Brand Research Articles

Balancing uniqueness and patronage: the dual impact of brand name complexity on consumer behavior

PurposeMarketers of new brands increasingly utilize complex names to draw consumers’ attention. Although complexity can make a brand stand out, whether it encourages or discourages consumers’ patronage intention remains unclear. To address this issue, the research explores the double-edged sword of brand name complexity on consumers’ patronage intention, mediated by uniqueness perception and psychological distance. It also examines the moderating effect of brand self-introduction.Design/methodology/approachThree between-subjects experimental studies were conducted across different scenarios and brands. In Study 1 (N = 151), a single-factor (simple name vs complex name) between-subject design examined the mediating effect of uniqueness perception between brand name complexity and consumers’ patronage intention. Study 2 (N = 112) replicated this design to test the mediating effect of psychological distance. Study 3 (N = 231) conducted a 2 (simple vs complex name) × 2 (no introduction vs self-introduction) between-subject design to test the moderating effect.FindingsThe results indicate that a complex brand name (vs simple) can make the brand appear more unique, thereby increasing patronage intention. However, complexity also creates a sense of psychological distance, which can reduce patronage intention. Further, our results reveal that brand self-introduction can attenuate the association between brand name complexity and psychological distance.Originality/valueThis research extends brand name strategy literature by addressing the dual impact of brand name complexity on patronage intention, particularly emphasizing the impact of brand name complexity on psychological distance for a new brand. Additionally, the findings offer practical insights for marketers, highlighting that brand self-introduction is a key strategy to reduce psychological distance. This underscores the importance of balancing complexity with clear and effective communication.

Botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of hip instability in the pediatric population with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.

The purpose of this review was to examine the effects of hip muscle botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of hip instability reported in studies of children with cerebral palsy. Searches in PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science were performed using the term hips combined with botulinum toxin and its various abbreviations and brand names. Reference lists and citations of the reviewed studies were also searched. Nine studies were reviewed: two randomized controlled trials plus a subsequent long-term follow-up of one of them, and six nonrandomized studies of interventions with two including comparison group(s) and four being single group pre-post studies. Hip adductors were injected in all studies with other hip muscles added in most cases. The outcome measure analyzed was the change in migration percentage defined as postinjection minus preinjection migration percentage with the recommendation of a change of ±10% indicating a true change. Only two studies reported a change exceeding this criterion. One randomized controlled trial demonstrated a 10.4% improvement in the botulinum toxin-treated group, which was statistically significantly greater than a 2.95% worsening in the comparison group. Additionally, a preliminary study of five participants found a statistically significant median change of ≥10% at two of the eight follow-up time points. Therefore, the results of most studies showed neither postinjection improvement nor worsening of this magnitude. The low level of rigorousness of the reviewed studies suggests that any of the results should be viewed cautiously.

Platens from the Past: Yugonostalgia and the UNIS-tbm Typewriter

This article explores the lost history of the Olympia Traveller and Traveller de Luxe typewriters. Designed in Germany but manufactured in a once multiethnic town called Bugojno in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of a thriving Yugoslav typewriter industry, these machines were once exported to all corners of the globe with more than ninety different keyboards. Sold throughout Yugoslavia under the brand name UNIS-tbm and UNIS-tbm de Luxe, these typewriters were also common objects in many former Yugoslav homes and have recently become ubiquitous props in a thriving culture of “Yugonostalgia.” Using Roland Barthes’s key 1957 insight about the “mythologies” that inhere in quotidian objects, this article views the typewriters as a concrete embodiment of the memory of Yugoslavia as an imagined community of “brotherhood and unity.” Using historical accounts in the Yugoslav, Bosnian, and international press, as well as expert interviews with journalists, curators, and historians, this article pieces together the backstory of a fascinating piece of Yugoslav material culture and its legacies and meanings in an ethnically homogeneous but corrupt and disappointing neoliberal present.

