). In the analysis of the magnitude of the influence of variables on life satisfaction and optimism, parameter β was used – the significance of the parameter (p) was based on Wald's statistics. Results Analysis of intergroup differences for the judo, BJJ, and control groups revealed significant differences in education, social status, professional work, and health condition. The compared psychological variables – quality of life and life orientation in terms of standardised results did not reveal significant differences; however, the dichotomous division of the quality of life allowed indicating the distinctness of the compared groups. The analysis of multiple comparisons revealed that the differences only concerned the characteristics of the judo and the control groups, while the BJJ and the judo groups significantly differed in the quality and the length of their sports careers. Systems of characteristic features to explain the quality of life and life orientation were also searched for – the agglomerations method allowed indicating the distinctness of the BJJ and the judo groups in terms of the length of their sports careers. Based on the conducted logistic regression analysis, the likelihood of high or low quality of life and of life orientation and optimism in both groups of athletes has been identified, and differences consistent with previous observations have been indicated. Conclusions The subjects involved in combat sports significantly differ from those who do not practice sports in terms of education, social status, work situation and health assessment. The presence of high or low life satisfaction differentiates the compared groups.

Proposal of a Normative Table for Classification of Body Fat Percentage in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes

Previous evidence indicates that body fat can distinguish Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes according to the competitive level. However, propositions of cut-off points for establishing classifications of body fat percentage for combat sports athletes and, specifically, for BJJ athletes are still incipient in the literature. In this sense, the main aim of the present study was to establish a normative table for the classification of body fat percentage in BJJ athletes. As a secondary aim, athletes were compared according to competitive level. Ninety male BJJ athletes (aged: 29.0 ± 8.2 years; practice time: 6.0 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 82.1 ± 12.7 kg; height: 175.9 ± 6.5 cm; fat mass: 16.0 ± 8.9 kg; bone mineral content: 3.7 ± 0.6 kg; muscle mass: 37.9 ± 5.4 kg; body fat percentage: 17.3 ± 6.8 %; basal metabolic rate: 1811.4 ± 193.4 kcal) from different competitive levels: state (n= 42), national (n= 26) and international (n= 22) took part in this study. All athletes had their body composition measured via tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance. Percentiles p10, p25, p50, p75, and p90 were used to establish the classification. As a result, the following classification was obtained: <7.7 % (very low); ≥7.7-11.5 % (low); 11.6-17.0 % (medium); 17.1-24.0 % (high) and ≥24.1 % (very high). State-level athletes had a higher fat percentage than national and international-level athletes (p<0.05). The proposed cut-off points can help professionals responsible for sports training and nutritional prescription in monitoring the body fat of BJJ athletes.

Martial Arts in Search of Transcendence

This essay argues that martial arts, especially Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), mediate the divine attributes of beauty, goodness, and truth just as much as the fine arts. Some may question the compatibility of martial arts with Christianity. Yet, according to the just war doctrine, fighting is permissible when defending oneself and others. Furthermore, instead of doing nothing about evil or injustice (pacifism) and escalating to violent killing, jiu-jitsu as a distinctive martial arts presents the creative alternative of nonviolence. The essay considers various ways in which martial arts point to God through the analogy of being and the Tao. Jiu-jitsu resonates with Christian notions of perichoresis, self-awareness, rightness, flow, mystery, theosis, and epektasis. BJJ is beautiful in how it inspires existential wonder at the unique and particular gifts of the other. It searches for truth pragmatically and ethically, in a quest for combat effectiveness and social sustainability. Jiu-jitsu is good as it fosters inclusivity, respect, selflessness, and philanthropy.

Internationalisation and martial arts: the case of Carlson Gracie's Brazilian jiu-jitsu gym

Internationalisation and martial arts: the case of Carlson Gracie's Brazilian jiu-jitsu gym

ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ НАЧАЛЬНОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ ПРИЁМАМ РУКОПАШНОГО БОЯ В ПАРТЕРЕ В СООТВЕТСТВИИ СО СПЕЦИФИКОЙ ПРАВООХРАНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

