Branching System Research Articles

Archaeopteris trees at high southern latitudes in the late Devonian

During the Devonian Period plants first reached forest stature, impacting chemical weathering of rocks, fluvial systems, atmospheric composition and possibly aquatic eutrophication. Hypothetically these factors contributed to increasing climatic instability culminating in the End Devonian Mass Extinction Event. Understanding the timing of the spread of forests is however a prerequisite to correlation with its proposed consequences. Though evidence for forests at low palaeolatitudes demonstrates their emergence by the mid Devonian, sparse high-palaeolatitude records almost entirely comprise herbaceous lycopods. By the Famennian forest ecosystems are widely evidenced at low palaeolatitudes, however high latitude palaeofloras are almost exclusively represented by a single locality, the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte from South Africa (approximate palaeolatitude, 70°S). Understanding climatic and ecological conditions at this locality is doubly important as it also hosts diverse vertebrate taxa, including the only high latitude Devonian tetrapods. Archaeopteris, the quintessential Late Devonian woody tree, has previously been identified at this locality on the basis of leafy branch system fragments, though some uncertainty has remained as to whether these represent tree sized organisms. Here we present co-occurring large axes, including a trunk base, attributable to Archaeopteris trees inferred to be in excess of 20 m height, the first demonstration of forest stature at high latitudes in the Devonian. This possibly reflects high latitude climatic amelioration, resultant from warm ocean currents circulating southwards in response to progressive closure of the Iapetus Sea. As such, changing continental configurations may have indirectly facilitated the spread of forest ecosystems and helped to drive climatic instability and ultimately extinctions towards the end of the Devonian.

The Place of Maritime Law in the System of Branches of Russian Law

The Place of Maritime Law in the System of Branches of Russian Law

Duality and the well-posedness of a martingale problem

For two Polish state spaces EX and EY, and an operator GX, we obtain existence and uniqueness of a GX-martingale problem provided there is a bounded continuous duality function H on EX×EY together with a dual process Y on EY which is the unique solution of a GY-martingale problem. For the corresponding solutions (Xt)t≥0 and (Yt)t≥0, duality with respect to a function H in its simplest form means that the relation Ex[H(Xt,y)]=Ey[H(x,Yt)] holds for all (x,y)∈EX×EY and t≥0. While duality is well-known to imply uniqueness of the GX-martingale problem, we give here a set of conditions under which duality also implies existence without using approximating sequences of processes of a different kind (e.g. jump processes to approximate diffusions) which is a widespread strategy for proving existence of solutions of martingale problems. Given the process (Yt)t≥0 and a duality function H, to prove existence of (Xt)t≥0 one has to show that the r.h.s. of the duality relation defines for each y a measure on EX, i.e. there are transition kernels (μt)t≥0 from EX to EX such that Ey[H(x,Yt)]=∫μt(x,dx′)H(x′,y) for all (x,y)∈EX×EY and all t≥0.As examples, we treat resampling and branching models, such as the Fleming–Viot measure-valued diffusion and its spatial counterparts (with both, discrete and continuum space), as well as branching systems, such as Feller’s branching diffusion. While our main result as well as all examples come with (locally) compact state spaces, we discuss the strategy to lift our results to genealogy-valued processes or historical processes, leading to non-compact (discrete and continuum) state spaces. Such applications will be tackled in forthcoming work based on the present article.

Influence of Anatomical Spatial Architecture of Pinus devoniana on Pressure Gradients Inferred from Coupling Three-Dimensional CT Imaging and Numerical Flow Simulations

Conifer forests in Michoacán are facing climate change. Pinus devoniana Lindley, with natural distribution in the state, has shown certain adaptability, and knowing the influence of anatomy in the flow system is essential to delimit how it contributes to safety margins and water efficiency. For this, the pressure gradients in the cell lumens and their ramifications were analyzed by numerical simulations of flow throughout the real microstructure. Xylem were evaluated in radial, tangential and longitudinal directions. With the skeletonization of lumens and their constrictions, a branching system of interconnection between tracheids, ray cells, intercellular chambers, extensions, and blind pits were identified. In the simulation, the branched system bypasses the longitudinal fluid passage through the pores in membranes of pairs of pits to redirect it through the direct path branching, contributing to safety margins and water efficiency. Thus, resilience at low pressures because of the lower pressure drop in the extensions. The interface between the branching system and the cell lumens are sites of higher pressure gradient, more conducive to water-vapor formation or air leakage in the face of the lowest pressure system. The flow lines move along easy paths, regardless of the simulated flow direction. Deposits in the cell extensions were shown to be attached to the S3 layer of the cell wall, leaving the center of the duct free to flow. It is concluded that the spatial architecture of the xylem anatomy of Pinus dvoniana is a factor in the resilience at low pressures due to high water stress of the species.