Assessment of Reperfusion Efficacy of Altelyse Versus Actilyse in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Non-inferiority Clinical Trial.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and fibrinolytic or thrombolytic therapy are common treatments for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is more effective than thrombolytic therapy, but fibrinolytic therapy is still a preferable option for patients with limited access to healthcare. Alteplase is a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) used to treat acute myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of Altelyse (bio-similar Alteplase, Arena Life Science Company, Tehran, IRAN) versus the brand name Actilyse® (Boehringer Ingelheim, GERMANY) in patients with STEMI. In this phase 3, double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with STEMI to receive Altelyse or Actilyse, an intravenous bolus of 15 mg followed by an infusion of 0.75 mg/kg over 30 min (with a maximum dose of 50 mg) and continued with 0.50 mg/kg over 60 min (with a maximum dose of 35 mg). The primary endpoint was total ST-segment resolution (STR) in all leads with ST-segment elevations after 90 min of receiving fibrinolytic therapy. A total of 153 STEMI patients received Actilyse (79 patients) or Altelyse (74 patients). The mean total STR in all leads with ST elevation after 90 min was -45.89 ± 32.92% and -37.11 ± 35.28% in the Altelyse and Actilyse groups, respectively (the mean difference [95% confidence interval]: -8.77 [-19.92, 2.36]; p-value for non-inferiority: 0.0004). Among patients with STEMI, Altelyse was non-inferior to Actilyse with respect to STR after 90 min. Trial Registration Number, Date: IRCT20190729044366N1, 2019-05-25.

Halal fashion insights: understanding brand dynamics in consumer perception

Purpose This study aims to investigate the intricate interrelationships between brand experience, self-congruence, brand trust, brand image and brand love within the halal fashion industry. The primary objective is to uncover the underlying dynamics that influence consumer perceptions and behaviours in this unique market context. Design/methodology/approach Using a quantitative method and purposing sampling, data were collected from 500 consumers of halal fashion brands using online questionnaires by Google Forms. Partial least square-structural equation modelling techniques were used to analyse the data and test the hypothesized relationships between the variables. Findings The findings reveal significant positive relationships between brand experience and self-congruence, brand experience and brand trust, self-congruence and brand trust and self-congruence and brand image. Furthermore, brand trust and brand image emerged as a significant predictor of brand love within the halal fashion context. Research limitations/implications The sample size and geographic scope were limited to consumers in Indonesia, which may impact the generalizability of the findings. Although fashion trends are often seen as more applicable to women, this research included both women and men to provide a comprehensive understanding of consumer behaviour. Future research should explore these constructs in diverse cultural contexts and consider gender-specific nuances to enhance generalizability and robustness. Practical implications This study offers actionable strategies for halal fashion branding. Marketers should create brand experiences aligned with Islamic values, ensure transparency in sourcing and halal certification and embrace cultural diversity in campaigns. Leveraging digital platforms and influencers can enhance engagement and foster brand loyalty. These insights provide a framework for building trust, inclusivity and long-term success in the halal fashion market. Originality/value This study offers a novel contribution by examining the relationships between brand experience, self-congruence, brand trust, brand image and brand love specifically within the halal fashion market. Unlike previous research, it focuses on how Islamic cultural and religious values influence these constructs, providing fresh insights into branding strategies in this niche sector. Theoretically, it enriches understanding of consumer behaviour in culturally specific markets, whereas practically, it offers actionable guidance for marketers to build trust and emotional connections with halal fashion consumers.

Selfie Scores: A Scoping Review of Research on Athlete Social Media Self-Presentation

This study conducts a scoping review of the literature on athlete social media self-presentation (ASMSP), aiming to map the current state of research, identify gaps, and propose directions for future studies. The review of 99 journal articles reveals a significant expansion over the past two decades, with studies exploring diverse aspects such as difference comparing across athlete groups, identity negotiations, brand building, and interactions between ASMSP and professional outcomes. Based on the syntheses, we recommend future scholars advance theoretical perspectives, examine identity negotiation among male athletes, explore diverse sport and geographical contexts, refine the measurement of athlete popularity, and move beyond descriptive patterns to explore causal relationships. By consolidating the existing body of literature, this review serves as a roadmap for future research and offers insights for practitioners to refine strategies for athlete branding.

