Brass Cylinder Research Articles

Metagratings for underwater acoustic wavefront manipulation

Metagratings are flat periodic assemblies of small scatterers, engineered to achieve effects such as steering, beamforming, or absorption. They have recently received attention in both electromagnetism and acoustic fields. In this work, we report the design, modeling, and experimental characterization of metagratings to steer underwater acoustic wavefronts towards anomalous directions (i.e. not classically allowed by Snell-Decartes relationships) with high efficiency (close to 100%). They are build from simple assemblies of small brass cylinders, hold by 3D-printed plastic supports, and can redirect ultrasonic wavefronts either in reflection mode (when placed in front of a reflective surface like e.g. the water / air interface) or in transmission mode. Furthermore, we demonstrate how metagratings build from an asymmetrical pattern of multiple basic elements can achieve near perfect asymmetrical transmission: a wavefront incident from side of the structure is fully transmitted, while a similar wavefront incoming from the other side is fully reflected, achieving an acoustic one-way mirror effect. This work combine theoretical analysis, finite element modeling, and experimentation in water tanks to explore and demonstrate the potential of such metagratings for various applications in underwater acoustics, like communication, noise mitigation, and stealth.

Investigation of the mechanical equivalent of heat using aluminum and brass cylinders

This study explores the mechanical equivalent of heat through controlled experiments using aluminum and brass cylinders. By mechanically rotating these cylinders against a friction band, the conversion of mechanical energy into heat is quantified, demonstrating a fundamental thermodynamic process. The experiment is designed to calculate the specific thermal capacities of the metals and evaluate the efficiency of energy transformation. Results validate the concept that mechanical energy, when converted through friction, becomes thermal energy—affirming the principles outlined in the conservation of energy. This work not only reinforces classical thermodynamics but also enhances our understanding of material properties under thermal stress, offering insights applicable to industrial applications and renewable energy technology. The findings underscore the practical implications of energy transformations in material science and engineering, contributing to the development of more efficient thermal management systems in various technological fields.

Efficient asymmetrical transmission through a metagrating for underwater acoustic waves

Acoustic asymmetrical transmission is a theoretical and engineering challenge because of the reciprocity of the linear acoustic wave equation. It can be achieved by systems breaking reciprocity or by reciprocal systems relying solely on spatial symmetry breaking. Metagratings are planar structures relying on Bragg's diffraction to reroute wave energy toward a desired direction and are eventually able to achieve asymmetrical transmission when build from an asymmetrical pattern of multiple basic elements. The challenge for water-like media is to combine the geometrical complexity of the structure with good acoustic impedance contrast and practical feasibility. In this work, we build a reciprocal metagrating from brass cylinders arranged according to a numerically optimized pattern and obtain highly efficient asymmetrical transmission for underwater acoustic waves. Around 200 kHz, the structure transmits nearly all incident energy toward a 45° angle when insonified from one side, but act as a near perfect reflector when insonified from the other. The effect relies entirely on the simple phenomena of linear wave diffraction and interference. The generality and efficiency of this device could be of interest for applications in underwater acoustics or medical ultrasounds.

An Umbo Microphone for Fully-Implantable Assistive Hearing Devices

This article presents an implantable microphone for sensing the displacement of the umbo, the end of the malleus where it attaches to the center tip of the cone-shaped tympanic membrane. The sensor comprises a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film with copper–nickel electrodes suspended across a brass cylinder. The cylinder is oriented so that the umbo pushes on the film center, causing a static and acoustically driven dynamic film displacement. An amplifier filters the resulting piezoelectric charge to produce an output signal. The sensor enables the full implantation of assistive hearing devices, which can restore hearing without inhibiting the user’s lifestyle, while enabling better sound localization in noisy environments.

An Implantable Umbo Microphone For Fully-Implantable Assistive Hearing Devices.

This paper presents an implantable microphone for sensing the displacement of the umbo, the end of the malleus where it attaches to the center tip of the cone-shaped tympanic membrane. The sensor comprises a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film with copper-nickel electrodes suspended across a brass cylinder. The cylinder is oriented so that the umbo pushes on the film center, causing a static and acoustically-driven dynamic film displacement. An amplifier filters the resulting piezoelectric charge to produce an output signal. The sensor enables the full implantation of assistive hearing devices, which can restore hearing without inhibiting the user's lifestyle, while enabling better sound localization in noisy environments.