The Genetic Diversity of the Macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum in Backwaters Reflects Differences in the Hydrological Connectivity and Water Flow Rate of Habitats.

Macrophytes often live in fluvial backwaters that have a variety of hydrological connections to a main river. Since the ability of these plants to adapt to changing environments may depend on the genetic diversity of the populations, it is important to know whether it can be influenced by habitat characteristics. We examined the microsatellite polymorphism of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum from various backwaters and showed that the genetic diversity of this plant clearly reflects habitat hydrological differences. The greatest genetic variability was found in a canal system where constant water flow maintained a direct connection between the habitats and the river. In contrast, an isolated backwater on the protected side of the river had the lowest plant genetic diversity. Oxbows permanently connected to the branch system with static or flowing water, and former river branches temporarily connected to the main bed contained populations with moderately high or low genetic variability. The results demonstrate that habitat fragmentation can be a result not only of the loss of direct water contact, but also of the lack of flowing water. Adverse hydrological changes can reduce the genetic diversity of populations and thus the ability of this macrophyte to adapt to changing environments.

Central Limit Theorem and Law of Large Numbers Analogues for the Total Progeny in the Q-Processes

In this paper we are dealing with population size growth systems called Q-processes. The class of trajectories of these systems is a subset of the family of all possible trajectories of the ordinary Galton-Watson branching system, provided that they do not decay in the remote future. We observe the total progeny of a single founder-individual, generated by the reproduction law of the Q-process up to time n. By analogy with branching systems models, this variable is of great interest in studying the deep properties of the Q-process. Our main results are analogues of Central Limit Theorem and Law of Large Numbers for Sn, denoting the total progeny of a single founder-individual, generated by the reproduction law of the Q-process up to time n. We find that the total progeny as a random variable approximates the standard normal distribution function under a second moment assumption for the initial Galton-Watson system offspring law. We estimate the speed rate of this approximation. We also prove an analogue of the law of large numbers with an estimate of the approximation rate to the degenerate distribution.

The relationship between criminal and medical law in the era of cybernetic civilization

The article offers for consideration separate results of comprehensive scientific research on the relationship between criminal and medical law in the era of cybernetic civilization. Attention is focused on the issue of prospects for the formation of elements of artificial intelligence in the medical field with extrapolation and judicial proceedings regarding the criminal responsibility of medical workers. Attention is also drawn to the so-called "criminal medical cases". In the theory of criminal law, criminology and criminology, such a concept as "cases concerning professional medical offenses" is also used in relation to criminal medical cases, in the sense of intentional or negligent acts committed by medical workers in the performance of their professional duties, prohibited by criminal law under the threat of punishment . Analyzing the general issues of responsibility of medical workers for professional criminal offenses, it is proposed to consider them in two aspects of manifestation: professional medical crimes; official medical crimes. Criminal acts of medical workers, for which they are held criminally liable on general grounds, are proposed to be separated separately from the composition of medical crimes. It is shown that today one of the means of systematic resolution of legal conflicts in jurisprudence is the possibilities of achievements in the field of informatics, cybernetics for the proper management of human behavior with the use of electronic communication technologies, which is the essence of the era of cyber civilization, cybernetic society, in particular, in what determines the essence of industry artificial intelligence systems.For the qualitative creation of branch systems of artificial intelligence, legal science faces the task of properly setting tasks for the developers of such systems, taking into account the relevant regulatory and legal array, its incorporation and consolidation, including at the conceptual level. In terms of prospects for further research, it is proposed to pay attention to the problems of systemic improvement of the medical sphere of society, including for the qualitative implementation of the achievements of informatics and cybernetics, in particular through the formation of artificial intelligence. In this regard, legal science should create an appropriate array of structured, interrelated knowledge at the interdisciplinary level under the conventional name of medical and legal informatics.

