Brassica Tournefortii Gouan Research Articles

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS STUDY FOR ELEVEN SPECIES BELONGS TO BRASSICACEAE FAMILY IN IRAQ

This study was amied to investigate morphological characteristics of pollen grains and fruits for eleven species belonging to the tribe Brassiceae of cruciferae family, species are: Brassica rapa L , Braasica deflexa Boiss. ,Brassica nigra (L.) brassica juncea(L.), Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Brassica oleracea L., sinapis arvensis L., Hirschfeldia incana(L.) ,Savignya paraflora(Del.) ,Raphanus sativus L. ,Eurca sativa Mill., pollen grains were studied morphologically and all dimentions were recorded. The result of this study showed that most pollen grains are tricolpate ,their size varied between small ,medium and ornamentation was reticulated. The morphological study of fruits showed a contrast in the ornamentation between reticulate, smooth reticulate and rough reticulate ,it’s also varied in color, shape and dimensions.

Interference of Brassicaceae weeds (Brassica tournefortii, Rapistrum rugosum, and Sisymbrium thellungii) in chickpea

AbstractAfrican mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan), turnipweed [Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All.], and African turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungii O.E. Schulz) are common broadleaf weeds in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crops, particularly under dryland region conditions in eastern Australia. Information on crop yield losses and the seed production potential for these weeds in chickpea are limited. Field studies were conducted in the winter seasons of 2020 and 2021 in eastern Australia with different densities of the three weeds (B. tournefortii, R. rugosum, and S. thellungii) in chickpea. Based on the sigmoidal model, chickpea yield was reduced by 50% at 11 plants m−2 of B. tournefortii. Based on hyperbolic models, a 50% yield reduction of chickpea occurred at 5 and 25 plants m−2 of R. rugosum and S. thellungii, respectively. Based on the linear model, B. tournefortii, R. rugosum, and S. thellungii produced a maximum of 448,000, 206,700, and 869,400, seeds m−2, respectively. At chickpea harvest, the low seed retention (<55%) of B. tournefortii and S. thellungii suggests limited opportunities for harvest weed seed control, and the seed rain of these weeds may enrich the weed seedbank in the soil. At crop harvest, the seed retention of R. rugosum was found to be greater than 90%, suggesting that it is a suitable candidate for harvest weed seed control. This study demonstrated that R. rugosum could cause a greater reduction in chickpea yield compared with B. tournefortii and S. thellungii. Furthermore, restricting seed rain of B. tournefortii and S. thellungii by not allowing the plants to produce seeds is recommended to reduce their weed seedbanks in the soil. The information generated from this study could aid in strengthening integrated weed management in chickpea.

Surveying, identification and characterization for the potential honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) pollen sources in the arid region of Riyadh-Saudi Arabia

This study was conducted targeting identification and documentation of major honeybee plants as pollen sources and their phenology in the central arid region of Saudi Arabia (Riyadh). Pollen loads were collected using pollen traps and were classified according to their color then traced back to plant species level. Throughout the year, sixteen plant species belonging to 10 plant families has been recorded and investigated by Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Asian mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan.) (15.91%), willow wattle (Acacia salicina Lindl.) (15.17%), mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) (Sw.) DC. (21.81%) and cat's head (Tribulus terresetris L. var. terrestris) (15.52%) were the dominant sources of pollen. The period from May to July was found to be a significant blooming period and the scarcity period was from December to March in the study area. Color, size and shape of the potential pollen sources were variable between different species. Beekeepers could trap pollen loads that were collected from these sources during February, April and July, respectively. In conclusion, wise use and rehabilitation of these potentially identified bee plant species shall be considered in attempting beekeeping development.

