Brazilian Civil-military Dictatorship Research Articles

MEMÓRIA E TESTEMUNHO EM BATISMO DE SANGUE, DE FREI BETTO

This article aims to discuss memory and testimony in the book Baptism of Blood, by Frei Carlos Alberto Libânio Christo, aka Frei Betto, based on the intersection between memory and testimony. To better understand the relationship presented in this work, we resort to the concepts of memory and testimony in light of studies by Bérgson (1999); Halbwachs (1990); Sarmento-Pantoja (2019, 2021); Seligmann-Silva (2001, 2003) and others. In the case of Baptism of Blood, we studied the testimony from the perspective of values, ethics and respect for individuals, thus imbued in the Dominican order. It is a narrative of resistance by Frei Betto, which stands out for narrating his and his confreres' experience during the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship. This account of memories is presented in the testimony through testis, superstes and arbiter. The first is the one who witnesses the facts narrated, but is not the survivor; the second is the one who witnesses what he experienced, he is also the survivor; and the last, as Sarmento-Pantoja highlights, is the one who has the power to narrate while knowing the fact that was previously narrated to him. As a result, we observed that testimonial voices help to understand the memory and experiences of Dominicans, lived during the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship.

Picture-Skin, Music-Muscle: The Intersemiotic/ Intermedia Body of Olney São Paulo’s Manhã Cinzenta

The film Manhã cinzenta (1969), by Brazilian filmmaker Olney São Paulo, is a fictional documentary in a short film, which works with fictional space scenes and real elements (clipping from newspapers, movie posters, radio news, images from student marches, and police repression). As a political-artistic form of resistance to the 1964 Brazilian civil-military dictatorship, it is a manifest against authoritarian regimes, also referring to the Latin American dictatorships of 1960-1970. Based on the work of Rajewsky and Clüver, we analyzed, from the intermediate texture, the relationship between image and music, respectively, “epidermis and muscle” by Wingstedt, threads of an artistic and political texture as elements of the constitution of a multimedia body: metaphor of resistance. The film can contribute to breaking with the logic of domination - a logic that is structured by the monopoly of discourse about the past, which in current times has been trying to extinguish from history, from memory, the violent event of the Brazilian civil-military coup. For this reason, it is important to study it, due to the importance of this film as one of the most significant films about resisting, having also been a metaphor for the life of the filmmaker himself.

Lost Paradise? The Amazon as a space of political globalization or what environmental and global history can tell us about the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship

Lost Paradise? The Amazon as a space of political globalization or what environmental and global history can tell us about the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship

RESISTÊNCIA, CONTRACULTURA E SOBREVIVÊNCIA: ARTISTAS BRASILEIROS EXILADOS EM LONDRES NOS ANOS 1970

The article discusses aspects related to exile during the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship of the 1960s and 1970s, based on the analysis of testimonies, letters and short stories by artists and writers such as Antonio Bivar (Verdes vales do fim do mundo, 1984); Caetano Veloso (Tropical Truth, 1997); and Caio Fernando Abreu (Estranhos Estrangeiros, 1996; Cartas, 2002; and Ovelhas negras, 2009, among others), about their experiences as exiles in London. With the support of several theoretical and critical texts, such as MACIEL (1987); VIÑAR (1992); ROLLEMBERG (1999); PIZARRO (2006); SZNAJDER, RONIGER (2009); RIDENTI (2014); GASPARI (2014), and seeking to interrelate history, psychoanalysis, politics and memorial literature, the intention is to demonstrate how the condition of self-exile or forced exile led Brazilian artists to experience intense processes of depersonalization, identity crises and depression, that interfered with their personal lives and artistic careers.

ALLEGORY AND NECROPOLITICS

A partir do conceito de alegoria em Walter Benjamin, são propostas, neste artigo, considerações sobre os vínculos entre o desaparecimento de corpos humanos pela ditadura cívico-militar brasileira e pelas políticas de morte empreendidas, durante a pandemia de Covid-19, por seus herdeiros, hoje no poder. O argumento parte da expressão alegórica do cadáver como emblema. Em ambos os contextos, tal expressão se encontraria na própria ausência desses cadáveres. Essa ausência impede o trabalho de luto coletivo. Analogamente, propicia um esquecimento passivo sobre o qual podem se instaurar, novamente, retrocessos antidemocráticos, como os que tomam forma agora, nesta outra fase do neoliberalismo.

