Brands Of Toothpaste Research Articles

A Comparison of the Antifungal Activity of Herbal Toothpastes against Other Brands of Toothpastes on Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis

Objectives: To evaluate the anti-Candida activity on Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis species of 2 herbal and 7 other brands of toothpastes commonly used in Kuwait. Materials and Methods: Antifungal activity was determined by agar diffusion test on 65 isolates of C. albicans and 21 isolates of C. dubliniensis for each toothpaste. A uniform quantity of toothpaste was filled into wells punched into Sabouraud dextrose agar medium plates inoculated with the test isolates, incubated at 37°C; inhibition zone diameters were read after 24 h. Results: The mean inhibition zone diameters ranged between 12 and 23 mm for C. albicans and between 12 and 27 mm for C. dubliniensis. A herbal toothpaste brand manufactured in the Middle Eastern region (United Arab Emirates) consisting of many herbal ingredients compared to other brands was found to be the most active (p < 0.001) against both Candida species tested, which also demonstrated higher inhibitory activity against C. dubliniensis isolates compared to C. albicans.Conclusions: The herbal toothpaste brand presented significant anticandidal activity over conventional toothpastes and may be useful in reducing the pathogenic potential of Candida species.

Toothpaste Brands –A Study of consumer behavior in Bangalore city

‘Consumer is king’ –the statement carries profound truth in it. Today the success of any firm depends upon the satisfaction of consumers. For satisfying the consumers the firm should know about the behavior of the consumers. In these circumstances understanding consumer is a very difficult task because of the changing technology, innovation, and changes in life style. Researchers conducted many research in this area, and they given only few suggestion, but there is no final conclusion. As per the ideas given by the researchers, there are two factors influencing the consumers such as intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is difficult to classify consumers by conventional demographic factors and unless their thought process and buying behavior are fully understood, decisions on product designs and packaging, branding and distribution channels are likely to be misplaced. With the inevitability of change looming large over the horizon, Indian companies must learn from their western counterparts; not only to identify the sources, timing and direction of the changes likely to affect India, but also the new competencies and perspective that will enable them to respond to these changes, comprehensively and effectively. This study mainly focus on understanding the external factors like demographic, social, cultural ,price, quality ,product attributes etc for buying toothpaste. The market share of any product is highly determined by the purchasing behavior of the consumers. Following study is conducted by the researcher to find out the behavior of the consumers, to analyze the preference of consumers, &amp; consumer awareness. Descriptive research design was adopted and the data is collected through primary and secondary sources. The method adopted for conducting survey is questionnaire; Simple random sampling technique was adopted for selecting the consumers.

Modeling Toothpaste Brand Choice: An Empirical Comparison of Artificial Neural Networks and Multinomial Probit Model

Modeling Toothpaste Brand Choice: An Empirical Comparison of Artificial Neural Networks and Multinomial Probit Model

Beyond "Choice": Roe v. Wade as U. S. Constitutional History

teach a general education course in U. S. constitutional history to un- dergraduates, the majority of whom are not history majors and, in fact, do not have much knowledge of—nor do they have a particular interest in—either women's or gender history. The occasional student is actively hostile to both. But Roe v. Wade (410 U. S. 113, 1973) is a case that virtually all students recognize, even if they do not know exactly what it is that the Supreme Court actually said. Not infrequently, they view Roe either as a case about a narrowly (and often imprecisely) defined feminist issue that does not concern them directly or, alternatively, as a ruling that con- cerns them only in the abstract sense that they might one remote day be faced with a personal decision about whether or not to carry a pregnancy to term. Students do not often begin my courses regarding reproductive rights as having the same fundamental significance in U. S. constitutional history as, say, freedom of speech or the free exercise of religion, and in this sense they are no different than large segments of the American pub- lic. What is more, today's traditional students are coming of political age at a time when sound-bite-as-discourse has impoverished our political vocabulary, with the unfortunate consequence of reducing the complexity of the key constitutional issues underlying Roe to the trope of making a choice, something akin to consumers' freedom to choose among brands of toothpaste at Walgreen's drug store. My response has been to reposition Roe in my teaching as a case that dealt with principles that are integrally imbedded within American history rather than marginal to it. The case represents a specific and important landmark in a larger story about the rights of individuals—men and women—to make determinations regarding their own bodies, free from interference by the state. It is thus inextricably linked to the more familiar discourses of personal liberty that are woven throughout the grand narrative of U. S. history. The true significance of the claims Roe brought before the nation's high court becomes more apparent, I think, only after students have examined the historical picture prior to 1973 and gotten a glimpse of what the United States looked like when individuals—both male and female— lacked recog- nized rights to make choices regarding their own bodies. The institution of chattel slavery and the common-law notion of married women's coverture serve as the two most obvious instances in which individuals lacked rights to bodily self-determination. But, even as these strictures were breaking down in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the power of