Introduction. The paper aims to find practical aspects of initial professional training in technical and tactical techniques of ground hand-to-hand combat in the context of law enforcement. Materials and methods. The study involves reviewing numerous abstracts of papers focusing on self-defense and various types of martial arts. A comparative analysis of the rules of various sports that are of applied value for the training of law enforcement officers and that embrace groundwork is performed. The questionnaire and pedagogical testing are employed to identify the main tactics and techniques of the initial training in ground hand-to-hand combat, and their variety. The study has determined the specific features of the initial professional training in ground hand-to-hand combat. Research result. The findings have indicated the current degree of the issue coverage and its relevance. The main (basic) technical and tactical methods for initial training of law enforcement officers have been identified using the Brazilian jiujitsu techniques as an example, and their variety has been briefly described. The specific features of initial training in ground fighting for law enforcement officers have been formulated given the features of their professional activities. Conclusion. The relevance of studying and developing positional combat (part of practical hand-to-hand fighting) as one of the areas of professional training of law enforcement officers for the modern realities of one-on-one street fighting, i.e., ground hand-to hand combat, has been determined. The data obtained allows supplementing the theory and methodology of martial arts with new knowledge.

Internationalisation and martial arts: the case of Carlson Gracie's Brazilian jiu-jitsu gym

This study analyses the internationalisation process of Carlson Gracie's Brazilian jiu-jitsu gym from the perspective of behavioural theories of internationalisation applied to services. Using the case study method, it sought to understand the drivers of internationalisation, factors influencing internationalisation, market selection process, and mode of entry to assess the explanatory power of such theories. With this empirical, unique, and interesting case, we hope to contribute, both academically and managerially, by corroborating the important link between the network theory of internationalisation, international entrepreneurship, and the soft services literature. Our findings indicate that forming and exploring entrepreneurial international network relationships can be an essential component for developing a soft embodied-person services abroad, and defining market selection and entry modes.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Sport-Related Concussion in Athletes of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai

To evaluate the self-reported history of concussion in athletes of both Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) and Muay Thai. Combat sports are widely practiced around the world. They include modalities that involves punches or kicks directed at the opponent's head (Striking sports) or that consists of grabbing an opponent and taking him to the ground (Grappling sports). Due to the objectives and close contact in combat sports, the risk of concussion is significant. This was a cross-sectional study involving a Brazilian sample of BJJ athletes (n-18) and Muay Thai athletes (n-22). The sample was consisted of both professional and amateur athletes (Women constituted 20% of sample). Through individual interviews with a researcher the following data were collected: self-report of concussion and the moment of the injury (whether in practice or in the fight). The Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale (PCSS) was also applied. In the present study, a concussion was considered as a direct impact on the head followed by symptoms. This study was approved by a local Ethics Committee. Among BJJ athletes, 61% reported a history of concussion, while among Muay Thai athletes the percentage was more higher (86%). The main mechanisms of head impact were the throw/takedown and elbow-hits to the head in BJJ and punches and knee-hits to the head in Muay Thai. There was no difference in the symptom score between BJJ and Muay Thai concussed athletes (average of 11 vs 10.7, respectively). The most common symptoms were dizziness, headache and nausea in BJJ athletes, and headache, nausea, drowsiness and brain fogginess in Muay Thai ones. The results presented herein suggest that concussions in Muay Thai and BJJ occur through different mechanisms. The clinical profile of post-concussion symptoms appears to be different between BJJ and Muay Thai athletes.

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu–Related Post-Concussion Symptoms Ameliorated With Neurorehabilitation

Discuss neurorehabilitation efficacy in a case of concussion without direct head impact. While there is growing concern about the prevalence and severity of concussion in mixed martial arts, a grappling component, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, is not typically perceived as high risk. Rapid acceleration or deceleration without direct head trauma led to a concussion for a 15-year-old male during jiu-jitsu throwing drills. The subject and parents reported difficulty with academic performance, social interactions, and emotional regulation. Symptoms persisted for 4 months before care was sought by the subject and his parents. Without direct head trauma or impact, concussion was not initially suspected. Thirteen sessions of treatment were performed in a neurorehabilitation setting utilizing joint manipulation, vestibular rehabilitation with a whole-body off-axis rotation device, oculomotor exercises, neuromuscular re-education, and electrical stimulation. C3 Logix was utilized as a baseline (immediately preceding second treatment due to equipment difficulties) and at discharge to measure effects of treatment. Data is reported as "(baseline, discharge, percent-change)." Graded Symptom Checklist score out of 162 (91, 20; -78.02%), Trail Making Test A (sec) (26.8, 19.7; -26.49%), Trail Making Test B (sec) (69.9, 37.9; -45.78%), Digit-Symbol Matching speed (# of symbols) (66, 71; +7.58%), Choice reaction time (msec) (452, 397; -12.17), Static:Dynamic Visual Acuity (line difference) (1, 0.4; -60%). Subjectively, the subject and his parents reported improved academic performance, social interactions, and emotional regulation leading to a better home and educational experience for all involved. This case displays positive clinical improvements with a functional neurology approach to outpatient neurorehabilitation. Further investigation into this multimodal rehabilitation for post-concussion symptoms, with and without direct head impact, is recommended. Continued concussion education and awareness are recommended for sports with rapid acceleration or deceleration and limited direct head impact.

