Brazilian Civil Servants Research Articles

ANXIETY, STRESS AT WORK, AND EMPLOYEE TRUST: A STUDY WITH BRAZILIAN CIVIL SERVANTS

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the degree of anxiety, stress at work, and employee trust, as well as whether anxiety is a moderator in the relationship between stress at work and employee trust dimensions in Brazilian civil servants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A quantitative study was conducted between July and August 2021, in which answers were obtained from 375 Brazilian civil servants. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics techniques and partial least squares structural equation modeling to verify the relationships between the constructs. Results: Our findings revealed direct relationships between the constructs of stress and anxiety, direct relationships between anxiety and trust, and indirect relationships between stress and trust. Implications: This study presents managerial and theoretical contributions by bringing relevant reflections on the mental health of Brazilian civil servants during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The relationships between well-being, anxiety, and stress at work: evidence from Brazilian civil servants

The relationships between well-being, anxiety, and stress at work: evidence from Brazilian civil servants

Dietary patterns, obesity markers and leukocyte telomere length among Brazilian civil servants: cross-sectional results from the Pro-Saude study - CORRIGENDUM.

Dietary patterns, obesity markers and leukocyte telomere length among Brazilian civil servants: cross-sectional results from the Pro-Saude study - CORRIGENDUM.

Uncovering the Relationship Between Statins and Muscle Problems in the ELSA-Brasil MSK Cohort.

To investigate the association between statins and muscle problems in a highly diverse sample of Brazilian civil servants. We conducted a cross-sectional data analysis at baseline of the ELSA-Brasil MSK cohort. Pain was identified through self-reported symptoms in large muscle groups (lower back and/or hips/thighs). Muscle strength was assessed using the five-times-sit-to-stand (FTSTS) and handgrip tests, with weakness defined as the lowest and highest quintiles of age- and sex-stratified handgrip strength and FTSTS performance time, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between statin use and muscle pain and weakness. Secondary analyses explored the impact of different types of statins and their duration of use on the response variables. A total of 2156 participants (mean age 55.6 ± SD 8.9, 52.8% women) were included, of whom 21.1% were taking statins and 25.1% reported muscle pain. We found no significant association between statin use and muscle problems. Secondary analysis on different types of statins revealed an association between atorvastatin and muscle weakness, as measured by the five-times-sit-to-stand test (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.12-3.37), but not by the handgrip test (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.29-1.42). No evidence was found to support a link between the duration of statin treatment and muscle problems. This study challenges previous claims of an efficacy-effectiveness gap between experimental and observational literature on statins. The findings indicate that statin use does not contribute to muscular problems.

Dietary patterns, obesity markers and leukocyte telomere length among Brazilian civil servants: cross-sectional results from the Pro-Saude study.

Dietary patterns express the combination and variety of foods in the diet. The partial least squares method allows extracting dietary patterns related to a specific health outcome. Few studies have evaluated obesity-related dietary patterns associated with telomeres length. This study aims to identify dietary patterns explaining obesity markers and to assess their association with leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a biological marker of the ageing process. Cross-sectional study. University campuses in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 478 participants of a civil servants' cohort study with data on food consumption, obesity measurements (total body fat, visceral fat, BMI, leptin and adiponectin) and blood samples. Three dietary patterns were extracted: (1) fast food and meat; (2) healthy and (3) traditional pattern, which included rice and beans, the staple foods most consumed in Brazil. All three dietary patterns explained 23·2 % of food consumption variation and 10·7 % of the obesity-related variables. The fast food and meat pattern were the first factor extracted, explaining 11-13 % variation of the obesity-related response variables (BMI, total body fat and visceral fat), leptin and adiponectin showed the lowest percentage (4·5-0·1 %). The healthy pattern mostly explained leptin and adiponectin variations (10·7 and 3·3 %, respectively). The traditional pattern was associated with LTL (β = 0·0117; 95 % CI 0·0001, 0·0233) after adjustment for the other patterns, age, sex, exercise practice, income and energy intake. Leukocyte telomere length was longer among participants eating a traditional dietary pattern that combines fruit, vegetables and beans.