Renewed Limit Theorems for Noncritical Galton–Watson Branching Systems

Renewed Limit Theorems for Noncritical Galton–Watson Branching Systems

Loss of hematopoietic progenitors heterogeneity is an adverse prognostic factor in lower-risk myelodysplastic neoplasms

Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are characterized by clonal evolution starting from the compartment of hematopoietic stem and progenitors cells (HSPCs), leading in some cases to leukemic transformation. We hypothesized that deciphering the diversity of the HSPCs compartment may allow for the early detection of an emergent sub-clone that drives disease progression. Deep analysis of HSPCs repartition by multiparametric flow cytometry revealed a strong disorder of the hematopoietic branching system in most patients at diagnosis with different phenotypic signatures closely related to specific MDS features. In two independent cohorts of 131 and 584 MDS, the HSPCs heterogeneity quantified through entropy calculation was decreased in 47% and 46% of cases, reflecting a more advanced state of the disease with deeper cytopenias, higher IPSS-R risk and accumulation of somatic mutations. We demonstrated that patients with lower-risk MDS and low CD34 + CD38+HSPCs entropy had an adverse outcome and that this parameter is as an independent predictive biomarker for progression free survival, leukemia free survival and overall survival. Analysis of HSPCs repartition at diagnosis represents therefore a very powerful tool to identify lower-risk MDS patients with a worse outcome and valuable for clinical decision-making, which could be fully integrated in the MDS diagnostic workflow.

New material of the zosterophyllopsid Gosslingia from the Lower Devonian of Guizhou, southwestern China

AbstractThe zosterophyllopsids had a widespread distribution and constituted a dominant component in many plant assemblages during the Early Devonian. Although a large number of zosterophyllopsids have been documented, knowledge about the paleogeographic distribution of different genera/species remains to be expanded by further fossil evidence. In this article, new material assigned to the genus Gosslingia Heard, 1927 and designated as Gosslingia cf. G. breconensis Heard, 1927 is described from a new locality of the Lower Devonian of Guizhou Province, China. The Guizhou material shows main axes that are pseudomonopodially branched, pseudomonopodial lateral branching systems, subaxillary tubercle branches, circinate apices, elliptical xylem strand, exarch maturation of xylem, and G-type tracheids, and exhibits considerable similarities with the type and only species of Gosslingia, Gosslingia breconensis. Our finding represents the first report of Gosslingia in the South China Block and the most convincing occurrence of this genus outside of Wales, UK. Gosslingia adds to the diversity of genera shared among the Early Devonian floras of South China, western Europe, and North America, along with Distichophytum Mägdefrau, Estinnophyton Fairon-Demaret, Zosterophyllum Penhallow, and others, and indicates that the dispersal of early vascular plants among different paleocontinents was more common than previously appreciated.

Regulatory and legal regulation of the healtcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary: general and special

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the current state of legal regulation in the healthcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary. The significance of healthcare issues has elevated them to the level of one of the most important state tasks and an internal function of the modern state. This necessitates not only the execution of effective state governance but also the formation and implementation of state policy in this sphere. The article is dedicated to the formation and implementation of state policy concerning the legal regulation of the healthcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary, which underscores its relevance.
 During the writing process, the author researched the system of legal relations and state bodies responsible for performing relevant functions and tasks in the formation and implementation of healthcare policy. It analyzes the legislative system regulating these areas and the practice of its application in both countries. The article identifies the roles and places of the Verkhovna Rada (Supreme Council) of Ukraine and the Hungarian National Assembly, as well as the Cabinets of Ministers and the executive branch systems in both countries in the realization of healthcare policy.
 Like most contemporary scientific developments in this field, the article covers problems of three scientific disciplines – medicine, management, and law. In preparing this article, the author reviewed a considerable amount of medical literature, particularly in social medicine and healthcare organization, thoroughly exploring their scientific issues in both Ukraine and Hungary. However, it aims to illuminate the issues and problems arising in this context, specifically from the legal standpoint, particularly administrative law. Therefore, the focus of this work is primarily on legal categories and concepts – the legal mechanisms for implementing state medical and health improvement programs, ensuring the constitutionally guaranteed right of individuals in Ukraine and the Fundamental Law of Hungary to medical care, healthcare, and medical insurance, particularly the guaranteed level of free qualified medical aid.