Aerobic and anaerobic performance of lower- and upper-body in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes

To investigate the aerobic and anaerobic performance of lower- and upper-body of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. Twelve male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (26.3 ± 6.6-years-old, 80.8 ± 15.7 kg) were assessed for lower- and upper-body aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body composition, squat jump, countermovement jump, and a plyometric push-up. Higher values of aerobic fitness were obtained in the lower-body (treadmill: 45.6 ± 8.4 mL/kg/min) compared to the upper-body (arm cycloergometer: 36.6 ± 6.1 mL/kg/min) protocols in maximal graded exercise tests (GXT) ( P = 0.002). In Wingate tests, athletes reached 11.9 ± 1.4 W/kg for peak power and 8.4 ± 1.0 W/kg for mean power in the lower-body, and 10.5 ± 1.0 W/kg for peak power and 6.9 ± 1.3 W/kg for mean power in the upper-body. Athletes performed 37.8 ± 7.4 cm in squat jump, 41.5 ± 10.0 cm in countermovement jump, and 15.7 ± 1.9 cm in the plyometric push-up test. No significant correlations between absolute or relative measures of body composition (body fat mass and musculoskeletal mass) with aerobic (lower- and upper-body GXT) or anaerobic (lower- and upper-body Wingate and muscle power) performances were observed ( P > 0.05). This study is new in describing upper-body aerobic and anaerobic performance in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. In regards to aerobic and anaerobic performance of lower-body, results were similar to previous studies with Brazilian jiu-jitsu or other grappling combat sports athletes. Étudier les performances aérobies et anaérobies des membres inférieurs et supérieurs des athlètes brésiliens de jiu-jitsu. Douze athlètes masculins brésiliens de jiu-jitsu (26 ± 7 ans, 80,8 ± 15,7 kg) ont été évalués pour la capacité aérobie et anaérobie des membres inférieurs et supérieurs, la composition corporelle, le saut vertical à partir d’une position accroupie, le saut en contre-mouvement et un push-up pliométrique. Des valeurs plus élevées de la capacité aérobie ont été obtenues dans les membres inférieurs (tapis roulant : 45,6 ± 8,4 mL/kg/min) par rapport aux protocoles des membres supérieurs (cycloergomètre à bras : 36,6 ± 6,1 mL/kg/min) dans les tests d’effort maximal gradué (GXT) ( p = 0,002). Dans les tests Wingate, les athlètes ont atteint 11,9 ± 1,4 W/kg de puissance pic et 8,4 ± 1,0 W/kg de puissance moyenne dans les membres inférieurs, et 10,5 ± 1,0 W/kg de puissance pic et 6,9 ± 1,3 W/kg de puissance moyenne pour les membres supérieurs. Les athlètes ont atteint 37,8 ± 7,4 cm en saut accroupi, 41,5 ± 10,0 cm en saut à contre-mouvement et 15,7 ± 1,9 cm en le test de push-up pliométrique. Aucune corrélation significative ( p > 0,05) entre les mesures absolues et relatives de la composition corporelle (masse grasse corporelle et masse musculosquelettique) avec les performances aérobies et anaérobie ont été observés. La plupart des résultats étaient similaires à ceux présentés dans des études précédentes avec des athlètes brésiliens de jiu-jitsu ou d’autres sports de combat de lutte. Cette étude est une pionnière dans la description des performances aérobies et anaérobies des membres supérieurs des athlètes de jiu-jitsu brésiliens. En ce qui concerne les performances aérobies et anaérobies des membres inférieurs, les résultats étaient similaires à ceux d’études sur le jiu-jitsu brésilien ou d’autres sports de combat.