Use of metformin in treatment of dengue fever

Dear Editor, Dengue Fever is the fastest spreading mosquito-borne viral disease globally, affecting greater than 100 million humans annually. Dengue also causes 20 to 25,000 deaths, primarily in children, and is found in more than 100 countries. Although most cases are asymptomatic, severe illness and death may occur. (1) According to the WHO, between 1st January to 27th September 2022, the National Institute of Health-Islamabad reported 25,932 confirmed dengue cases and 62 deaths nationwide (2). 74% of these cases were reported during September alone. Of these, 32% were from Sindh, 29% from Punjab (including the Islamabad Capital Territory), 25% from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (5506), and 14% from Balochistan (2). The current treatment for dengue fever doesn't involve direct medication. Instead, the focus is on symptomatic treatment. Initial steps focus on bed rest and increased fluid intake to combat dehydration caused by vomiting. In severe cases, hospitalization for supportive care becomes necessary. Patients are monitored for dehydration and electrolyte balance, platelet counts, and blood pressure, with interventions such as transfusions if needed (3). New and improved treatments for dengue are being explored worldwide. One of these emerging treatments is the efficacy of metformin in dengue treatment. A study published in 2018 showed that diabetic dengue patients who were metformin users were 33-40% less likely to develop severe dengue- according to WHO 2009 dengue criteria- than those who were not. (4) From the metformin users 28.2% progressed to severe dengue whereas from the non-metformin users 42.4% progressed to severe dengue. The same study showed that metformin users had a significantly lower instance of severe bleeding than non-users. In obese patients the enzyme Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) – Activated protein kinase (AMPK) is down regulated. Its down regulation results in the inhibition of lipid catabolism and increased de novo lipid synthesis, which are favourable conditions for viral replication and survival within host cells (5). The hypoglycaemic agent metformin –dymethybiguanide- controls glucose metabolism via activation of AMPK. Hence obese patients with dengue could benefit from it. Bearing in mind the rising cases of dengue in Pakistan, we suggest that the possibility of an improved treatment with metformin, especially in obese patients, should be explored in the country. Metformin is cheap (locally priced at 35 rupees, brand name Glucophage), easy to administer and does not have any major side effects. ---Continue

Trailblazer Tepezza for thyroid

Dear Editor, Teprotumumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF- 1R). Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on January 21st, 2020, under the brand name Tepezza, to be used as the treatment for Graves eye disease in adults based on its landmark success in the randomised double-blind clinical trials named OPTIC study. [1] A meta-analysis published in the International Journal of Clinical Practice in 2023 stated that at week 24 of treatment, Teprotumumab had been shown to significantly improve proptosis in 71.86% participants, diplopia in 73.65% of participants and decrease tissue inflammation, as measured by the clinical activity score to zero or one, thus improving the overall quality of life. [2] Even though the drug has adverse effects namely alopecia, fatigue and headache, the risk of these occurring was the same as the placebo group. Other potential side effects included nausea, dry skin and muscle spasms which were deemed mild.[3] One manageable side effect reported was hypoglycaemia, especially in individuals already diagnosed with diabetes, which could be corrected by adjusting their anti-diabetic medication. Importantly, this drug should be avoided in pregnancy due to its prospective teratogenic effects [2]. The promising statistics outweigh the risks associated with the drug and make teprotumumab a game-changer for thyroid eye disease patients. Pakistan has a 2% prevalence of hyperthyroidism, with a major (90%) contribution from Graves’ disease. [4] Although this 2% seems insignificant, yet it amounts up to 4.2 million people. Unfortunately, this drug has not reached Pakistan yet and we still resort to using conventional treatments namely lubricants and steroids despite their worrying side effects and contraindications in patients having other comorbid conditions which majority of the people of Pakistan suffer from such as diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and hepatic dysfunction. [5] The government should subsidize the use of this novel drug in TED patients by incentivizing its availability and training physicians to monitor the patients taking the infusions. The patients will need to be educated about the adverse profile and danger signs when to report their symptoms to the doctor. Teprotumumab is not just a treatment, it is a cure for most patients. Should we not switch from using the current harmful conventional drugs to the more contemporary ones with better outcomes?