Nutraceutical Properties of Potentially Pollen Sources in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and their Impact on the Activities of Honey Bee Colonies

Pollen plants is the sole source of strength for honey bees’ colonies, estimating pollen nutritional value is a crucial aspect to comprehend its influence on the growth of honey bee colonies in any region. In this study the potentially discovered pollen source in Riyadh region, central Saudi Arabia, Asian mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan.), willow wattle (Acacia salicina Lindl.), mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) and cat’s head (Tribulus terresetris L. var. terrestris) were evaluated and their role in improving honey bee colonies were analyzed. Important criteria for determining the nutraceutical properties of pollen included fresh and dry weight, protein content, and the presence of essential and non-essential amino acids were analyzed. The study revealed that the highest content of protein in the dominant pollen types was recorded for B. tournefortii pollen (20.53%), while P. juliflora pollen was the highest in essential amino acids content. In conclusion, in an effort to achieve highquality development, careful plant breeding and rehabilitation of these potentially discovered pollen plant species would be taken into consideration. In conclusion, wise use and rehabilitation of these potentially identified bee plant species shall be considered in attempting beekeeping development.

Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Various Population of Brassica tournefortii Growing Wild in Tunisia

Brassica tournefortii Gouan, commonly known (Aslooz) in Tunisia, is an annual plant, native to the North Africa and Middle East. Brassica species are used as food, their young leaves can be cooked, providing nutrients and health-giving phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, polyphenols and carotenoids. Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Brassica tournefortii leaf extracts, collected from four different bioclimatic zones in Tunisia, are investigated in the present study. Results showed that location and climatic variations can alter the phytochemical composition of B. tournefortii. Interestingly, HPLC analysis enabled identifying lutein and beta-carotene at high concentrations, especially in extracts of B. tournefortii collected from Gabes (B2) (344 µg/g of lutein) and B. tournefortii collected from Zarzis (B3) (1364 µg/g of beta-carotene). In particular, the antioxidant activity measured by DPPH assay showed that the extract of the plants collected from the growing region of Zarzis exhibits the highest antioxidant activities (0.99 mg/mL). All the Brassica tournefortii extracts showed a relevant antiproliferative activity, especially toward the Caco-2 cell line. These preliminary data resulted in being useful to correlate growth environmental conditions with different accumulation of metabolites in Brassica species still being poorly studied.

Germination ecology of four African mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan) populations in the eastern region of Australia

Abstract African mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan) is a problematic winter annual weed in Australia. Germination ecology of B. tournefortii may change in response to the maternal environments or habitats in which the plants grow. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on germination and emergence of four populations of B. tournefortii that were collected from different fields. Averaged over populations, germination was stimulated by dark and was higher at 25/15 C (92%) compared with 15/5 C (76%) and 35/25 C (45%). Averaged over light/dark regimes, at the lowest temperature regime (15/5 C), population A had higher germination than population D; however, at the highest temperature regime (35/25 C), population D had higher germination than population A. Populations B and C had higher germination in the temperature range of 25/15 C and 30/20 C compared with 15/5 C, 20/10 C, and 35/25 C. Seeds germinated at a wide range of alternating day/night temperatures (15/5 to 35/25 C), suggesting that seeds can germinate throughout the year if other optimum conditions are available. Population A was more tolerant to water and salt stress than population D. The sodium chloride concentration and osmotic potential required to inhibit 50% germination of population A were 68 mM and −0.60 MPa, respectively. Averaged over populations, seeds placed at 1-cm soil depth had the highest emergence (54%), and burial depth of 8 cm resulted in 28% seedling emergence. Averaged over populations, wheat residue retention at 6,000 kg ha−1 resulted in greater seedling emergence than the residue amount of 1,000 kg ha−1. The results suggest that B. tournefortii will be favored in no-till systems and that the seedbank of B. tournefortii could be managed by tillage regimes that bury its seeds below 8-cm depths and restrict seedling emergence and growth of new plants.