ANAK SEBAGAI FUTURE MARKET: STUDl AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

Kids as future market are one of the potential markets. Besides, many factors may influence in the process to be the future market, such as, children’s internal and external environments. This study used one of the psychological concepts, autobiographical memory that focuses on the unforgettable memory in children in their late period (12-14 years). The aims of the study are to describe the use of autobiographical memory in children’s late period and contribute to the understanding of brand loyalty and brand switching, especially in toothpaste product. The research questions are (1) the condition of toothpaste usage in children’s late period; (2) the brands commonly used by the children’s late period; (3) the children’s late period autobiographical memory when they use those brands (4) the willingness to keep on using those brands; and (5) the tendencies to switch brands. Purposive sampling method is used. The sample size is 218 children age 12-14 years old in 2 private and state junior high school. The study used descriptive statistic analysis. The analysis shows that the autobiographical memory is one of the factors to make the children loyal to the brand. However, they also could switch the brand. In their early age, children age 12-14 years old do not have the freedom to purchase products, because their reference groups still have influence in their life. The study shows 71.1% of the sample commonly use Pepsodent, 15% Close Up, Ciptadent, Enzim and Antiplaque are in the third, fourth and fifth place. The product feature, product image, and product accessibility have impacts on the autobiographical memory due to the consumption of the toothpaste. Pepsodent is the most unforgettable toothpaste brand (70.64%), followed by Close Up (31.1%), Ciptadent (21.1%), and Formula (19.27%). The children’s late period are in grey area between loyal to the brand and switch to another brand.The results show several important concepts that are further used to formulate propositions and a model.

Toothpaste formulation efficacy in reducing oral flora

Purpose: To assess the microbial quality as well as the effectiveness of seven brands of toothpaste marketed in Abuja, Nigeria's capital city, for reducing oral bacterial flora. Methods: Seven brands of toothpaste were randomly purchased from the open market in Abuja. Two brands contained triclosan + sodium fluoride as antibacterial, four contained sodium fluoride only and one was herbal. Each of the toothpaste products was assessed in duplicate for microbial safety based on growth on nutrient agar and broth. Also, eight volunteers were enrolled who used a toothpaste brand 12hourly on three consecutive occasions as the only source of oral hygiene, and then switched over to another brand. Mouth swaps and saliva before and after brushing was taken, plated by the pour plate technique, incubated at 37°C and then counted on nutrient agar after 24 h. Percentage bacterial reduction was calculated from the difference in bacterial counts before and after brushing. Results: All the toothpaste brands were sterile. 71% of the toothpaste brands were found to significantly (p=0.068) increase saliva bacteria counts. No brand of toothpaste removed teeth bacteria by up to 50%. On average, the two triclosan-containing toothpaste brands exerted a greater reduction in mouth bacteria than non-triclosan toothpaste brands. This was followed by the herbal toothpaste. The toothpaste brands that contained only fluoride were the least effective in reducing mouth bacteria. Conclusion: The results from our study indicate the need for further research into the possible value of toothpaste for reducing oral bacterial flora. Keywords: Tooth bacteria, Oral bacteria, Triclosan, Toothpaste, Fluoride, Natural toothpasteTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8 (1) 2009: pp. 71-77

Microbial quality of some commercially available brands of toothpaste marketed in Eastern Nigeria

Microbial quality of some commercially available brands of toothpaste marketed in Eastern Nigeria