Abstract IA04: Evaluating and mitigating medical misinformation risk in large language models

Abstract Background: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate medical content, yet their inherent design to follow user instructions may leave them vulnerable to producing misinformation. This risk becomes especially pronounced when LLMs generate incorrect medical information that could adversely affect human health. A propensity to comply with prompts, even when these lead to illogical or false information, highlights a critical gap in their safety, especially in high-stakes fields like healthcare. Methods: We evaluated the behavior of five LLMs—Llama3-8B, Llama3-70B, GPT4o-mini, GPT4o, and GPT-4-0613—by observing their compliance with prompts to generate misleading medical information. Specifically, the LLMs were prompted to suggest that a brand name drug was safer than its generic counterpart, a request with no basis in factual medical reasoning. We tested whether using prompt-based methods and instruction-tuning could enhance the models' ability to detect and resist generating content based on illogical premises. These safety approaches were evaluated in both medical and non-medical contexts to assess generalizability. Results: All five LLMs, despite accurately identifying the equivalence between brand and generic drugs, generated misleading medical content in response to overtly false prompts in over 50% of cases. Instruction-tuning and prompt-based techniques showed promise in reducing misinformation: models became better at detecting logical inconsistencies and were more likely to refuse requests that would result in misinformation, often providing explanations for their refusals. Furthermore, instruction-tuned LLMs showed improved safety behavior not only in medical contexts but also in non-medical domains without compromising performance on standard benchmarks. Conclusions: This study highlights a key vulnerability in LLMs: their tendency to comply with user requests even when it leads to medical misinformation. This compliance, particularly in generating content with flawed or incorrect logic, poses a significant safety issue for both individual and public health. The current safety and performance benchmarks for LLMs fail to account for this harmful behavior, underscoring an urgent need for new development approaches that prioritize logic and factual accuracy. Addressing this issue is essential to creating LLMs that are both useful and safe in medical and other high-stakes applications. Citation Format: Shan Chen, Mingye Gao, Kuleen Sasse, Thomas Hartvigsen, Brian Anthony, Lizhou Fan, Jack Gallifant, Danielle D. Bitterman. Evaluating and mitigating medical misinformation risk in large language models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Translating Targeted Therapies in Combination with Radiotherapy; 2025 Jan 26-29; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(2_Suppl):Abstract nr IA04

Evaluating and Classifying Apple Brand Names: Criteria and Trends over a Century

Globally, fruit breeders and marketers create trademarked brand names for new varieties which can be protected indefinitely, extending returns on breeding investments. Brand names help promote and differentiate fruits, acting as quality signifiers and simplifying consumer choices. This study introduces brand name evaluation criteria, identifies name classification frameworks, and audits North American and international apple names, covering plant varietal denominations and both trademarked and non-trademarked names. Key criteria for a good brand name include trademarkability, memorability (simplicity, distinctiveness, meaningfulness, sound associations, mental imagery, and emotional impact), and marketability (appropriate brand image and marketing support). Two modified frameworks were used to classify apple names. The audit revealed that the prevalence of using ‘Namesake’ names associated with ‘Real or Fictitious Persons/Places’ has significantly decreased (North America: 4.9 times since the 1920s). The use of ‘Compounding’ names has remained frequent (North America: 25% in the 2020s). Some categories have seen an increased usage as follows: ‘Product Unrelated—Metaphoric’ (North America: 17.5 times) and ‘Unusual Spellings’ (not recorded until the 1980s, recently 6%) names. Since the 1960s, the following categories have remained consistent: ‘Sensory’, ‘Product/Benefit Related’, ‘Product Unrelated—Non-Metaphoric’, and ‘Blending’ names. The findings support fruit and vegetable industries in distinguishing their products through effective brand naming.

The Ethics of Ozempic and Wegovy

Semaglutide, sold under the brand names of Ozempic, Rybelsus and Wegovy, is one of the most popular drugs on the market. Manufactured by Novo Nordisk, semaglutide is the newest in...