Auto-taxonomy of Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (Brassicaceae) in Egypt

Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (family Brassicaceae) is one of the five species in the Egyptian flora. Its populations showed notable morpho-plasticity with taxonomic debates, which were not yet resolved. The current study was carried out to assess the species morpho-plasticity and its molecular identity based on ISSR. The study was applied to 27 herbarium and fresh populations, representing all the species distribution ranges in Egypt. The taxonomic revision included 70 morphological characters, revealed five distinct Forms (1-5), radical leaf, and fruit provided the major distinguishable traits among the studied 70 morphological characters based on them the morphologic key is provided to delimit these forms. The pollen grain features using SEM are a pioneer at the infra-specific level, two shapes observed the subprolate (Forms 1& 3) and prolate (Forms 2, 4 & 5). Furthermore, the exine micro-features possess taxonomic value at the infraspecific level. The cluster analysis based on ISSR data revealed two clusters congruent to those developed by morphological and pollen traits. The ISSR results indicated that the species morpho-plasticity is genetically controlled. The study highlights the importance of the multidisciplinary approach to assess the taxonomic identity at the infra-specific level, for the auto-taxonomy of morpho-plastic species.
 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(2): 233-250, 2020 (December)

Effect of seed size on germination in three species from arid Arabian deserts

In many species, seeds with different sizes show diverse responses in their requirements for temperature and light for optimal germination. In this study, the effect of seed size (i.e., small and large) on germination was tested in seeds of Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Lotus garcinii DC., and Salvadora persica L. from arid Arabian Desert habitats. The mean seed size of all three study species differs significantly between small and large-sized seeds. Differences were observed in seed germination between large and small seeds of B. tournefortii and L. garcinii. We found that the large seeds of B. tournefortii and L. garcinii showed a higher germination percentage at all tested temperatures than that displayed by the small seeds. However, both small and large seeds of S. persica germinated equally (100%) well under all tested incubation conditions. Our results show significant differences in germination percentage between the small and large seeds of B. tournefortii at 25/35 °C under a 12 h light regime. However, seeds of L. garcinii showed a significant difference in germination percentage at low temperatures (15/25 °C) under a 12 h light regime.

Effect of emergence time on growth and fecundity of Rapistrum rugosum and Brassica tournefortii in the northern region of Australia

Weeds from Brassicaceae family are a major threat in many crops including canola, chickpea, cotton and wheat. Rapistrum rugosum (L) All. and Brassica tournefortii Gouan. are two troublesome weeds in the northern region of Australia. In order to examine their phenology of these weeds, a pot study was conducted in 2018 at the Research Farm of the University of Queensland, Gatton campus with two populations sourced from high (Gatton) and medium (St George) rainfall areas of the northern grain region of Australia. Planting was carried out monthly from April to September, and the growth, flowering and seed production were evaluated. Maximum growth and seed production were observed in weeds planted in April, compared to other planting dates. Biomass of R. rugosum and B. tournefortii was reduced by 85% and 78%, respectively, as a result of the delay in planting from April to July. R. rugosum and B. tournefortii produced more than 13,000 and 3500 seeds plant−1, respectively, when planted in April and seed production was reduced by > 84% and > 76% when planted in July. No significant differences were observed between populations of both weeds for plant height, number of leaves and biomass, however, the medium rainfall population of R. rugosum produced more seeds than the high rainfall population when planted in April. The results of this study suggest that, although R. rugosum and B. tournefortii were able to emerge in a wider time frame, the growth and seed production were greatest when both weeds were planted in April and there was concomitant reduction in growth attributes when planted in the subsequent months, indicating that management of these weeds early in the cropping season is a prerequisite to population reduction and the mitigation of crop yield losses.