Family as a source of consumer‐based brand equity

PurposeThe main purpose of the current work is to analyse the role played by the family on consumer‐based brand equity. In the proposed model, information of a brand provided by both the family and the firm (via price, promotion and advertising spending) is analysed as a source of consumer‐based brand equity and its dimensions.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study was conducted in young adults (18‐35) via structural equations model. Brand equity is analysed in six different brands of milk, toothpaste and olive oil.FindingsResults prove that positive brand information provided by the family has effects on the formation of brand awareness‐associations and perceived quality, and this may lead in turn, to brand loyalty and overall brand equity. The effects of the information provided by the family are higher than those of the marketing variables studied. Results also show that brand loyalty is much closer to the concept of overall brand equity than brand awareness‐associations and perceived quality.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size does not allow to analyse differences in the effects between types of products and consumers.Practical implicationsDue to the importance of the family on the formation of the consumer‐based brand equity, firms should analyse how to take advantage of this factor to approach new generations of consumers. Actions to foster family associations and brand recall may ease the transfer of brand equity from one generation to another.Originality/valueFamily has been usually considered as an external influence factor of consumer behaviour, however, its importance as information provider had not been analysed in the process of brand equity formation.

Supramolecular Chemistry Approach to the Design of a High-Resolution Sensor Array for Multianion Detection in Water

Reliable sensing of structurally similar anions in water is a difficult problem, and analytical tests and sensor devices for reliable sensing of multiple anions are very rare. This study describes a method for fabrication of simple colorimetric array-based assays for aqueous anion solutions, including complex analytes encountered in real-life applications. On the fundamental level, this method shows how the discriminatory capacity of sensor arrays utilizing pattern recognition operating in multianalyte environments may be dramatically improved by employing two key features. The synergy between the sensor and hydrogel host resembles the cooperative effects of an apoenzyme and cofactor: the host hydrogel helps extract the target anions from the bulk analyte while stripping the solvate molecules off the anions. In addition, the supramolecular studies of the affinity and selectivity of the potential sensors for target analytes allow for constructing an array predesigned for a particular analyte. To illustrate both aspects, an eight-sensor array utilizing colorimetric sensor materials showing selectivity for fluoride and pyrophosphate while displaying significant cross-reactivity for other anions such as carboxylates, phosphate, or chloride was used to differentiate between 10 anions. The quantitative analyses were also performed to show that the eight-sensor array was found to operate across 4 orders of magnitude concentrations (0.20-360 ppm; 10 microM to 20 mM). The applicability of this approach was demonstrated by analyzing several toothpaste brands. The toothpastes are complex analytes comprising both known and unknown anions in various concentrations. The fluoride-selective yet cross-reactive array is shown to utilize the fluoride content as the main differentiating factor while using the remaining anionic components for further differentiation between toothpaste brands.

The toothpaste of immortality: self-construction in the consumer age

This lively and insightful account reveals profound ways in which everyday acts and artifacts of civilization shape our sense of self. Elemer Hankiss shows how human beings act simultaneously in two plays. On surface of their everyday lives they work, make money, raise children, build houses, and do a lot of other things. At same time, they also act in existential drama of their lives-even if they are not aware of doing so. They construct and reconstruct their selves each day by striving for authenticity, intense experience of being, dignity, meaning, and hope of immortality. Hankiss explores this interaction between trivial and existential, in process unfolding its context in consumer civilization. This concept is brilliantly illustrated in a section entitled the toothpaste of immortality: If we watch enough commercials, we believe that this or that special brand of toothpaste preserves our teeth, and- per metonymiam-ourselves, young and beautiful indefinitely. And then, for a fleeting moment, there, in our bathrooms, we experience sweet and melancholy illusion that we may stay young and beautiful forever; that we may defeat mortality; we may defeat decay and death. First published to great success in Hungarian, this entertaining and compelling book reveals surprising insights into challenges and possibilities of self-fulfillment.

Assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of some Nigerian toothpaste

Studies on the bactericidal action of additive, sodium fluoride (NaF) of seven Nigerian toothpastes in inhibiting oral bacteria was determined using ten bacterial isolates obtained from saliva of students. Two each of the ten isolates (20%) were Bacillus spp and Streptococcus spp . While 3(30%) each was Staphylococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp . The Staphylococcus spp and Bacillus spp were examined for their sensitivity to 10% (W/V) of different toothpastes manufactured in Nigeria and included Close Up®, Pepsodent®, Colgate®, Aquafresh®, Macleans®, Minta® and Daily Need® and also their biocidal additive sodium fluoride (NaF). Close Up® recorded the highest rate of bactericidal action while Minta® recorded the lowest rate. Bacillus spp was more susceptible to the toothpaste and sodium fluoride (NaF) than Staphylococcus spp . Bacillus spp was found to be able to utilize toothpaste brands like Macleans® and Aquafresh® as sole sources of carbon and energy in mineral salts medium as indicated by decline in cell number in the first hour and significant rise in the subsequent hours. Results of the survival rates of the two test organisms in the different toothpastes using Nutrient broth showed Close Up® to be the strongest, since there was a sharp decline in cell number within the first two minutes of exposure. The study concluded that Close Up® is the best toothpaste out of the 7 pastes tested, followed by Aquafresh®, Pepsodent®, Daily Need®, Colgate®, Macleans® and Minta® in that order. Keywords : Toothpaste; bacteria; anti-microbial; sodium fluoride; Nigeria International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 2 (3) 2006: pp. 272-278

Media and Metanoia: Documentary ‘Impact’ Through the Lens of Conversion

How do contemporary understandings of religious conversion and formation shed light on the “impact” and “effectiveness” of social change media? This paper evaluates three case studies, public television documentaries produced in the mid-1990s, to reflect on their social effect. Contemporary conversion theory provides a nuanced perspective with which to interpret the nature and circumstances under which social documentary—media created specifically so as to have a social effect—may in fact be said to have an “impact.” Innumerable media theorists have discredited market models where the uncritical television viewer gets off her couch straightaway and goes out to join a social movement in the same manner as she might buy a new brand of toothpaste, and yet an expectation of being able to demonstrate (often quantifiable) “results” insistently follows documentarians and public television outreach professionals. This “high-impact” model may be seen to be analogous to a “Road to Damascus” view of instant and permanent religious conversion, likewise discounted yet tenacious. It is an illuminating exercise to consider the operations of documentary media from the perspective of developmental conversion theorists such as Rambo, Tippett, Fowler, Lovland and Stark, and others. In this light, it is possible to understand both how these documentary case studies did create certain very particular kinds of change, as well as why most social documentaries, in truth, do not.

Does attitudinal loyalty influence behavioral loyalty? A theoretical and empirical study

Despite a plethora of studies on brand loyalty spanning over last three decades, the research paradigm is unique in its inability to produce generalizable results. The research suffers from a lack of agreement over the operationalization of the construct of the brand loyalty. Many researchers [e.g., Kahn, B.E., Kalwani, M.U., Morrison, D.G., 1986. Measuring variety seeking and reinforcement behaviors using panel data. Journal of Marketing Research 23, 89–100; Ehrenberg, A.S.C., Goodhardt, G.J., Barwise, P.B., 1990. Double jeopardy revisited. Journal of Marketing 54, 82–91] have defined brand loyalty only from a behavioral perspective. They assumed that repeat purchasing can capture the loyalty of a consumer towards the brand of interest. Other researchers [e.g., Day, G.S., 1969. A two-dimensional concept of brand loyalty. Journal of Advertising Research 9, 29–35; Dick, A.S., Basu, K., 1994. Consumer loyalty: towards an integrated conceptual approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 22 (2), 99–113; Baldinger, A.L., Rubinson, J., 1996. Brand loyalty: the link between attitude and behavior. Journal of Advertising Research 36 (6), 22–34; Rundle-Thiele, S.R., Bennett, R., 2001. A brand for all seasons: A discussion of loyalty approaches and their applicability for different markets. Journal of Product and Brand Management 10 (1), 25–37; Rundle-Thiele, S.R., 2005. Elaborating customer loyalty: exploring loyalty to wine retailers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 12 (5), 333–344], however, have suggested that attitude should be included along with behavior to define loyalty. In particular, Dick and Basu (1994) were precise in suggesting that a favorable attitude and repeat purchase were required to define loyalty. By viewing loyalty as an attitude–behavior relationship in their framework, Dick and Basu (1994) were able to investigate the concept from a causal perspective thereby permitting the identification of the factors that influence loyalty. Our research extends the idea proposed by Dick and Basu (1994) in two ways. First, we provide a conceptually clear, and an operationally meaningful way of segmenting the market on the basis of attitudes that govern this behavior. To be specific, we offer a unique way to measure attitudinal loyalty. And we use a unique survey data with a large sample of 1800 respondents that includes both behavioral (purchase) patterns and attitudes of the respondents for all major brands of toothpaste, to demonstrate that behavioral loyalty is influenced by attitudinal loyalty across many brands of the toothpaste category. Finally, we propose that a third behavioral pattern— non-user—should be also included along with two known behavioral patterns viz. single user and multiple user. This is because a non-user has the potential to become a consumer in future.