Corporations and the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship: the editorials of Folha de S. Paulo newspaper from a historical perspective

Resumo Em alinhamento com os estudos organizacionais históricos (Decker, Hassard, & Rowlinson, 2021; Maclean, Harvey, & Clegg, 2016) e buscando uma reorientação geográfica mais ao sul global, no foco nas pesquisas históricas e em estudos organizacionais e de gestão (A. S. M. Costa & Wanderley, 2021; Wanderley & A. Barros, 2019), este artigo tem como objetivo compreender o posicionamento ideológico e a atuação político-discursiva do jornal Folha de S. Paulo no período inicial da ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1985). Para tanto, construiu-se um referencial teórico sustentado por duas correntes historiográficas (Empresariado e Ditadura; História e Imprensa) e pelos conceitos de discurso, ideologia e poder articulados pela análise crítica de discurso. Em termos de fontes documentais, foram coletados 112 editoriais diários, publicados de janeiro a junho de 1964 e disponíveis no arquivo histórico da empresa pesquisada. Para a realização da análise dos dados coletados, foram utilizados o aporte teórico-metodológico do modelo tridimensional de Norman Fairclough (2016) e a sua proposta de utilização do modelo de análise de estratégias de construções ideológicas de J. B. Thompson (2011). Como resultado, foi possível identificar três momentos na trajetória de construção discursiva do jornal Folha de S. Paulo em relação ao golpe militar de 1964 no Brasil: 1) significativa contribuição para a desestabilização do governo democrático do presidente João Goulart; 2) forte alinhamento com o golpe militar e seus desdobramentos imediatos; e 3) apoio ao posterior governo Castelo Branco, mas já com a enunciação de algumas ressalvas. Por fim, é possível afirmar que essa organização jornalística atuou fortemente não apenas como instrumento de informação, mas, principalmente, como produtora e reprodutora de discursos específicos em prol de determinado grupo social e de seus atos ditatoriais subsequentes. Diante desse quadro, tornam-se cada vez mais necessárias pesquisas históricas sobre as relações políticas e socioeconômicas entre empresas, governo e sociedade ao longo do tempo e seus desdobramentos na atualidade.

Empresas e ditadura civil-militar brasileira: os editoriais do jornal Folha de S. Paulo em uma perspectiva histórica

Abstract In alignment with historical organizational studies (Decker, Hassard, & Rowlinson, 2021; Maclean, Harvey, & Clegg, 2016) and seeking a geographical (re)orientation, more to the Global South, to historical research in organizational and management studies (A. S. M. Costa & Wanderley, 2021; Wanderley & A. Barros, 2019), the article aims to understand the ideological positioning and the political-discursive performance of the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo in the early period of the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985). A theoretical framework was built, supported by two historiographical currents (Business and Dictatorship; History and Press) and by the concepts of discourse, ideology, and power articulated by critical discourse analysis. In terms of documental sources, 112 daily editorials were collected, published from January to June 1964, and available in the historical archive of the researched company. The theoretical and methodological contribution of Norman Fairclough’s (2016) three-dimensional model and its proposed use by J.B. Thompson’s (2011) model of analysis of strategies of ideological constructions were used. As a result, it was possible to identify three different moments in the discursive trajectory of the positioning of the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper concerning the military coup of 1964 in Brazil: (1) significant contribution to the destabilization of the democratic government of President João Goulart, (2) strong alignment with the military coup and its immediate unfoldings; and (3) support for the subsequent Castelo Branco government, but already with the enunciation of some reservations. Finally, it is possible to affirm that this journalistic organization acted strongly not only as an instrument of information but mainly as a producer and reproducer of specific discourses in favor of a particular social group and its subsequent dictatorial acts. Against this background, historical research into the political and socio-economic relations between business, government, and society over time and their unfolding today is becoming increasingly necessary.