Prevalence of Comorbidity and Its Effects on Sickness-Absenteeism among Brazilian Legislative Civil Servants

Studies have shown there is an association of chronic diseases with working days lost, considering the impact of these pathologies on the levels of vulnerability of the individual's health, with an increased risk of work disability. This article is part of a more comprehensive investigation on the sickness absenteeism of civil servants of the legislative branch in Brazil, with the purpose of determining the comorbidity index (CI) of the individuals and its correlation with days of absence from work. Sickness absenteeism was counted from the data of 37,690 medical leaves, from 2016 to 2109, involving 4149 civil servants. The self-administered comorbidity questionnaire (SCQ) was used to estimate the CI, based on the diseases or chronic health problems declared by the participants. The average number of working days lost per servant per year was 8.73 days, totaling 144,902 days of absence. The majority of the servants (65.5%) declared at least one chronic health condition. A significant association between the CI scores and working days lost was observed (r = 0.254, p-value < 0.01), thus showing that the CI may be an important predictor of sickness absenteeism. Chronic diseases or health problems are a characteristic of the general population, often affecting working capacity.

Is the effort-reward imbalance associated with hypertension among Brazilian civil servants? Results from the ELSA-Brasil study

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a associação entre o estresse no trabalho, segundo o modelo de desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (DER), e a hipertensão arterial (HA), assim como investigar o papel modificador de efeito do excesso de comprometimento (EC) e do sexo. Métodos: análise seccional de dados de trabalhadores(as) ativos que participaram da segunda onda de coleta de dados (2012-2014) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). O estresse no trabalho foi mensurado pela versão brasileira da escala de DER, composta por três dimensões: esforço, recompensa e EC. A HA foi definida como níveis de pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica ≥ 140/90 mmHg ou uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. Empregou-se regressão logística, bruta e ajustada por potenciais fatores de confusão. As interações multiplicativas foram investigadas. Resultados: participaram 9.465 servidores, 51,9% do sexo feminino. A prevalência de HA foi de 34,9%. No modelo ajustado, associações limítrofes foram identificadas entre o DER (razão&gt;1) e maior EC com maiores chances de HA (OR: 1,11; IC95%: 1,00; 1,24; e OR: 1,13; IC95%: 1,01; 1,26, respectivamente). A análise de interação indicou que sexo e EC não são modificadores de efeito. Conclusão: DER e EC associaram-se a maiores chances de HA, após ajuste. Sexo e EC não foram modificadores de efeito.

Who needs cash? The deservingness perceptions of Brazilian civil servants in cash‐based social policy implementation

AbstractDrawing on existing European research findings, we assess factors driving Brazilian social security street‐level officials' deservingness perceptions through survey and administrative data. Ordered regression analyses gauge the effects of socioeconomic status, social work academic background and face‐to‐face contact with the public on these officials' perceptions towards social assistance beneficiaries under seven deservingness criteria. A middle‐class socioeconomic status increased the odds that beneficiaries are seen as undeserving under the criteria of social investment, control and reciprocity, while a high socioeconomic status is linked to benevolent perceptions of their need. A social work academic background is strongly linked to higher overall deservingness perceptions, whereas frequent face‐to‐face contact with the public can reduce them under the control deservingness criterion. The research takes a new step in the direction of deservingness survey studies, suggesting the formulation of new analytical frameworks and increasing policymakers' awareness of the importance of variables driving bureaucracy decisions.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and incidence of dyslipidemias: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Ultra-processed foods (UPF) have been associated with cardiometabolic outcomes, but the literature has still not reported their association with incidence of dyslipidemias, one of the most important risk factors for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to verify the association between consumption of UPF and incidence of dyslipidemia in Brazilian civil servants at a 4-year follow-up. The study used data from 5,275 participants at baseline and on the first follow-up visit in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We applied a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline and identified UPF from NOVA, classification of foods as to the extent and purpose of processing. The proportion (in weight) of UPF in the total diet was calculated for each participant and categorized in tertiles, corresponding to low (first tertile), medium (second tertile), and high (third tertile) consumption. A mixed-effects logistic model was used to obtain the incidence of dyslipidemia associated with consumption of UPF. Individuals with medium and high consumption of UPF showed increases in the risks of development of isolated hypercholesterolemia by 12% (OR=1.12, CI:1.00-1.27) and 28% (OR=1.28, CI:1.12-1.47), of isolated hypertriglyceridemia by 14% (OR=1.14, CI:1.03-1.26) and 30% (OR=1.30, CI:1.17-1.45), of mixed hyperlipidemia by 21% (OR=1.21, CI:1.05-1.39) and 38% (OR=1.38, CI:1.18-1.62), and of low-HDL by 12% (OR=1.12, CI:1.00-1.24) and 18% (OR=1.18, CI:1.05-1.32), respectively, compared to participants that consumed less UPF. Our findings showed important cardiovascular risk associated with consumption of UPF and a gradient in the consumption´s effect, so these products should be discouraged.