EFFECT OF ALUMINUM CONTENT ON THE HARDNESS AND MACHINABILITY OF BRASS ALLOY USED IN OXYGEN CYLINDER VALVE

There is high consumption of oxygen cylinder valves due to incorrect application of valves, therefore, this research will study the possibility to modify Brass alloy that used to produce cylinder valves and reduce their erosion that happens under the use of valve. The main type of brass that used to make cylinder valve is CW713R which contained aluminum with percentage of 1.3-2.3% with hardness of 174 HV. Therefore, the effect of aluminum element on the properties of brass alloy will study to find the best and the optimum percentages that can be added to improve the hardness and machinability of cylinder valve. Brass scrap was melted using oil fire furnace and aluminum element was added before it cast. Then, the melting liquid was poured on steel die casting mold. The result shows that the hardness Brass cylinder valve was increased by increasing the percentage of aluminum element. It is raised from 206 to 605 HV. But when the percentage of aluminum reached 10 % the Brass material becomes brittle and difficult to machine. The best percentage of aluminum that can be added to brass alloy lies in the range of 2.5 – 5%.

The effects of thickeners upon the viscous properties of sour cream with a low fat content.

Fermented cream is a common and widely used dairy product throughout the world. The structure of sour cream with a low (10 to 15%) fat content is determined by the acid gel of milk proteins, while that of sour cream with a high (≥30%) fat content is determined by the gel formed by fat globules coated with protein. Sour cream with a fat content of about 20% has an intermediate gel structure, which is not characterized with high viscosity. To increase the viscosity of the product, as well as to prevent the separation of whey during storage, thickeners and stabilizers (gelatin, various types of starch, etc.) are added. As these decrease the sensorial characteristics of products, new thickeners (elamin, citrus pectin, flax seed flour, banana puree, and fromase milk-clotting enzyme preparation) are used instead. Sour cream was made by separating whole cow's milk, normalization, homogenization, pasteurization and fermenting by mesophilic lactic acid bacteria. Then thickeners were introduced to the clot: elamin, dry banana, flax seed flour in mass fractions of 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.05%, as well as fromase preparation in the same amount. A control batch of sour cream was made without the use of additives. The ripening process lasted from 8 to 9 hours to obtain a dense consistency. The viscosity of the samples was determined using a rotational viscometer, consisting of two coaxial brass cylinders, between which the test liquid was located. The effective viscosity and its dependence on the shear rate γ in research samples as non-Newtonian fluids were determined. Sour cream is characterized by the presence of a structure quickly destroyed by external forces at shear rates greater than 10 s-1, so exceeding the given value in the production of sour cream is not rational. The dependences of the rheological parameters of sour cream on the content of the additives elamin, flour from flax seeds and dry banana puree, used as thickeners, showed that the greatest strength of intermolecular bonds and the stability of the studied mixtures can be expected with a share of additives ranging from 0.01 to 0.03% (by mass). At the same time, when the said share exceeds 0.05%, the structure of sour cream is weakened - this is especially characteristic in the case of adding dry banana. The research showed that natural thickeners can be chosen to improve the rheological parameters of low fat sour cream without deteriorating its sensorial characteristics. This leads to the conclusion that the studied thickeners can improve the viscosity of sour cream with a low fat content - and dry banana is the best of those studied. Correspondingly, viscous properties are among the principal ones which define customers' perceptions of the product, its low fat content being a possible spoiler of sensorial traits.

Studying the structural-phase substance of solid and powder brass samples by X-ray diffractometry

The use of powder as an alloying element in the formation of various parts is a modern trend in mechanical engineering. It is common to use the added powder of a completely different type of material, and the requirements for the powder are constantly increasing. At the same time, an important characteristic of any method is the quality of the obtained powder, such as the degree of contamination by foreign impurities and the range of particle sizes. The most acute problem of obtaining powder is to preserve the original (not changed in the process of obtaining) material properties, as well as the need to prevent contamination and oxidation of particles. The aim of the work is to study the structural-phase state of solid and powdered brass samples. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to investigate the structural and phase state of a brass sample in the form of a cylinder; investigate the structural and phase state of a brass powder obtained by a high-speed dispersion method.Results: Using the X-ray microanalysis method, it has been established that the elemental composition of the studied material corresponds to the composition of brass L63; by X-ray analysis, it was found that the samples of the brass cylinder are a mixture of a solid solution of zinc in copper (Cu-Zn) with a zinc content of about 34% of the CuZn phase with a CsCl-type cubic crystal lattice. Brass powder samples have the same phase composition, but with a different ratio of these phases.