Biology of Brassica tournefortii in the northern grains region of Australia

Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (wild turnip, WT) has become a problematic weed in the no-till production systems of the northern grains region of Australia. Experiments were undertaken using different biotypes of B. tournefortii to examine its phenology, emergence and seedbank persistence. Biotypes were obtained from paddocks of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (WT1 and WT9) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (WT1/17 and WT2/17). Fresh seeds initially had high dormancy rates and persisted for a short period on the surface. Seedbank persistence increased with burial depth, with 39% of seeds remaining for WT1 and 5% for WT9 after 30 months at 2 cm depth. Persistence of buried seeds varied across biotypes; WT1/17 seedlings also emerged in the second growing season from 2 cm depth. Compared with buried seeds, seedlings readily emerged from the surface (in March–June following increased rainfall) within 6 months of planting. Emergence was greatest on the surface and varied between biotypes and tillage systems; the highest rate recorded was ~14%. Multiple cohorts were produced between February and October. No-till systems produced higher emergence rates than conventional tillage systems. Seedlings of B. tournefortii did not emerge from 5 cm soil depth; therefore, diligent tillage practices without seedbank replenishment could rapidly reduce the presence of this weed. A soil-moisture study revealed that at 25% of water-holding capacity, B. tournefortii tended to produce sufficient seeds for reinfestation in the field. Brassica tournefortii is a cross-pollinated species, and its wider emergence time and capacity to produce enough seeds in a dry environment enable it to become widespread in Australia. Early cohorts (March) tended to have vigorous growth and high reproduction potential. This study found B. tournefortii to be a poor competitor of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), having greater capacity to compete with the slow-growing crop chickpea. Therefore, control of early-season cohorts and use of rotations with a more vigorous crop such as wheat may reduce the seedbank. The information gained in this study will be important in developing better understanding of seed ecology of B. tournefortii for the purpose of developing integrated management strategies.

Vegetation classification enables inferring mesoscale spatial variation in plant invasibility

AbstractLarge-scale control of invasive plants can benefit strongly from reliable assessment of spatial variation in plant invasibility. With this knowledge, limited management resources can be concentrated in areas of high invasion risk. We assessed the influence of spatial environments and proximity to roads on the invasibility of African mustard (Brassica tournefortiiGouan) over the 280,000-ha Barry M. Goldwater Range West in southwestern Arizona, USA. We used presence/absence data ofB. tournefortiiacquired from a vegetation classification project, in which lands were mapped to the level of vegetation subassociations. Logistic regression models suggested that spatial environments represented by the subassociations, not proximity to roads, represented the only factor significantly explainingB. tournefortiipresence. We then used the best model to predictB. tournefortiiinvasibility in each subassociation. This prediction indicates management strategy should differ between the western part and the central to eastern part of the range. The western range is a large spatial continuum with intermediate to high invasion risk, vulnerable to an untethered spread ofB. tournefortii. Controlling efforts should focus on preventing existing local populations from further expansion. The central and eastern ranges are a mosaic varying strongly in invasion risk. Control efforts can take advantage of natural invasion barriers and further reduce connectivity through removal of source populations connected with other high-risk locations via roads and other dispersal corridors. We suggest our approach as one effective way to combine vegetation classification and plant invasion assessment to manage complex landscapes over large ranges, especially when this approach is used through an iterative prediction–validation process to achieve adaptive management of invasive plants.

Climate Change May Alter Both Establishment and High Abundance of Red Brome (Bromus rubens) and African Mustard (Brassica tournefortii) in the Semiarid Southwest United States

AbstractNonnative, invasive plants are becoming increasingly widespread and abundant throughout the southwestern United States, leading to altered fire regimes and negative effects on native plant communities. Models of potential invasion are pertinent tools for informing regional management. However, most modeling studies have relied on occurrence data, which predict the potential for nonnative establishment only and can overestimate potential risk. We compiled locations of presence and high abundance for two problematic, invasive plants across the southwestern United States: red brome (Bromus rubens L.) and African mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan). Using an ensemble of five climate projections and two types of distribution model (MaxEnt and Bioclim), we modeled current and future climatic suitability for establishment of both species. We also used point locations of abundant infestations to model current and future climatic suitability for abundance (i.e., impact niche) of both species. Because interpretations of future ensemble models depend on the threshold used to delineate climatically suitable from unsuitable areas, we applied a low threshold (1 model of 10) and a high threshold (6 or more models of 10). Using the more-conservative high threshold, suitability for Bromus rubens presence expands by 12%, but high abundance contracts by 42%, whereas suitability for Brassica tournefortii presence and high abundance contract by 34% and 56%, respectively. Based on the low threshold (worst-case scenario), suitability for Bromus rubens presence and high abundance are projected to expand by 65% and 64%, respectively, whereas suitability for Brassica tournefortii presence and high abundance expand by 29% and 28%, respectively. The difference between results obtained from the high and low thresholds is indicative of the variability in climate models for this region but can serve as indicators of best- and worst-case scenarios.

