Brandt's Method Research Articles

Field and current driven versions of Brandt method for calculating transport ac loss of superconducting cylinder and strip

Field and current driven versions of Brandt method for calculating transport ac loss of superconducting cylinder and strip

Current Distribution in Superconducting Tapes During Fast Current Ramping Based on Modified Brandt's Method

To reduce the time and risk of sample damage during critical current characterization of long Coated Conductors (CC), a pulse current method is proposed previously. The dynamic current distribution in the tape during pulse current ramping is studied in this work for better understanding of the behavior of the CCs under measurement, based on a current-driven version of Brandt's method. in addition, a coil with 2000 turn was used in the experiment to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The ramping rate is compared with the voltage criterion in the standard four-point measurements. Especially, a scaling behavior is found for simple but precise description of the effect of the current ramping rate on the measured critical current, utilizing the concept of an effect electric field, which can be used to calculate the critical current with commonly used criterion of 1 μV/cm, with no free parameter. Effects of copper protection layers are also considered for fast pulses. The numerical results are also compared with those of experiments.

For examination and dietetics pregnant women and women who have recently given birth.

The author praises the Thure Brandt's method of treatment diseases of female genital organs and says that he has come to the development of this method to such perfection that new work in this area can only be directed at the discovery of the newest information on the physiology and pathology of the female genital apparatus, for the Thure Brandt's method to be shown to the indications for method and the reason for his success. It is also known that in case of uterine prolapse, in old and neglected cases, this method of raising the uterus and massage can give an amazingly quick and perfect result, in other cases it is not. Obviously, failure is the result of various anatomical relationships, and, according to the author, the bending of the uterus back and its side positions, where pessaries and surgical methods of treatment are more intelligent.

Treatment of female diseases according to the Brandt's method

The author informs about the results of his employment with Brandt. At the beginning of treatment, Brandt examines patients in a standing position, briefly records the history of the disease, the condition of the genital organs, and prescribes daily gymnastics under the guidance of an assistant. The treatment is carried out by himself and the doctor attend sometimes.

A case of prolapse of the uterus, cured by Brandt's method

The author uses the massage according to the principles described by Profanter, Remizov, Nordstrm, and observed by the author in the clinics of prof. D.O. Ott and V.O.Snegirev. The case concerns a peasant woman 23 years old, after the second (last) birth, 2 1/2 years ago, who suppressed uterine prolapse in her, which grew more and more wider.

Estimated Burden of Rotavirus-Associated Diarrhea in Ambulatory Settings in the United States

Two vaccines to prevent disease from rotavirus among young children were recently approved in the United States. Although previous studies of the burden of rotaviral disease have focused on hospitalizations, the assessment of baseline disease burden in ambulatory settings is useful for evaluating the overall impact of the vaccine. Outpatient and emergency department (ED) data for 1994-2006 were analyzed from 2 nationally representative databases: the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Medical Care Survey. Visits by children (younger than 5 years) with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) were identified by using a defined set of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Two previously described methods (the winter-residual-excess [WRE] and Brandt methods) were used to estimate the proportion of AGE attributable to rotavirus and to determine the annual number of visits, annual average visits, and annual visit rates in each setting. The estimated average annual number of rotavirus-associated visits over the 13-year period was 782 453 outpatient visits and 164 261 ED visits from the WRE method and 665 773 outpatient visits and 205 206 ED visits from the Brandt method. This resulted in an average of 39.1 and 33.3 outpatient visits per 1000 children and 8.2 and 10.3 ED visits per 1000 children for both the WRE and Brandt methods, respectively. The average annual proportion of visits for AGE attributed to rotavirus was 34.2% (29.1% from the Brandt method) in the outpatient setting and 21.8% (27.1% from the Brandt method) in the ED, with wide variations in individual years. Before the rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus seemed to be associated with a large number of outpatient and ED visits among young children. Rotavirus vaccine has the potential to reduce many outpatient and ED visits.

Magnetization of Multifilamentary Superconductor Nb3Sn in Perpendicular Field

Hysteresis loss is one of the electromagnetic characteristics controlled by time evolution of magnetic field and current distribution inside the conductor. Brandt's method allows us to model the interaction of the conductor with an external magnetic field. Instead of the constant critical current density (Jc = CONST), the Jc scaling law from current-voltage (I–V) measurement is used to model the magnetization loop. By comparing the calculated results with the measured data, it is shown that the Jc scaling law, i.e. the deviatoric strain model, is not useful in a very low field. To solve this problem, the Kim model about Jc as a function of applied field has been applied in the low field case. This method can be used to predict the hysteresis loss of Nb3Sn filamentary strand.

Influence of gaps in monolayer superconducting cable on AC losses

AC transport loss in a core of superconducting power transmission cable has been investigated by numerical simulations. We assumed that the core consists of superconducting tapes distributed symmetrically on a cylindrical surface. It is well-known that the ideal geometry, from the point of AC-losses, would be a single uniform superconducting layer. However, the manufacturing of cable requires that superconducting tapes are separated from each other. On that account, the Brandt's method was used to study and evaluate how the size of gaps between tapes would influence the AC losses. The considered tapes have rectangular shape with aspect ratio similar to the filamentary zone of commercial Bi2223/Ag tapes. For this material the critical current density sharply decreases with magnetic field. Therefore, we have assumed a dependence of the critical current density on magnetic field in our calculations (jc(B) dependence). Our simulations show how the increasing of the gaps size results in an increasing of AC-losses. This can be used to find the compromise between an easy manufacturing of cable and the low AC-losses.

Calculation of AC Losses in HTS Tape With FEA Program ANSYS

The commercially available finite element analysis program ANSYS, primarily designed for solving problems for ferromagnetic materials and conventional conductors, has been used for simulating the ac losses in HTS tape carrying transport current or exposed to a perpendicular field. Details on how to develop the program as a calculation tool for HTS materials are presented; in particular some factors related to the numerical accuracy and efficiency are discussed. The approach is based on a 2D electromagnetic transient analysis, where the conductivity of the HTS material is simulated in terms of a power law. The commonly used flux creep model and Bean model can be realized by adjusting the power law index value from 2 to /spl infin/. For the Bean model, the simulated results are verified by comparison with the analytical formulas given by Norris, which shows the error to be less than 0.5%. For the flux creep model, the accuracy is estimated by comparison with Brandt's method for a basic cylinder geometry, showing a good agreement.

Studies on AC susceptibility of superconductors with finite thickness

The magnetic moment, flux and current profiles, hysteresis loops, AC susceptibilities of superconductors with finite thickness in perpendicular magnetic field have been calculated by means of the Brandt method, which can be applied to arbitrary cross-section and arbitrary current voltage characteristics E( j). Detailed results are presented for rectangular cross-sections 2 a×2 b and power-law electric field E( j)= E c( j/ j c) n , thus taking into account the flux creep effects. AC susceptibilities (ACS) of infinite long superconductors in parallel magnetic field, which are usually used to compare with experimental data, have also been calculated by numerically solving the flux creep equation ∂ B/∂ t=−∂( Bv)/∂ x. The results indicate that when compared with experimental data, ACS of infinite long samples are not a good approximation and ACS of samples with finite thickness should be used.

The Brandt Method of Pelvic Massage — Treatment of Diphtheria by Frequent Small Doses of Biniodide of Mercury — Scaling the Appropriation for the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office — Medical Notes

Editorial from The New England Journal of Medicine — The Brandt Method of Pelvic Massage — Treatment of Diphtheria by Frequent Small Doses of Biniodide of Mercury — Scaling the Appropriation for the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office — Medical Notes