Effect of surface texture on wear reduction of the tilting cylinder and the valve plate for a high-speed electro-hydrostatic actuator pump

Abstracts High-speed axial piston pumps are the key components of electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHA). Pumps of this kind have been used in large civil aircraft like the Airbus A380. Preventing the tilting micro-motion of the rotating cylinder in an EHA pump is an important issue for reducing wear and prolonging their lifetime. Aiming to reduce the cylinder tilt behaviour, a laser surface texturing (LST) technique was applied to the steel valve plate, which is in contact with a brass cylinder. An experimental investigation was conducted on an EHA pump prototype running at 10,000 r/min and 28 MPa. The mechanical and volumetric efficiencies of the prototype equipped with the textured valve plate are improved by about 2.6% and 1.4%, respectively. Wear mechanisms of the tested components are analysed comprehensively to elucidate the cause for cylinder tilt behaviour and the functional mechanism of surface texture. The surface texture is found to increase efficiencies by reducing wear and the cylinder tilt angle. The cylinders are prone to tilt towards the high-pressure side, and the most severe wear of the valve plates does not occur on the contact regions near the cylinder outer edge on that side. Finally, implications for designing surface textures for the cylinder/valve plate interface are described.

Backscattering enhancement due to weakly damped, leaky, guided waves on cylinders and associated images

In this work, distinct but related targets were studied using a circular synthetic aperture sonar system. Backscattering data from a solid brass cylinder were recorded. The response of the target was significantly spread out in time because leaky guided waves were weakly radiation damped. They gave significant backscattering contributions for a range of tilt angles. The associated meridional and helical wave contributions are also obvious in the frequency domain. (For comparison helical contributions are relatively weak for aluminum cylinders.) The second target is a bi-metallic cylinder made of a 1:1 brass cylinder bonded to a 3:1 aluminum cylinder. For a single-material cylinder, only 90 degrees of data are necessary due to symmetry. This target breaks that symmetry and requires a full 180 degrees of rotation. The distinction between the brass and aluminum ends is discernible in both the time and frequency domain. The join between the two metals affects the timing of certain guided waves that no longer travel the whole length of the compound cylinder. Image reconstruction was performed using Fourier based algorithms for both targets. The location of the compound cylinder joint is deducible from the location of features in the image domain. [Research supported by ONR.]

Blockade of IgM-Mediated Inflammation Alters Wound Progression in a Swine Model of Partial-Thickness Burn.

In a mouse model, a second-degree burn elicits a severe inflammatory response that is mediated by circulating autoantibody specific for a neoantigen (nonmuscle myosin). Nonmuscle myosin is expressed by injured tissue, leading to amplified ulceration and scarring. We hypothesize that a synthetic peptide (N2) can mimic the neoantigen and competitively inhibit the autoantibody, decreasing inflammation, and reducing the extent of burn injury in a preclinical swine model of burn. Second-degree burns were created on young swine using brass cylinders, warmed to varying temperatures before skin contact. Animals were treated in double-blind fashion with normal saline, control peptide, or blocking peptide. Biopsies were taken at 2 hours, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after burn injury. Burn wound healing parameters were assessed. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67, immunoglobulin (Ig)M, and interleukin (IL)-8 were also performed. N2 blocking peptide administration decreased dermal injury at 4 days with increased reepithelization, indicating more rapid healing. N2 normalized skin histology by 14 days and showed improved epidermal healing. Granulation tissue thickness was decreased, and there was an accompanying decrease in neutrophil infiltration. The basal layer of epidermis in N2-treated animals displayed more cells positive for Ki-67, suggesting a prompter regenerative capacity. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated decreased deposition of immunoglobulin M and interleukin-8 after thermal injury in animals treated with N2 peptide, in comparison to controls. The findings of this study identify N2 blocking a specific inflammatory pathway, as a novel therapeutic approach, preventing the evolution of cutaneous burn injuries in a preclinical animal model.