Job stress and chronic and widespread musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional analysis from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health Musculoskeletal.

Musculoskeletal pain is a global health concern, and work-related psychosocial stress might be a potential contributing factor. This cross-sectional study investigates whether job stress is associated with chronic and widespread musculoskeletal pain in 2051 Brazilian active civil servants included in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health Musculoskeletal (ELSA-Brasil MSK). Job stress was assessed using the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire. Associations between ERI domains, categorized into tertiles, and chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) at any site and per number of affected sites (0, 1-2, ≥3-multisite pain) and body regions (0, 1-2, 3-generalized pain), were investigated using binary and multinomial logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, occupational, and health covariates. The prevalence of CMP at any site, multisites, and generalized regions was 52.9%, 18.2%, and 9.5%, respectively. After adjustments, the lower the reward and the greater the overcommitment, the higher the odds of CMP at any site. The ERI domains were more strongly associated with multisite and generalized CMP than with CMP at any site. Multisite CMP was associated with lower reward and with greater effort, overcommitment, and effort-reward imbalance ratio. Chronic musculoskeletal pain according to body regions, especially generalized pain, was also associated with ERI domains effort (OR = 2.06; 95%CI = 1.33-3.21), overcommitment (OR = 3.44; 95%CI = 2.20-5.39), and effort-reward imbalance ratio (OR = 2.06; 95%CI = 1.30-3.27). Results reveal an association between job stress not only with CMP at any site but notably with the pain spread to other body sites or regions. Our findings suggest that lowering stress at work and discouraging overcommitment may help reduce the CMP burden, including reduction of CMP spread from one site or region of the body to another.

The Variation of Bureaucratic Capacities in the Brazilian Federal Public Administration: an Analysis with Survey Data

Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate the variation in bureaucratic capacities within the Brazilian Federal Public Administration concerning organizations belonging to different policy sectors and verify theoretical propositions in the literature about the relationship between the characteristics of public bureaucracy and state action. For such purposes, data from a questionnaire applied to Brazilian federal civil servants were analyzed using a set of multivariate analysis techniques. The findings indicate that organizations with a greater perception of bureaucratic "weberianess" are correlated with innovative organizations and organizational cultures that restrict corruption. Likewise, organizations with greater bureaucratic autonomy are associated with more effective organizations. However, the observed variation between perceived capabilities and performance did not characterize a clearly identifiable pattern of organization type with public policy sectors. In this sense, the article contributes to the literature by adding nuances to the "islands of excellence" approach by verifying that the asymmetry of capabilities within the Brazilian executive branch is more complex than indicated by previous research.