Morphemic Patterns of Pharmaceutical Brand Names on The Ghanaian Market

Purpose: This study aims to analyse the morphemic structures employed by pharmaceutical companies in naming medicine brand names and explore how these naming patterns reflect the brands' perceived effects on users. Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the purposive sampling technique, the researchers sampled 1,000 medicine brand names fully registered under the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) of Ghana and applied Katamba’s Lexical Morphology Theory to identify the morphemic structures used in composing these names. Findings: The analysis revealed that the medicine brand names incorporate elements such as Generic Names (GN), Dosage Forms (DF), Manufacturers’ Names (MN), Local Representatives (LR), and Zero Criteria. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the morphemic patterns of medicine brand names on the Ghanaian market are structured mono-morphemically, incorporating coinages and borrowings, as well as di-morphemically and poly-morphemically, both of which involve blending and compounding word-formation processes. Research Limitation: The paper focused on brand names that omitted generic drug information. This limitation highlights the challenges in analysing pharmaceutical brand names while acknowledging the constraints of market-based pharmaceutical research. Social Implications: These findings carry significant social implications, particularly for the Food and Drugs Authority of Ghana, by emphasising the need to scrutinise medicine brand names to ensure they do not mislead consumers or pose potential risks. Practical Implication: Regulatory authorities, such as the Food and Drugs Authority of Ghana, can use these insights to evaluate and approve medicine brand names that prioritise accuracy and public safety. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge and offers insights into the linguistic strategies used in medicine branding. It sheds light on how morphemic structures influence consumer perceptions and highlights the intersection of linguistics, public health, and regulatory practices in the pharmaceutical industry.

A Study of Translation of Brand Names from the Perspective of Skopos Theory

As an important window faced with clients and customers, brand names can display companies’ images as well as spirits and businesses. Translation of brand names is vital for companies to go international. A brilliant brand name translation can impress clients and customers and attract more customers, so as to increase the income of companies. Taking exhibitors from the canton fair as example, this research makes a classification of translation method for brand names, identifying 9 major translation methods. They are respectively Hanyu Pinyin, transliteration , literal translation , phonetic translation, semantic translation, combination of phonetic and semantic translation, renaming, abbreviation of Hanyu Pinyin, and combination of abbreviation and meaning. From the perspective of skopos theory, this research discusses conditions where certain translation methods can be applied.

Association of fully branded, standardized packaging and limited flavor and brand descriptors of e-liquids with interest in trying products among youths in Great Britain.

Many vaping products feature bright colors and novel brand names and flavor descriptors, which may appeal to youth. We measured the strength of the associations between e-liquid packaging design (branded, white standardized or white standardized limiting brand and flavor descriptors) and perceived peer interest in trying the e-liquids among youth. A between-subjects online experiment. The Action on Smoking and Health Smokefree Great Britain (GB) Youth 2021 online survey. Participants included 1628 youth aged 11-18, 51.9% female, 71.8% socioeconomic status ABC1 (the three highest Market Research Society grades). Participants were randomized to view a set of three images of e-liquids from one of three packaging conditions: (1) fully branded (control), (2) white standardized with usual brand names and flavor descriptors or (3) white standardized with coded brand names and limited flavor descriptors. Participants were asked which e-liquid they thought people their age would be most interested in trying and could select a product, 'none of these', or 'do not know'. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to test associations between selecting 'none of these' ('no interest') versus any product ('interest') or 'do not know' and packaging condition. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, vaping status and smoking status. Compared with fully branded packaging (22.7%; reference category), youth had higher odds of reporting no perceived peer interest in trying e-liquids in standardized packs with brand codes and limited flavor descriptors [30.3%, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.53-2.79], but not standardized packs with usual descriptors (23.1%, AOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.89-1.65). Youth had higher odds of reporting no perceived peer interest in e-liquids in white standardized packs with brand codes and limited flavor descriptors (30.3%, AOR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.29-2.16, P < 0.001) compared with standardized packs with usual descriptors (23.1%; reference category). Standardized e-liquid packaging that limits flavor and brand descriptors may reduce the youth appeal of e-liquids.

Tattoo ink products and pigments 2018-19 upfront the new EUREACH regulation: Danish golden benchmark Study of 108 studios and 39687 clients tattooed with inks from 109720 ink bottles.