Study on suppressing cutting force fluctuations based on chip loads for turning optical freeform surfaces

The optics with micro-structures and freeform surfaces, which have a broader range of applications, can be generally fabricated by the single-point diamond turning (SPDT) with fast tool servo. But the cutting chatters caused by the cutting force fluctuations (CFFs) will greatly deteriorate the processing qualities like forming accuracy and surface finish; thus, this paper will build an improved chip load model (CLM) to simply characterize the cutting forces. Based on the modified CLM, two types of turning approaches with constant chip load (CCL) are developed to suppress CFFs, but which have some serious limitations in their practical applications. As an improvement, a type of simple-yet-effective virtual tool radius (VTR) method is further developed for practically generating the pre-turning toolpaths of the blank surfaces, which can ensure the uniform cutting allowances in finish turning. Taking two typical surfaces as examples, the proposed VTR method is analytically compared to the traditional processes in terms of chip load, and their resistances to the undulations of chip loads are also examined in detail. Finally, the VTR approach and traditional process are experimentally investigated by turning the sinusoidal radial surface on brass cylinders, and their cutting forces are measured for validating the CFF rejection capacities.

Experimental and Computational Investigation of Natural Convection in a Rectangular Duct with Internal Heat Source

To design passive air-cooled heat exchangers, an experimental study on natural convection in a square or rectangular duct was felt necessary, as literature on this subject is not available. In the present study, experiments were carried out using a square duct of size 500 × 500 × 800 mm height fabricated with 3.0 mm thick aluminium sheet and a brass cylinder of diameter 25 mm and height 200 mm was used as internal heat source. The heated duct was cooled by natural circulation of air. A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for natural convection with variable properties of air and no-slip condition was developed. Laminar simulations of cooling of a vertical cylinder in a rectangular duct was obtained by solving the governing equations using Fluent 6.2.16 along with Gambit v4.6.0 as pre-processor for grid generation. Grid generation resulted in 23,800 cells with 24,185 nodes. Segregated solver solution methodology has been used for simulation with implicit linearization of the Equations (10–14). Finite volume or control volume discretization technique has been used with iterative solution techniques. Residual of the order of for momentum equation, laminar model and for energy equation was used for convergence and stability check. The solver used was based on SIMPLE algorithm. Variation of density and viscosity of air with temperature were accounted for in the simulation. The model was validated by using experimental data. Average heat transfer coefficients were estimated. It was found that the theoretically calculated average heat transfer coefficients were in good agreement with the modelled values.

Explicit Solution for Cylindrical Heat Conduction

The heat equation is a partial differential equation that elegantly describes heat conduction or other diffusive processes. Primary methods for solving this equation require time-independent boundary conditions. In reality this assumption rarely has any validity. Therefore it is necessary to construct an analytical method by which to handle the heat equation with time-variant boundary conditions. This paper analyzes a physical system in which a solid brass cylinder experiences heat flow from the central axis to a heat sink along its outer rim. In particular, the partial differential equation is transformed such that its boundary conditions are zero which creates a forcing function in the transform PDE. This transformation constructs a Green’s function, which admits the use of variation of parameters to find the explicit solution. Experimental results verify the success of this analytical method. KEYWORDS: Heat Equation; Bessel-Fourier Decomposition; Cylindrical; Time-dependent Boundary Conditions; Orthogonality; Partial Differential Equation; Separation of Variables; Green’s Functions

Using helium as the working fluid in thermoacoustic engines

The efficiency of thermoacoustic engines can be improved by using helium as the working fluid because it reduces viscous losses, has a higher thermal conductivity and speed of sound. The engine in this study has a bottle-shaped resonator. The neck consists of a brass cylinder, closed at the top end and a copper cylinder, open at both ends, with copper mesh screens heat exchangers between them (ID of 1.91 cm and total length of 5.24 cm). A small amount of steel wool (20 mg) functions as the stack. The neck opens into an aluminum cavity (10 cm long with an ID of 4.13 cm). A combination of two types of heat-shrink tubing and Teflon were used to connect the brass and copper pieces. The engine was evacuated of air and backfilled with helium as much as the setup would tolerate. Using an input power of 14.8 W over intervals of 0.5–3 h, it was observed that the frequency decreased in time, indicating that the helium was leaking out slowly. From the frequency data, the volume fraction of helium was calculated, indicating that the engine was able to achieve 64% volume fraction of helium and decreased to 6%. The intensities of the sound over this range of volume fractions averaged at 155 W/m2 compared with air at an average of 118 W/m2.

Effects of material properties and object orientation on precision grip kinematics.