The Variation of Bureaucratic Capacities in the Brazilian Federal Public Administration: an Analysis with Survey Data

Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate the variation in bureaucratic capacities within the Brazilian Federal Public Administration concerning organizations belonging to different policy sectors and verify theoretical propositions in the literature about the relationship between the characteristics of public bureaucracy and state action. For such purposes, data from a questionnaire applied to Brazilian federal civil servants were analyzed using a set of multivariate analysis techniques. The findings indicate that organizations with a greater perception of bureaucratic "weberianess" are correlated with innovative organizations and organizational cultures that restrict corruption. Likewise, organizations with greater bureaucratic autonomy are associated with more effective organizations. However, the observed variation between perceived capabilities and performance did not characterize a clearly identifiable pattern of organization type with public policy sectors. In this sense, the article contributes to the literature by adding nuances to the "islands of excellence" approach by verifying that the asymmetry of capabilities within the Brazilian executive branch is more complex than indicated by previous research.

The association between diabetes mellitus and incidence of depressive episodes is different based on sex: insights from ELSA-Brasil.

Objective:To investigate the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and incidence of depressive episodes among men and women.Methods:Data were used from 12,730 participants (5866 men and 6864 women) at baseline (2008–2010) and follow-up 1 (2012–2014) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort of Brazilian civil servants. Participants were classified for diabetes using self-reported and clinical information, and evaluated for presence of depressive episodes by the Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised (CIS-R). Associations were estimated by means of logistic regression models (crude and adjusted for socio-demographic variables).Results:Women classified as with DM prior to the baseline were at 48% greater risk (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03–2.07) of depressive episodes in the crude model and 54% greater risk (95% CI = 1.06–2.19) in the final adjusted model compared to women classified as non-DM. No significant associations were observed for men. The regression models for duration of DM and incidence of depressive episodes (n = 2143 participants; 1160 men and 983 women) returned no significant associations.Conclusion:In women classified as with prior DM, the greater risk of depressive episodes suggests that more frequent screening for depression may be beneficial as part of a multi-factorial approach to care for DM.

A construção da imagem do funcionário público brasileiro: uma análise crítico-discursiva de artigos de opinião do jornal Gazeta do Povo

The theme of this research is the discourse referring to public servants in two opin-ion articles published by Gazeta do Povo newspaper in 2017 and 2020. The general objective is investigate how the image of Brazilian civil servants is constructed, discursively, in opinion arti-cles. The specific objectives are to investigate how lexical choices, the use of metaphors and the semantic meaning of the lexicon build the image of these workers. This is a qualitative research, of an interpretive nature, which has in the selected opinion articles the direct source of the data to be interpreted. The analysis work is based on theoretical assumptions for ACD, by Van Dijk (2018), based on the socio-cognitive line, based on the discourse-cognition-society triad, elements that are in a constitutive relationship and play important role in the production and understanding of discourses. We concludeis that the lexical choices, metaphors and imagery resources that build the lo-cal and global meanings of the discourses, materialize ideologies and social practices that constitute the mental model of public servants of their, authors and the defamatory and stereotyped nature of the articles make a predominantly negative consensus regarding the public servants.

1460Is workplace bullying independently associated with musculoskeletal disorders? A study with Brazilian civil servants

Abstract Background Studies from high-income countries suggest that workplace bullying is associated with several occupational diseases and health outcomes, including musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). However, studies on the relationship between bullying and MSD are scarce, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between workplace bullying and MSD among civil servants from a state in southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study with 1,615 judicial civil servants from a Brazilian state. Data was collected through a web survey. The structured questionnaire included direct questions regarding previous MSD diagnosed by a doctor. Workplace Bullying was measured by the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-r). Logistic Regression was used to estimate prevalence odds ratios (POR) and test associations of interest. Results The prevalence of workplace bullying was 17.7%, and the prevalence of MSD was 23.1%. After adjustment for sex and age, workplace bullying was strongly associated with MSD (POR=1.76; CI95% 1.32-2.36). In the final multivariate model, after controlling for sex, age, skin colour, body mass index, educational level, job type, ergonomic factors and physical inactivity, the association remained significant. The risk of MSD was 56.0% higher among those exposed to bullying (POR= 1.56; 95%CI: 1.14-2.13), compared to those non-exposed. Conclusions Findings are in line with studies from high-income countries. Bullying should be further investigated as a potential cause of MSD, and longitudinal studies are necessary to examine possible causal paths, mechanisms and mediation, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Interventions to reduce the occurrence of MSD may focus on psychosocial factor at work, particularly bullying. Key messages Besides being an unethical behaviour in workplaces and causing several mental health problems, bullying may also play a role on musculoskeletal disorders, what should be further investigated, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Interventions to prevent bullying and MSD are needed.