Characterization and Evaluation of Asian Mustard (Brassica tournefortiiGouan.)-An Endangered Oilseed Crop of Northwestern India

Asian mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan.), an endangered oilseed crop, is cultivated in the parts of north-western India. This crop is known to have genes for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, therefore, attempts were made to collect, evaluate and conserve its genetic resources for further utilization. A total of 18 accessions were grown consecutively for three crop seasons in randomized block design for characterization and evaluation using twelve minimal morpho-agronomic traits. Promising accessions were identified for different economic traits, which may be useful for developing disease, pest and drought resistant varieties, cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines as well as for developing hybrids. Moreover, Geographical Information System (GIS) tools were also used to understand distribution of diversity/variability in the collected germplasm.

THE WILD AND THE GROWN - REMARKS ABOUT THE BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF BRASSICA

Brassica is a genus of the Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). The wild races are concentrated in the Mediterranean area with one species in C.E. Africa (Brassica somaliensis Hedge et A. Miller) and several weedy races reaching E. Asia. Amphidiploid evolution is characteristic for the genus. The diploid species Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (n = 8), Brassica rapa L. emend. Metzg. (n = 10, syn.: B. campestris L.) and Brassica oleracea L. (n = 9) all show a rich variation under domestication. From the amphidiploids Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (n = 18), Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg. (n = 19) and the rare Brassica carinata A. Braun (n = 17) some vegetable races derived. The man-made Brassica ×harmsiana O.E. Schulz (Brassica oleracea × Brassica rapa, n = 29, n = 39) or similar hybrids serve also for the development of new vegetables. Brassica tournefortii Gouan (n = 10) from another Brassica-cytodeme, different from the Brassica rapa group, is occasionally grown as a vegetable in India. Brassica has developed two hotspots under cultivation, in the Mediterranean area and in E. Asia.

Seed germination of agricultural weeds is promoted by the butenolide 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one under laboratory and field conditions

Here we report that a synthesised form of a naturally occurring chemical (a butenolide, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one) found in smoke can stimulate seedling emergence of the economically important weed species Avena fatua L. (Poaceae), Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns (Asteraceae), Brassica tournefortii Gouan (Brassicaceae), and Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Brassicaceae) under field conditions at rates equivalent to 2–20 g/ha a.i. The butenolide also stimulates germination of freshly collected seeds from wild populations of these species, as well as those of Sisymbrium orientale L. (Brassicaceae), Hordeumleporinum Link (Poaceae) and Echium plantagineum L. (Boraginaceae) under laboratory conditions, consistently greater than that of smoke water. Experiments using B. tournefortii seeds collected from several locations across Western Australia and in different growing seasons found that these factors significantly influence the butenolide response, implying a role of the maternal environment in seed germination/dormancy characteristics. This research highlights the potential of butenolide as an agent for broad acre weed control and land restoration.

SEED PRODUCTION BY THE NON-NATIVE BRASSICA TOURNEFORTII (SAHARA MUSTARD) ALONG DESERT ROADSIDES

ABSTRACT Plant biomass and seed production were quantified for Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Brassicaceae (Sahara mustard) from 3 sites spanning the Mojave and Sonoran deserts, in the Southwestern United States. We found strong linear relationships between plant biomass and seed production, with larger plants producing more seeds per plant (R2 = 0.93) and greater seed biomass per plant (R2 = 0.94). Both seed count (R2 = 0.93) and seed biomass (R2 = 0.90) were also greater in 0.25 m2 plots that had higher plant biomass. These results and the law of constant final yield indicate that biomass and seed production of individual Sahara mustard plants can be higher in plots with lower densities. These data suggest that control efforts that do not remove all individuals may reduce densities but inadvertently increase net seed production within treated areas.