Successfully picking up and handling objects requires taking into account their physical properties (e.g., material) and position relative to the body. Such features are often inferred by sight, but it remains unclear to what extent observers vary their actions depending on the perceived properties. To investigate this, we asked participants to grasp, lift and carry cylinders to a goal location with a precision grip. The cylinders were made of four different materials (Styrofoam, wood, brass and an additional brass cylinder covered with Vaseline) and were presented at six different orientations with respect to the participant (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°). Analysis of their grasping kinematics revealed differences in timing and spatial modulation at all stages of the movement that depended on both material and orientation. Object orientation affected the spatial configuration of index finger and thumb during the grasp, but also the timing of handling and transport duration. Material affected the choice of local grasp points and the duration of the movement from the first visual input until release of the object. We find that conditions that make grasping more difficult (orientation with the base pointing toward the participant, high weight and low surface friction) lead to longer durations of individual movement segments and a more careful placement of the fingers on the object.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4631-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Numerical analysis of heat dissipation from a heated vertical cylinder by natural convection

Natural convection heat transfer from a hot vertical hollow brass cylinder has been studied experimentally and numerically. The governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy are discretised by using an implicit finite difference technique. The velocity and temperature profiles, boundary layer thickness, local and average heat transfer coefficient are obtained using the numerical simulation. The predictions of the numerical simulation are compared with the experiments conducted on a laboratory-scale apparatus and with the results obtained from analytical solutions available in literature. The numerical simulation results are obtained for two fluids; air and water vapour whereas the experiments are conducted for air only. The induced flow is laminar in both the simulation and the experiments. The dependence of boundary layer thickness on Prandtl number is discussed. The numerically obtained Nusselt number is found quite close to the analytical one. The results show the heat dissipation from the cylinder to surrounding fluid is higher for air than for water vapour. The various factors that affect the comparison of the experimental results with the numerical simulation are discussed.

Effect of Pulse Current Charging on the Zinc Morphology in Alkaline Zinc/Air Redox Flow Batteries

The increasing fraction of intermittent and difficult-to-predict energy sources, like solar and wind power, necessitates easily scalable energy buffers with short response times on grid-level [1]. Due to the low cost, environment-friendliness and wide availability of the active materials, the zinc/air redox flow battery is a promising candidate for stationary energy storage [2]. The reversible air electrode in one half-cell reaction supersedes storage volume for the positive active material, leading to an increased energy density of the system. Besides the efficiency of the air electrode, also the electrodeposition/dissolution of zinc still is a challenge, because of dendritic growth. Although organic additives can be used to improve the morphology of the zinc deposits, their chemical stability is quite limited in hot highly alkaline electrolytes. We present a study of the effect of pulsed current on zinc electrodeposition from additive-free potassium hydroxide electrolytes with 0.2 M and 0.5 M zincate concentrations as half-cell reaction for a zinc/air redox flow battery. Zinc deposition on brass cylinders has been studied in a Rota-Hull cell [3] at 60°C with different pulse patterns and rotation rates. The setup allows for a high throughput screening of the zinc morphology for a range of current densities under well-controlled mass transport conditions. The range of rotation rates corresponds to electrolyte flow velocities between 3.0 and 16.0 cm s-1. Low flow velocities and a wide swing of zincate concentration are crucial to achieve a high energy efficiency and a high energy density of the redox flow battery. Deposits were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Depositions with direct current predominantly produced the filamentous mossy and sometimes dendritic zinc morphology [4] with low mechanical stability. In depositions with pulse interrupt current under the same experimental conditions and the same average current densities the filamentous mossy and dendritic morphologies could be avoided completely. The pulse current deposits showed heavy spongy and boulder morphologies [4] having much higher mechanical stability. With optimized pulse parameters it was possible to produce dendrite-free and mechanically stable zinc deposits up to average current densities of 50 mA/cm2 in additive-free electrolytes under nearly all experimental conditions. The kinetic parameters for zincate reduction including diffusion coefficient, exchange current density, and Tafel slope have been measured by chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry under the conditions used in the electrodepositions. The parameters were used to determine the practical current density distribution along the cylinder electrode of the Rota-Hull cell for a correlation with the observed zinc morphologies. This correlation should provide guidelines for defining operating parameter ranges of zinc/air redox flow batteries. ____ [1] J. P. Meyers, The Electrochemical Society Interface, Fall 2010, 44. [2] C. Ponce de León, A. Frías-Ferrer, J. González-García, D. A. Szánto, F. C. Walsh, J. Power Sources, 2006, 160, 716. [3] C. Madore, M. Matlosz, D. Landolt, J. Appl. Electrochem. 1992, 22, 1155. [4] R. Y. Wang, D. W. Kirk, G. X. Zhang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2006, 153, C357.