Making the “Citizen Constitution”: Popular Participation in the Brazilian Transition to Democracy, 1985–1988

AbstractThis article examines popular participation in the making of Brazil's 1988 post-authoritarian “Citizen Constitution.” In 1987, Brazilians submitted 122 popular amendments (emendas populares) supported by over 12 million signatures to the National Constituent Assembly (1987–88). As this article contends, this extraordinary experiment in popular constitution-making problematizes notions of Brazil's transition from authoritarian to democratic rule as the most conservative of those that swept Latin America at the end of the Cold War. The popular amendments emerged amid a nationwide campaign for popular participation that saw millions of Brazilians participate in letter-writing campaigns, protests, and debates over the constitution that carried over into the halls of the Constituent Assembly itself. I argue that the popular amendments countered the arbitrary authoritarianism of the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964–85) with a constitutionalism in which everyday Brazilians would safeguard democracy through popular participation in government. While only partially consolidated, this vision offered diverse marginalized groups an opportunity to claim full citizenship in Brazil's nascent democracy, especially in ways that more overtly addressed issues of race, ethnicity, gender, and disability. This article thus shows that far from being the exclusive province of political elites, everyday people meaningfully shaped the constitutional restorations in late twentieth-century Latin America.

Dissidentes sexuais e de gênero e a ditadura civil-militar brasileira: entre a memória política e as memórias cotidianas

Started with a brief description of the historical and legislative context that frames the constituency difficulties of the National Truth Comission (NTC) in Brazil, the article seeks to concisely recover the articulation of the topic «Dictatorship and Homosexualities» in the NTC bulge. Based on the recognition of the importance of this political memory in construction, the discussion intends to propose a dialogue with this field from two reflections: a) a critique of the choice of the term «homosexualities» as a significant to refer to the totality of dissident gender and sexuality expressions and practices politically persecuted in that period; b) considering current studies that verse about the concept of resistance’s use in the memories/histories of Brazilian civil-military dictatorship, the article aims to explore other behaviors and relations between the sex/gender dissidents and the dictatorship, emphasizing the everyday memories recovered by six testimonies. &nbsp

Corporate Accountability for Involvement in Gross Human Rights Violations During the Brazilian Civil-Military Dictatorship – The Role of the Truth Commissions and the Case of Volkswagen Do Brasil

The article describes, analyzes, and evaluates transitional justice measures that were adopted in Brazil regarding corporate responsibility for complicity with the civil-military dictatorship in the practice of gross human rights violations. The main focus is on the performance of the National Truth Commission and the São Paulo State Truth Commission, as well as on the agreement reached between the Prosecution Service and Volkswagen do Brasil in the scope of the civil inquiry established to determine the company’s responsibility for complicity with the civil-military dictatorship. The measures are considered incipient and not problem free, though they represent a breakthrough in corporate responsibility related to transitional justice, encouraging further development and continuity through acknowledgment and the allocation of resources.

ANÁLISE HISTORIOGRÁFICA DA “MODERNIZAÇÃO AUTORITÁRIA E CONSERVADORA” E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A DOUTRINA DE SEGURANÇA NACIONAL E DESENVOLVIMENTO

Since the end of the military regime that was in force in Brazil between 1964 and 1985, the period has been analyzed by historians and scholars in their many faces, among them the modernization that occurred at this time and the National Security and Development Doctrine, whose principles were articulated inside of Escola Superior de Guerra (ESG). This study aims to provide a literature review about the concept of modernization during the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship, which some authors call it authoritarian and, others, conservative, and relate it to the National Security and Development Doctrine, another distinguished aspect of the period. As a result, it was verified that, in a certain way, the authors can complement themselves in their analyzes, and not necessarily making them exclusive. In addition, it was concluded that the best definition for modernization during the civil-military dictatorship is the one of Rodrigo Patto Sa Motta, which defines it as a modernization that was both authoritarian and conservative.

The Desperation of the Military's Economists: Advertising as a Way to Fight Inflation in 1970s Brazil

AbstractThis article describes the Brazilian civil–military dictatorship's anti-inflation advertising campaigns in 1973 and 1977. It shows how Finance Ministers Antônio Delfim Netto and Mário Henrique Simonsen used advertising as a substitute for economic policy. It argues that they turned to advertising to divert attention from their own policy failures by blaming urban women, small shopkeepers and consumers for the growing inflation problem. This article details the background of the campaigns and examines the advertisements, especially their use of normative gender ideologies. By reference to newspapers and political speeches, it also documents the social and political reaction to the campaigns.