Fluctuations and moderate deviations for a catalytic Fleming–Viot branching system in nonequilibrium

We consider fluctuations and moderate deviations of the empirical fields for a catalytic Fleming–Viot branching system in nonequilibrium. We proved that for some independent initial distribution, the fluctuation process of the empirical fields is governed by an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process whose drift term is a linear operator associated with a catalyst. Furthermore, we establish the large deviation principle corresponding to the fluctuation. We develop a technique to estimate the exponential moments for the Sobolev norms of the empirical fluctuation fields via the spectrum of the Laplace operator and the exponential inequality of martingales. The estimates of the exponential moments play a crucial role in this paper.

Delivery Systems with an Electronic Element

Delivery systems with an electronic element can be classified as one of the last few decades' most modern and innovative pharmaceutical systems. Incorporating an electronic/digital element offers several advantages, such as the possibility of the precise timing of the drug released in the desired location of the gastrointestinal tract, collection of biometric data, or indisputable proof of the patient's adherence to therapy. Currently, it is possible to observe the development of the field in two main directions. The first one is using these systems in conjunction with the controlled release principle in absorption and general pharmacokinetic studies of new substances. The second direction is digital monitoring of therapy adherence. This brief overview briefly mentions the field's history, brings information about the two main branches, and states the essential systems of both branches and their use.

On the Kolmogorov constant explicit form in the theory of discrete-time stochastic branching systems

AbstractWe consider a discrete-time population growth system called the Bienaymé–Galton–Watson stochastic branching system. We deal with a noncritical case, in which the per capita offspring mean $m\neq1$ . The famous Kolmogorov theorem asserts that the expectation of the population size in the subcritical case $m<1$ on positive trajectories of the system asymptotically stabilizes and approaches ${1}/\mathcal{K}$ , where $\mathcal{K}$ is called the Kolmogorov constant. The paper is devoted to the search for an explicit expression of this constant depending on the structural parameters of the system. Our argumentation is essentially based on the basic lemma describing the asymptotic expansion of the probability-generating function of the number of individuals. We state this lemma for the noncritical case. Subsequently, we find an extended analogue of the Kolmogorov constant in the noncritical case. An important role in our discussion is also played by the asymptotic properties of transition probabilities of the Q-process and their convergence to invariant measures. Obtaining the explicit form of the extended Kolmogorov constant, we refine several limit theorems of the theory of noncritical branching systems, showing explicit leading terms in the asymptotic expansions.

Effect of Different Dates of Pinching on Growth and Yield Attributes of Chilli Pepper (Variety- Marshal) in Chitwan, Nepal

Low yield and increased use of chemical fertilizers are major problems for chilli growers in Chitwan, Nepal. An experiment to determine the effect of pinching on the vegetative and reproductive attributes of Chilli was conducted in the farmer's field to study its effect on height, branching system, and yield attributes of the plant. Seven treatments in total that were pinching at 15th, 30th, 45th, 15th & 30th,15th & 45th, 30th & 45th DAT and control with three replications were laid out in randomized complete block design in an area of 5.4 m2. A significant reduction in height by 32.70% was observed in the double-pinched plot than in the un-pinched plot. Similarly, an increase in the number of primary, secondary, and tertiary flowering branches was recorded in pinched plants as compared to controlled conditions. Pinching after the 15th & 45th DAT recorded a greater number of days to 1st flowering and 50% flowering while double pinching takes a maximum of days to flower followed by single pinching. Notably, double pinching at 15th & 30th DAT resulted in a substantial increase in the number of fruits per plant by 77.56%, average fruit weight by 27.57%, fruit length by 18.04%, and overall fruit yield by 118.65% compared to the control. While single pinching at the 15th, 30th, and 45th DAT yielded comparable results, the control treatment displayed inferior outcomes. These findings underscore the efficacy of pinching at 15th & 30th DAT as a beneficial approach to enhance the growth and yield traits of Chilli plants in Chitwan, Nepal.