Ultra-processed foods, changes in blood pressure and incidence of hypertension: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

To estimate changes in blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension associated with consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) by Brazilian civil servants at a 4-year follow-up. Longitudinal analysis of the ELSA-Brasil with non-hypertensive individuals at baseline. We applied the FFQ at the baseline and categorised energy intake by degree of processing, using the NOVA classification. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at baseline (2008-2010) and again at first follow-up (2012-2014). Incidence of arterial hypertension was defined as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or antihypertensive medication during the previous 2 weeks. A mixed-effect linear regression model and mixed-effect logistic regression model were used to estimate associations between UPF consumption and, respectively, changes in blood pressure and incidence of hypertension. Brazil. Civil servants of Brazilian public academic institutions in six cities (n 8754), aged 35-74 years at baseline (2008-2010). UPF consumption contributed 25·2 % (sd = 9·6) of total energies consumed. After adjustment, participants with high UPF consumption presented a 23 % greater risk of developing hypertension (OR = 1·23, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·44) than those with low UPF consumption. We did not find association between UPF consumption and changes in blood pressure over time. The higher the UPF consumption, the higher the risk of hypertension in adults. Reducing UPF consumption is thus important to promote health and prevent hypertension.

Willingness to vaccinate against influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 among Brazilian civil servants: Pró-Saúde cohort study.

To investigate sociodemographic factors associated with the willingness to take the pandemic influenza vaccine. This is a cross-sectional study of Brazilian civil servants participating in the fourth wave (2012-2013) of the longitudinal Pró-Saúde Study. Associations were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), estimated by multivariate logistic regression models. Among 2,828 participants, 15.9% would not be willing to vaccinate in the future if the Brazilian Ministry of Health promoted a new vaccination campaign against pandemic influenza. Not willing to vaccinate in the future was strongly associated with not taking the pandemic influenza vaccine in 2010 (OR = 9.0, 95%CI 6.9 - 11.6). Among the unvaccinated, females, those aged > 60 years, and non-health care workers were less willing to vaccinate in the future. Again, in the vaccinated group, females were less willing to vaccinate. Multidisciplinary efforts should be encouraged in order to identify reasons for refusing vaccination, focusing on the individual and group perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers to vaccination. Such information is needed to identify target groups for the delivery of customized interventions towards preventing emerging pandemics, such as avian influenza and COVID-19.

Information Technology Governance Institutionalization and the Behavior of Individuals in the Context of Public Organizations

This study aims to verify the effects of IT governance (ITG) institutionalization on civil servants’ behavior. The general assumption is that ITG institutionalization exerts a positive effect on behavior, provided the ITG legitimation process enhances the perception of organizational justice since transparency and equity increases. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) was used to understand individuals’ behavior, which describes individuals’ voluntary commitment in organizations that is not necessarily part of their contractual tasks but is essential to reach the organizational goals. In order to achieve the objective, a multi-method study was developed and operationalized in the context of a diverse range of public organizations in Rio Grande do Sul State Government in Brazil. A theoretical-empirical model was created based on literature, focus group, and interviews. A descriptive-confirmative study was operationalized through a survey with 173 Brazilian civil servants. A questionnaire was developed and validated. All hypotheses were confirmed through a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) data analysis. The main theoretical contribution is the development of an ITG framework and the demonstration of a positive and significant relationship with the OCB construct. The main finding is that individual behavioral changes are encouraged by ITG institutionalization.