Rota-Hull Cell Study on Pulse Charging of Zinc/Air Redox Flow Batteries

The increasing fraction of intermittent and difficult-to-predict energy sources, like solar and wind power, necessitates easily scalable energy buffers with short response times on grid-level [1]. Due to the low cost, environment-friendliness and wide availability of the active materials, the zinc/air redox flow battery is a promising candidate for stationary energy storage [2]. The reversible air electrode in one half-cell reaction supersedes storage volume for the positive active material, leading to an increased energy density of the system. Besides the efficiency of the air electrode, also the electrodeposition/dissolution of zinc still is a challenge, because of dendritic growth. Although organic additives can be used to improve the morphology of the zinc deposits, their chemical stability is quite limited in hot highly alkaline electrolytes. We present a study of the effect of pulsed current on zinc electrodeposition from additive-free potassium hydroxide electrolytes with 0.2 M and 0.5 M zincate concentrations as half-cell reaction for a zinc/air redox flow battery. Zinc deposition on brass cylinders has been studied in a Rota-Hull cell [3] at 60°C with different pulse patterns and rotation rates. The setup allows for a high throughput screening of the zinc morphology for a range of current densities under well-controlled mass transport conditions. The range of rotation rates corresponds to electrolyte flow velocities between 3.0 and 16.0 cm s-1. Low flow velocities and a wide swing of zincate concentration are crucial to achieve a high energy efficiency and a high energy density of the redox flow battery. Deposits were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The thickness of the deposits was determined by x-ray fluorescence. Depositions with direct current predominantly produced the filamentous mossy and sometimes dendritic zinc morphology [4] with low mechanical stability. In depositions with pulse interrupt current under the same experimental conditions and the same average current densities the filamentous mossy and dendritic morphologies could be avoided completely. The pulse current deposits showed heavy spongy and boulder morphologies [4] having much higher mechanical stability. With optimized pulse parameters it was possible to produce dendrite-free and mechanically stable zinc deposits up to practical current densities of 34 mA cm-2in additive-free electrolytes. The kinetic parameters for zincate reduction including diffusion coefficient, exchange current density, and Tafel slope have been measured by chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry under the conditions used in the electrodepositions. The parameters were used to determine the practical current density distribution along the cylinder electrode of the Rota-Hull cell for a correlation with the observed zinc morphologies. This correlation should provide guidelines for defining operating parameter ranges of zinc/air redox flow batteries.

Interaction of an acoustical 2D-beam with an elastic cylinder with arbitrary location in a non-viscous fluid

The classical Resonance Scattering Theory (RST) for plane waves in acoustics is generalized for the case of a 2D arbitrarily-shaped beam incident upon an elastic cylinder with arbitrary location that is immersed in a nonviscous fluid. The formulation is valid for an elastic (or viscoelastic) cylinder (or a cylindrical shell, a layered cylinder/shell, or a multilayered cylindrical shell, etc.) of any size and material. Partial-wave series expansions (PWSEs) for the incident, internal and scattered fields are derived, and numerical examples illustrate the theory. The wave-fields are expressed using a generalized PWSE involving the beam-shape coefficients (BSCs) and the scattering coefficients of the cylinder. When the beam is shifted off the center of the cylinder, the off-axial BSCs are evaluated by performing standard numerical integration. Acoustic resonance scattering directivity diagrams are calculated by subtracting an appropriate background from the expression of the scattered pressure field. The properties related to the arbitrary scattering of a zeroth-order quasi-Gaussian cylindrical beam (chosen as an example) by an elastic brass cylinder centered on the axis of wave propagation of the beam, and shifted off-axially are analyzed and discussed. Moreover, the total and resonance backscattering form function moduli are numerically computed, and the results discussed with emphasis on the contribution of the surface waves circumnavigating the cylinder circular surface to the resonance backscattering. Furthermore, the analysis is extended to derive general expressions for the axial and transverse acoustic radiation force functions for the cylinder in any 2D beam of arbitrary shape. Examples are provided for a zeroth-order quasi Gaussian cylindrical beam with different waist. Potential applications are in underwater and physical acoustics, however, ongoing research in biomedical ultrasound, non-destructive evaluation, imaging, manufacturing, instrumentation, and acoustic holography to name a few, would benefit from the results of this analysis.