The main trends in the word-formative adaptation of the latest borrowings to denote actions and states in the Ukrainian literary language of the 21 st century

At the beginning of the 21 st century, especially in its second decade, foreign units were entering to the journalistic and scientific Ukrainian language so rapidly that linguists sometimes did not have time for objective reasons to evaluate their “quality” and the appropriateness of their use. The activation of borrowings caused a certain disorder: adaptation to the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language occurs unevenly, often with hesitation in word-formative adaptation. A significant number of new adapted borrowed lexemes are not yet in normative, general or industry dictionaries. The most verb lexemes appeared primarily in the field of information technology, quite a few verb lexemes appeared in the field of business, finance, psychology, cosmetology etc. Lexemes of the foreign languages (mostly from English, less often from German, French, Italian or other languages) such as verbs and nouns were adapted in Ukrainian using verb suffixes -ува-, -изува-/-ізува-. The dynamic entry of such words into modern Ukrainian has caused a multi- tude of ways of them adaptation. It is often difficult to determine whether a verb in the Ukrai- nian language has been formed from a foreign verb or noun. This indicates the ambiguous word-formation adaptation of the analyzed verbs. The verb suffix -и- also proved to be productive in adaptation of the new borrowings. The verbs formed with it have common root corre- lates among foreign verbs and nouns. We observe hesitation in the word-formative adaptation of some verbs. It is indicates by the availability of common root variants with suffixes -ува– and -и-. Derivatives that have replenished the stock of reflexive verbs have been formed from some of the analyzed lexemes either with the help of the postfix -ся, or this postfix and the suffix -и-. Among the prefixes which found in borrowed verb lexemes, the prefix ре- is regularly used and the prefix де- is somewhat less used. In enriching the lexicon of the Ukrainian language with borrowings, there are many cases of simultaneous adaptation to modern Ukrainian of related verb structures: with a prefix and without it. Sometimes it is difficult to establish the direction of derivation. Common root lexemes could have entered modern Ukrainian directly from English or another language with a prefix or have been formed with a prefix from verbs adapted in a suffixal way. The second stage of word-formative adaptation of borrowings shows that derivatives have been formed from many verb bases adapted in modern Ukrainian using proper Ukrainian productive word-forming prefixes зà-, з-(с-), нà-, роз-, по-, про-, пере-, which express the word-formative semantics usual for them. Unmotivated, groundless oversaturation of modern Ukrainian literary language with borrowed lexemes, word-formative formants, etc., uncontrolled using of such units lead to the leveling of national features of the Ukrainian language. This problem prompts a rethinking of ways to replenish the terminological systems of various branches of science with new borrowed language units and this problem prompts to a more critical usage of criteria for adaptation of foreign lexemes. Keywords: borrowings to denote actions and states, word-formative adaptation, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb suffixes, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb prefixes, foreign languages bases.

Assessment of the concentration of toxic metals (aluminum, cadmium and manganese) in the soil and evergreen plant species at the Sastavci surface mine and its vicinity

The study aims to determine the concentration of Al+3, Cd+2 and Mn+2 in the soil and parts of evergreen plant species - juniper and white pine - at the surface mine Sastavci (Badanj) and its vicinity in order to determine the possibility of using evergreen plants as an ecological indicator or for phytoremediation. Globally, as a result of various anthropogenic activities such as traffic, agricultural activities, waste incineration, industrial production, mining, etc., it represents a serious problem leading to pollution with toxic and potentially toxic metal cations. One of the more innovative techniques used for the remediation of mining areas is phytoremediation. By applying phytoremediation, certain plant species in polluted areas have the ability to act as accumulators or hyperaccumulators, absorbing toxic metals from the soil through the plant roots and transporting them to the upper parts. This research has been conducted to determine the concentration of Al+3, Cd+2 and Mn+2 at the surface mine itself and its surroundings, as well as to monitor the distribution of metal cations in the system of roots, branches, needles, and fruits of the evergreen plant species - white pine and juniper. The results showed that the sampled soil was contaminated with Cd in zones I and II for both plant species, since the concentrations exceeded the limit values, while the concentration of Cd in zone III as well as in the control zone was below the determination limits for both plant species. The concentration of Mn in the soil from the white pine and juniper zone was above the world average in all three zones, as well as in the control zone itself. The soil was most enriched with the analyzed elements in the surface mine of zone I and zone II. According to the analysis of elements in the parts of white pine, roots, branches, needles and fruits, the highest concentration of Al was detected in the root in zone I, while the lowest concentration was recorded in the fruit (cones) in the control zone, an increased concentration of Cd was recorded in the branches in zones I and II, and the highest concentration of Mn was recorded in needles in zone II. The highest Al concentration was recorded in the juniper root in zone I and the lowest in the juniper fruit in the control zone, the Cd concentration was the highest in the juniper root zone I, and the lowest in the juniper fruit and the highest Mn concentration was recorded in the juniper needles in zone I. Based on the obtained values of the coefficient of biological absorption, it can be concluded that white pine is not suitable for phytoextraction or phytostabilization of the tested elements. The analysis of biological factors (bioconcentration, translocation and bioaccumulation factor) indicated possible usage of juniper in phytoextraction only for Cd.