The new EU regulation on tattoo inks in force January 2022 in a hitherto unregulated market marks a historical change. Mapping of the thousands of tattoo inks de facto used in studios before the new EU regulation and establish a historical reference to tattoo customer exposure, ink toxicology assessment, clinical complications, and the impact on tattooing businesses. A tattooist-operated electronic system (InkBase) for ink registration required by law is used in Denmark since 2018. A local database in studios refers to a central database. Clients, sessions, ink bottles, brand name, and pigment color index (CI) are registered. Person's data protection is respected. Tracing harmful inks is possible, with public warning. Registrations from 108 studios employing about 700 tattooists were collected from March 2018 through 2019. 39687 clients were tattooed in 50604 sessions, using colors from 109720 ink bottles. 10833 were CI-labelled identifying the pigment. 98.1% of inks originated from USA. Detailed statistics on inks and pigments used are provided as a benchmark showing the spontaneous use and preference of "old" tattoo inks before the EU regulation compulsory to member states introduced dramatic restrictions difficult to follow. Denmark can, having detailed ink registration enforced by law and having a commonly used electronic registration system reporting to a central server, function as an index country in future surveillance of use of tattoo inks in studios, toxicology aspects and the impact of regulatory intervention on the tattooing industry, with a large sample of data collected in 2018-19. Wordcount 249.

Association between tobacco advertising policies, health warning mandates and adolescents’ exposure to tobacco advertising and warning labels in 80 countries

BackgroundImplementation of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) bans and of health warning mandates varies by country, and their impact on adolescents’ exposure to tobacco-related messages is not well understood,...

Implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) and Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) for Work Quality Improvement

Performance measurement is needed to improve organizational performance by systematically measuring the level of performance achievement. This is done so that the company can know its position so that improvements can be made which will have an impact on increasing the productivity of the company. PT Esa Solusi Mandiri with the brand name Esaco is a consulting, training, assessment and equipment inspection agency. Esaco needs to improve its performance because the success of a company can be assessed by accurate and precise performance indicators to reflect its competitiveness. The approach used for performance measurement uses the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA). This study shows that Esaco's performance is in the average category with a score of 416.17, which indicates that the company is in the early improvement stage in the service sector.

Collaboration to transition members to preferred formulary dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor.

To describe the outcomes of a partnership between a drug plan and pharmacists to switch patients from brand name dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors to the generic alogliptin. Single-center, retrospective chart review. Clinical pharmacists contacted patients with primary care providers within the health system affiliated with the drug plan to facilitate the switch. Drug plan members with external primary care providers were sent letters communicating the formulary change without contact from the clinical pharmacist. Outcomes included the proportion of patients successfully switched to alogliptin, reasons for not switching, changes in hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), and cost savings. Initially, more than 50% of patients contacted by pharmacists agreed to switch to alogliptin; however, only 44% were successfully switched to alogliptin per prescription claims data. One patient from the group that received letters without clinical pharmacy intervention switched to alogliptin. Overall, there was no significant difference in the mean HbA 1C level for the patients switched to alogliptin. At the end of the year-long study period, only 12 of the 67 patients successfully switched to alogliptin were still taking alogliptin. Reverting to a branded product and switching to a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist were the most common reasons that alogliptin was discontinued. Cost savings to the health plan were $220,717, or $0.17 per member per month over 1 year. The use of pharmacists was beneficial in switching patients to alogliptin and yielded cost savings without compromising patient outcomes.

Ataluren, a 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole‐Containing Drug Candidate for Nonsense Mutations: Major Breakthroughs and an Up‐to‐Date Process Chemistry Review

Ataluren, a 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole‐Containing Drug Candidate for Nonsense Mutations: Major Breakthroughs and an Up‐to‐Date Process Chemistry Review

Journey of Teplizumab: A Promising Drug in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by CD4+ and CD8+ that are activated via CD3+ cells and finally lead to the macrophages destroying the beta cells in the pancreas thereby causing diabetes. The anti-CD3 humanized monoclonal antibody was approved on 17th November 2022 by the United States Food Drug Administration (USFDA) with the name teplizumab and the brand name TZIELD. This is the only approved drug that treats type 1 diabetes (T1D) by delaying the onset of stage 3 in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This review outlines essential features of teplizumab including its brief introduction to its mechanism and other therapies for the treatment and various risks as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this disease and the clinical trial reports for the completed and ongoing therapies.