Representações do passado traumático em obras de Roberto Drummond e Bernardo Kucinski

The Brazilian civil-military dictatorship was revisited by many contemporary novelists, being the literature of that period considered as a form of "dictatorship file" (Figueiredo 2017). The writers Roberto Drummond, in Hitler manda lembranças (1984), and Bernardo Kucinski, in K.Relato de uma busca (2011), put on stage characters who, inserted in the dictatorial period, are tormented by memories of The Second World War. As in an untraceable puzzle, the memory of the Jews persecution during Nazism re-emerges by establishing connections with the military regime in Brazil. Self-fiction or pastiche-like, the two novels propose particular analogies between non-competitive memories and possible traumatic intersections (Rothberg 2018). The narratives’ testimonial character also allows to establish relations between an exogenous past (the immigrant’s) and the national memory. The traumatic past fictionalization seems to contribute to the building of relations between different historical moments and the transference of an intergenerational and affiliative memory (Hirsch 2012)

The Bicha Louca (Crazy Fag) Character and the Construction of a Network of Actorial Work in Brazil during the Civil-Military Dictatorship (1964-1985)

ABSTRACT The article proposes the existence of an actorial network that created a character-type of the male homosexual, which could be called the bicha louca (crazy fag). Actors such as Nestor Montemar, Raul Cortez, Ítalo Rossi and Emiliano Queiroz participated in this network, contributing to the theatre being a space of visibility for the LGBT population and of resistance to the moral and political repression in the period of the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985).

Cantando a dor do outro: o caso Zuzu Angel e a canção como testemunho na obra de Chico Buarque

Neste artigo, discutimos a estetização do testemunho histórico sob a forma da canção popular em duas obras do compositor Francisco Buarque de Holanda: Angélica (1981) e Pedaço de mim (1978). Ambas se inspiram no caso Zuzu Angel, uma famosa estilista de moda, amiga do compositor, que teve seu fiho morto pela ditadura civil militar em 1971, e faleceu num controverso acidente de carro em 1976. Partindo das reflxões de autores como Benjamin, Agamben, Halbwachs, Seligmann-Silva e Blacking, procuramos discutir como a canção popular pode ser uma forma peculiar tanto de expressar a natureza do trauma, como de trazer à tona aspectos específios de uma suposta verdade testemunhal.

Protagonismo feminino e a ditadura militar no Brasil: o caso Araguaia

O presente artigo, realizado com apoio da Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS/MEC – Brasil, é resultado dos estudos acerca da participação feminina em diferentes frentes de luta contra a ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1985). Ao longo das últimas décadas, importantes contribuições para se pensar o protagonismo feminino durante a ditadura passaram a ser produzidas, permitindo o surgimento de novas perspectivas e abordagens de análise. Assim, ao pensarmos a história das mulheres no referido período, devemos observar os códigos de conduta que as cerceavam e as práticas de resistência que rompiam tanto no cenário político, público, quanto cultural, patriarcal. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a participação e a resistência feminina na Guerrilha do Araguaia.

A poesia dos presos políticos

Inscrita no amplo quadro da literatura de resistência à ditadura civil-militar brasileira, a poesia dos ex-presos políticos ainda ocupa um lugar marginal nas bibliografias primárias e nos estudos críticos sobre a produção literária de teor testemunhal. Objetivamos recensear uma amostragem significativa de elaborações poéticas escritas pelos presos políticos da ditadura, situando o campo de impasses que esse corpus diretamente relacionado à experiência do encarceramento arbitrário condensa e encena. Por se tratar de um esforço de sistematização, o presente artigo é de natureza descritiva e não visa apresentar uma análise (estética ou sociológica) dos autores, das obras ou dos poemas mencionados. Com base no campo aberto pelo debate de Heloisa Buarque de Hollanda, empregamos as expressões “poesia de cárcere” e “poesia de presos” para designar as produções poéticas de ex-presos políticos, escritas durante ou após a ditadura civil-militar brasileira. Não ignoramos a multiplicidade e a heterogeneidade desse gênero e as imprecisões e os impasses que tais designações provisórias podem engendrar. Todo esforço de reunir, classificar e inventariar é suscetível de apagamentos e equívocos. Por fim, não pretendemos fazer uma apresentação totalizante, que contemple todos os poetas do cárcere, mas listar uma amostragem significativa encontrada no processo de pesquisa. Para organizar esse trabalho de recensão, dividimos o artigo em três sessões: as obras editadas; a poesia de cárcere e a imprensa de resistência; a poesia dos presos políticos no arquivo.