Does brand loyalty influence double jeopardy? A theoretical and empirical study

PurposeCompared with the large brands, not only do the small brands attract fewer customers but also their customers buy them less frequently. This twin disadvantage of the less popular brands is termed “double jeopardy” (DJ). Earlier studies on the DJ effect have generally explained this as a behavioral phenomenon relating to the size structure of the market. This article aims to argue that the DJ effect is also influenced by the relationship between consumer choice antecedents and consumer buying behavior.Design/methodology/approachUsing consumer attitudinal and behavioral data on various toothpaste brands collected by a leading consumer goods company, it is shown that small brands are jeopardized in terms of individual‐level choice antecedents of both loyal and switching consumers. In particular, small brands are further jeopardized for brand=switching consumers in terms of weaker attitude‐choice relationship.FindingsThe research findings have significant managerial implications. the research suggests that double jeopardy of small brands may not be as irreversible phenomenon posited. A more in‐depth understanding of the individual‐level antecedents of consumer choice should help small brands to develop innovative offensive and defensive strategies aimed at favorable individual choice antecedents of loyal and switching consumers. For example, it may be prudent for a small brand to concentrate on a selected few segments (such as brand‐loyal segments) instead of spreading scarce brand resources across scattered promotion and distribution strategies.Originality/valueExamines the choice antecedents of consumers who either are loyal to a brand or are brand switchers.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of three commonly available toothpastes on oral microbial flora

The oral cavity provides a rich ecological niche within which microbes strive to survive, replicate and cause harmful effects. Toothpastes, with the aid of toothbrushes are used to clean the teeth and so improve on the integrity of the teeth. The efficacies of these toothpastes vary with some possessing higher activities than others. The activities of three brands of toothpastes (A, B, C) were evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy employing the agar diffusion test method and also by determining the viability of the microbes in vitro and in vivo in the presence of the toothpaste. The results showed that brand A – a gel, had the greatest activity followed by B also a gel. Brand C, a paste, was the least active. There was a slight decrease in the viability of oral microbes after brushing compared to the control. Formulation type may also have some influence on activity. Key words: Antimicrobial activity; Toothpastes; Oral flora Nig. J. Pharm. Res. 3(1) 2004: 102-105

Development of a standardized method for comparing fluoride ingested from toothpaste by 1.5‐3.5‐year‐old children in seven European countries. Part 1: Field work

To develop a standardized method for measuring the variables affecting fluoride ingestion from toothpaste in young children between the ages of 1.5 and 3.5 years, and to use the method at seven European sites. Random samples of children were invited to take part in the study. Parents who gave consent were visited at home. The children brushed their teeth using the toothpaste brand and toothbrush type currently in use. Variables measured were: type of toothpaste used, fluoride concentration of toothpaste used, weight of toothpaste used, frequency of brushing and body weight of the child. It was not possible to follow the agreed protocol in all seven countries and in three countries appropriate alternative methods were employed. There was considerable variation between countries in the variables investigated. Use of children's toothpaste ranged from 69% in Ireland to 98% in Portugal. In the Netherlands up to 60% of the children were using toothpaste containing <400 ppm F and in Finland up to 27% of children were using toothpaste containing >1200 ppm F. Over half of the children used <0.25 g of toothpaste per brushing and the majority of children brushed once or twice per day. Although adherence to the agreed protocol was not possible at all study sites there was a clear picture of considerable variation in the oral hygiene practices of young children throughout Europe.