Agreement Between Measured BMI and Reported BMI Obesity Definitions in a Brazilian Civil Servants

Body mass index (BMI) is a worldwide used method for obesity identification. It is an easy and low-cost method recommended for large samples assessment. Concerns exit regarding the risk of misclassification when BMI is calculated based on reported height and weight as compared to the measured height and weight for BMI calculation. PURPOSE: We compared the prevalence of obesity categorized by measured BMI (m-BMI) and reported BMI (r-BMI) among Brazilian civil servant. METHODS: We evaluated 398 randomly selected volunteers (42.2% men), aged 44.8±8.7 yrs, m-BMI: 25.6±4.7 kg/m2, from a federal labor court. Volunteers reported weight and height in a health questionnaire without knowing that they would be subsequently measured in an anthropometric scale (Welmy-RI W200). Both m-BMI and r-BMI were calculated using the Quetelet formula: BMI = (weight in kg)/(height in m2). Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2. Due to lower sensitivity among women, a BMI ≥29.0 kg/m2 alternative cut-off point was also tested. Agreement analyses was done considering m-BMI as reference, using following indices: 1) total agreement (TA) as the sum of the percentage of true positive and true negative values (TA=TP+TN); 2) sensitivity = [TP / (TP+FN)] X 100, were FN is false negative; 3) specificity = [TN /(TN+FP)] X 100. All indices were calculated as their point value and 95% interval of confidence (95%IC). RESULTS: Agreement indices are shown on Figure 1. When the 29.0 kg/m2 cut-off point was used in the r-BMI, we found a much higher sensitivity (88.2%) with small reductions on TA (-1.4%) and specificity (-3.1%). CONCLUSION: We observed very high agreement between r-BMI as compared to m-BMI in the total sample and among men. The accuracy of r-BMI to identify obesity among women was lower than among men, probably affected by its lower prevalence. Using the 29.0 kg/m2 alternative cut-off point for women resulted on a sensitivity as good as in men. r-BMI also showed to be a highly specific method to exclude obesity.Figure 1: Agreement between measurement BMI (kg/m2) and reported BMI in Brazil civil servant (n=398)

Prevalence of pain and associated factors in Brazilian civil servants: an introductory analysis using baseline data from the ELSA-Brasil cohort.

In Brazil, the prevalence and costs of pain will increase substantially with population ageing. Understanding of pain epidemiology is needed for the development of health care policies that can minimize this projected burden. To investigate the prevalence of pain and associated factors at baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Data were collected in public institutions of higher education/research (2008-2010). Pain in the past 30 days and pain attributed to psychological distress ("with psychological attributions"-PPA) were evaluated by the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R). The independent t-test and χ2 test investigated associations between sociodemographic/clinical factors and each pain episode. Multivariable analyses including age, sex, leisure-time physical activity, depression, and arthritis/rheumatism, and factors showing univariate associations at the P < 0.10 level, were performed. Fifteen thousand ninety-five civil servants were included (52.1 ± 9.1 years, 54.4% female). The prevalence of any pain was 62.4% (95% confidence interval 61.6%-63.2%), and of PPA was 22.8% (95% confidence interval 22.2%-23.5%). Factors associated with any pain and PPA in multivariable analyses included age (odds ratio [OR] 0.97), female sex (OR 1.86-2.01), moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (OR 0.60-0.84), excessive drinking (OR 0.68-0.83), depressive symptoms (OR 1.28-1.96), anxiety symptoms (OR 1.63-2.45), sleep disturbance (OR 1.62-1.79), and arthritis/rheumatism (OR 1.32-2.18). Nonroutine nonmanual occupation (manual occupation as reference), body mass index, and smoking were independently associated with either any pain or PPA. This study provided preliminary information on the epidemiology of pain at baseline of the largest Latin American cohort on chronic noncommunicable diseases.