Apontamentos sobre o apagamento da população negra no relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade - 2014

A Comissão Nacional da Verdade, instaurada pela Lei n.º 12.528 em junho de 2012 com a tarefa de apurar os casos de violações de direitos humanos sofridas na época da ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1964) efetivando o “direito à memória e a verdade histórica e promover a reconciliação nacional”. Após o trabalho finalizado pela CNV, foi entregue a sociedade em 10 de dezembro de 2014 o relatório final das atividades onde os resultados apresentados ao final das atividades mostrou um apagamento sobre a problematização da população negra na ditadura civil-militar brasileira, portanto devido a esta ausência, a proposta deste artigo é visibilizar as vítimas negras e negros que constam no número final de mortos e desaparecidos pela ditadura no relatório final da CNV abordando seus perfis, atuação profissional, organizações políticas as quais participavam, além de apresentar alguns debates em torno da situação da população negra no período.

A DISCURSIVE ANALYSIS OF JAIR BOLSONARO: POPULIST AND ETHICAL (LACK OF) LIMITS THROUGH LANGUAGE

ABSTRACT This article is about the question of ethics in the studies of language and the intersection with philosophy. For this investigation, we chose as a case study the speech delivered by the then controversial Brazilian Federal Congressman Jair Bolsonaro in the vote for the impeachment of the (now former) president, Dilma Rousseff, in 2016. On that occasion, Bolsonaro, upon casting his vote, paid tribute to Colonel Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, responsible for torture during the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985). Our purpose here is to discuss and (try) to formulate a discursive ethics, also calling into question whether some speech acts may be considered unacceptable. To develop our idea, we draw on the theoretical contribution the so-called second Wittgenstein’s perspective of language, more specifically his idea of language as forms of life, put in dialogue with the position on ethics in the language put forwards by the professor of the University of Paris 13 Marie-Anne Paveau in her book Language and Morality: An Ethics of Discursive Virtues.

Introductory Aspects on Human Rights Violations Suffered by Indigenous Peoples during the Period of Brazilian Civil-Military Dictatorship

This current work studies the human rights violations suffered by indigenous peoples during the period of the Brazilian CivilMilitary Dictatorship. Likewise, it makes some notes about the beginning of the violations in a moment before this dark period. On this path, even before the Military Coup was launched in the year 1964 (one thousand nine hundred and sixty-four), the Indians were already experiencing constant usurpations of their rights at the expense of irresponsibilities commanded most of the time, by those who should watch over their rights lives. As will be seen, the violation and disrespect for Human Rights in the face of these peoples ended up becoming common and gaining strength mainly in the beginning of the implementation of the military regime. Negligent attempts at acculturation and "emancipation", in addition to inconsequential contacts with isolated peoples, culminated in the destruction and predatory logging of their lands. Missing processes of terribly violating demarcations of indigenous areas promoted the expulsion of countless peoples, causing the Indians to fall into a life totally surrounded by hunger, begging, alcoholism and prostitution. All in the name of the so-called “economic advance”, which aimed at building roads, in what was called “occupation of the Amazon”? As frequently stated by the authorities at the time, the Amazon rainforest was seen and understood as a “population void” by the Military Government. According to this thought idealized by the disgusting dictators and supporters, it will be observed that the cases of violations of Human Rights have been systematically “legalized”. The life, land and culture of indigenous peoples were left in the background. Depending on this brief narrative developed through documentary research, based on a hypothetical-deductive method, the intention is to rescue the martyrdoms of that time, demonstrating what actually happened to indigenous peoples during the Military Regime, in the simplest attempt to remember or even disclose to those who are unaware of this part of history. All that said, don't you forget. So that it never happens again.