Cavity Protection or Cosmetic Perfection? Innovation and Marketing of Toothpaste Brands in the United States and Western Europe, 1955–1985

This article examines how the marketing and advertising of toothpaste brands evolved in the twentieth century, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s. During these decades, the promotional strategies employed by leading toothpaste manufacturers were at odds with general developments in consumer product marketing. As branding strategies were being revolutionized by the discovery of a “Pepsi Generation,” the toothpaste market was itself being transformed by a technical innovation that was to have far-reaching consequences for the marketing of leading brands.

Do powered toothbrushes contaminate toothpaste with metals?

Replaceable brush units of powered toothbrushes (PTBs) can contain metal parts made of nickel and chromium bearing alloy. These alloy ingredients have allergenic potential, and may contaminate toothpaste and the mouth during use. Here I quantify metals abraded from PTBs. A leading brand of PTB was used in a simulated intraoral environment with three leading brand toothpastes, and post-brushing samples were analysed for iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and manganese by certified laboratories using standard methods. Results showed tartar control toothpaste abraded most metal, and caused discolouration of toothpaste slurry. Discolouration of toothpaste slurry, as a useful indicator of metal abrasion, was limited to one toothpaste brand, and not useful across brands.

Humectancies of d‐tagatose and d‐sorbitol

Most toothpastes contain either d-sorbitol or glycerin, or both, as humectants. Both compounds are about half as sweet as sucrose. This level of sweetness is not as intense as desired by most people when brushing teeth. Therefore, many brands of toothpaste add saccharin, a high-intensity sweetener, to increase product sweetness to acceptable levels. While this combination provides the required bulk, humectancy and sweetness, the last characteristic suffers from the widely perceived metallic, or bitter, aftertaste of saccharin. d-tagatose, a full-bulk, low-calorie, sucrose-like sweetener with about twice the sweetness of d-sorbitol, and which does not promote tooth decay, holds promise as a sole sweetener for toothpastes. The only untested aspect of this use of d-tagatose was its humectancy, the characteristic that retains the required level of moisture in toothpaste. The current study was made to investigate this important property, to make a direct comparison of the humectancies of d-tagatose and d-sorbitol as pure substances, and to determine whether the humectancy of d-tagatose is sufficient to counter the crystallizing potentiation of the abrasives used in toothpastes. The humectancies of d-tagatose and d-sorbitol were tested through measuring their water activity (a(w)) vs. water content. By comparing their desorption curves, d-tagatose was seen to have a humectancy equal to that of d-sorbitol when a(w) in the d-tagatose solution was above 0.62. d-Tagatose was then tested in toothpastes containing typical abrasives to determine whether the abrasives would induce crystallization of the sweetener. The addition of 20-25% wt/wt of d-tagatose to the Tom of Maine's toothpastes imparted a satisfactory sweetness. It was found that, within that range of concentration, d-tagatose retained its humectancy, and did not crystallize in the popular brands of commercial toothpastes tested. Thus, d-tagatose could be used as a humectant sweetener in toothpastes, although further work on a final toothpaste formula will be necessary to check stability and flavour factors.

Toothpastes Available In The Malaysian Market

This study was undertaken to investigate the number and types (fluoride or non-fluoride) of toothpaste products available in the Malaysian market based on the label. Thirty-five brands of toothpaste were identified, of which ten (29%) were specifically recommended for children. Two of the children's toothpaste recommended that children below seven years old use a pea size amount of toothpaste. One (3%) was recommended for both children and adult. The remaining 24 (69%) did not state if they were recommended for either children or adults. To improve the flavour of the toothpastes, a variety of flavours had been added especially in children's toothpaste. Almost half of the toothpastes were for prevention of tooth decay and gum disease. Other indications were for tooth sensitivity, tooth whitening and stain removal. Twentyseven&nbsp;(77%) of the toothpastes were imported, while eight (23%) were made in Malaysia. Twenty-six (74%) of the toothpaste contained fluoride and the most common type of fluoride used was sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP). The fluoride concentration was not labeled in more than half (63%) of the fluoridated toothpaste. Of those that were fluoridated, different units of measurement were used. As there is no uniformity in the labelling of these products, it is recommended that the responsible authorities should take more action in enforcing proper labelling of the fluoride concentration in the toothpaste using standardized units.