ТЕХНИКА ҒЫЛЫМДАРЫ ТЕРМИНЖҮЙЕСІНІҢ ЛИНГВИСТИКАЛЫҚ СИПАТЫ

The article is devoted to the linguistic description of the terminological system of technical sciences, namely the branches of mechanics and mechanical engineering, which provided for the classification of terms of these industries in terms of type and content (structural and semantic), analysis of the process of their terminologization. In the course of the study, the ways of creating terms in the field of technology in general were highlighted, and the process of naming new concepts that have arisen in the field of science and technology was grouped by stages. The article defines the following features of the terminology of the branches of mechanics and mechanical engineering: the synthetic (morphological) method is intensively used, that is, the creation of a term using suffixes; the composition of terms created by the analytical (syntactic) method is diverse; such types of analistic (syntactic) method as word composition and word combination are often used; terms formed by word combinations, they are based on the method of structural, semantic and syntactic calculus from the Russian language; terminological names created by the lexico-semantic (conversion) method arise as a result of the expansion of the meaning of the original words of the Kazakh language through metaphorical use based on national cognition; in these dictionaries there are different types of use of variants; such uses are due to various linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Methods of selection, systematization, classification into lexico-semantic groups, structural (morphemic) analysis, description, structural-semantic grouping, component analysis, synchronous analysis, deductive and inductive analysis, linguistic interpretation, interdisciplinary comparison, comparison were used in the course of the study. The results of the article contribute to the improvement of scientific-theoretical, applied-practical and methodological foundations for the development of the terminological system of branches of technical sciences and the terminological fund of the Kazakh language as a whole, that is, the study is valuable for writing scientific research, compiling various dictionaries (registry, explanatory, etc.), compiling various methodological guidelines for terminological work, organizing courses advanced training of specialists in the branches of technical sciences, teaching staff, journalists, lectures on terminology in higher educational institutions.

Локальная предельная теорема для ветвящихся случайных систем Гальтона–Ватсона с иммиграцией и бесконечной дисперсией

The paper considers a stochastic population growth model, which is the critical Galton-Watson stochastic branching system allowing immigration. We consider the case when the mathematical expectation of the law of influx of immigrant particles and the variance of the law of reproduction of aboriginal particles have infinite values. The asymptotic properties of transition probabilities are studied in the case when the states of the system are irreversible. For this case, a local limit theorem has been established.

How searcher shoots grow and branch in mature liana mats: the case of Merremia boisiana.

The proliferation of vigorous lianas usually forms liana canopies over the crowns of host trees and liana mats on the ground of open areas or large forest gaps. While research on liana canopies has increased significantly in recent decades, our understanding of liana mats remains limited. Merremia boisiana (Convolvulaceae), a fast-growing liana, forms mature liana mats that can persist for decades, characterized by numerous upright searcher shoots that extend from the liana mats in search of supports. However, the reasons behind the proliferation of these searchers, as well as their growth and branching patterns in mature liana mats that lack support, are not well understood. We hypothesize that searchers are an inevitable phase in the growth rhythm of M. boisiana within these mature liana mats. We tested our hypothesis by tracking the lifespan and status of M. boisiana searchers during the early, middle, and late periods of the year. Our findings reveal the following: (1) M. boisiana searchers exhibit apical dominance and have a short lifespan; over 95% of searchers lost their terminal buds within two months during the early period, while it took only one month during the middle and late periods. (2) The original lateral buds of the searchers also have a limited lifespan, yet the nodes can sprout new lateral buds after the loss of their originals. (3) With the withering of terminal buds, the total number of lateral shoots decreased, while the quantity of long lateral shoots (≥ 50 cm) and their elongation rates increased. (4) Each surviving segment of a searcher typically develops one or two long lateral shoots, none of which grow into searchers. We conclude that the shoots of M. boisiana in mature liana mats periodically alternate between searchers and stolons, collectively forming a zigzag branching system. The high rate of lateral bud resprouting may facilitate the rapid recovery of mature liana mats early in the year, while the reduced lifespan of searchers and limited number of long lateral shoots represent effective strategies for M. boisiana, balancing the investment and risk associated with foraging in mature liana mats.