Notas sobre neófitas 3. Distribución de algunas Brassicaceae de reciente introducción en el centro de México

Se presenta información adicional sobre la distribución de varias especies exóticas de Brassicaceae de reciente introducción en el centro de México. Se registran tres poblaciones de Thlaspi arvense L. y de Sinapis alba L. Las especies Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC., Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagrèze-Fossat y Brassica tournefortii Gouan, conocidas previamente del norte de México, ahora están naturalizadas y al parecer en expansión en varias localidades en el centro del país. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All., Cardamine hirsuta L., Lepidium latifolium L. y Lepidium draba L. (= Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.) están extendiéndose en el Valle de México y algunas regiones vecinas.

Weeds resistant to chlorsulfuron and atrazine from the north‐east grain region of Australia

SummaryThe resistance of weeds to triazine and sulfonylurea herbicides has been recorded in several countries. The extent of the problem in the north‐east grain region of Australia is uncertain. In an initial study, resistance to chlorsulfuron and atrazine in 15 weed species was investigated. The study showed that at least six of them have evolved resistance to one or other of these herbicides. Two collections of Rapistvum rugosum L., three of Sisymbrium orientale L., five of Sonchus oleraceus L., one of Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love and one of Sisymbrium rhellungii O. Schultz were resistant to the recommended rate of chlorsulfuron (15 g a.i. ha‐1). Resistance to chlorsulfuron was not discovered in three collections of Sisymbrium L., two of Brassica tournefortii Gouan. three of Emex australis Steinh. and 11 of Phalaris paradoxa L. Two collections of Urochtoa panicoides Beauv. were resistant, and three collections possibly resistant, to the recommended rate of atrazine(1.8 kg a.i. ha‐1). Resistance to atrazine was not found in 12 collections of Hibiscus urionum L., nine of Salvia reflexa L., two of Parthenium hysterophorus L., two of Amaranthus viridis L. and 14 of Echinochloa colona (L) Link. The resistance status of four weeds (R. rugosum. F. convolvulus, S. thellungii and U. panicoides was confirmed using a multiple dose‐response screen and is the first report of resistance for these species. Herbicide usage records show that resistance has developed after 3‐10 years of selection with chlorsulfuron and 2‐15 years of selection with atrazine, with no correlation between the frequency of use and the degree of resistance for any of the species where eight or more collections were made.

Estimation of thresholds for weed control in Australian cereals

SummaryA non‐linear model relating crop yield to the density of weeds was fitted to nine Victorian weeds to evaluate their competitive abilities. The weeds were: Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. (creeping knapweed), Chondrilla juncea L. (Skeleton weed, Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Wild radish), lolium rigidum Gaud. (Annual ryegrass), Lithospermum arvense L. (White iron weed), Brassica tournefortii Gouan (Wild turnip), Lamium amplexicaule L. (Deadnettle), Fumaria parviflora Lam. (White fumitory) and Amsinckia hispida (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M. Johnston (Amsinckia). Where more than one experiment was available for a weed, the net return for a herbicide treatment over a range of weed densities was calculated to obtain the economic threshold density.Generally, the economic threshold densities within a weed species were the same order of magnitude, except for the perennial Chondrilla Juncea L., For this species data were collected in years of contrasting rainfall. The model used here is discussed in view of the threshold approach currently used in continental Europe.

Haploid meiosis and origin of Brassica tournefortii Gouan

Brassica tournefortiiGouan, a 2n=20-chromosome species and carrier of the D genome occurs as a weed. Meiosis was studied in haploids obtained by parthenogenesis in the progeny of B. tournefortii x B. nigra. Occurrence of 1 III+2II+3I indicated the presence of six basic types of chromosomes. Consequently an aneuploid origin for B. tournefortii with x=6 suggested. Further evidence was gained by observing six groups of secondarily associated bivalents in the diploid. It was further suggested that B. tournefortii and B. campestris, also a 2n=20-chromosome species, evolved from a common prototype with x=6 in the Mediterranean region.