Branch Supplies Research Articles

Accidental Intraarterial Drug Injections via Intravascular Catheters Placed on the Dorsum of the Hand

Accidental Intraarterial Drug Injections via Intravascular Catheters Placed on the Dorsum of the Hand

The anatomy of the posterior interosseous nerve as a graft.

Thirty upper limbs from skeletally mature embalmed cadavers were studied to determine the anatomic reliability of the posterior interosseous nerve as a donor nerve graft. The posterior interosseous nerve branches 0.43 +/- 0.52 cm from the distal edge of the superficial head of the supinator and 8 +/- 1.6 cm from the lateral epicondyle form a common leash. There are 6 branches, which are arranged from the ulnar to the radial side at their origin from this leash. The first and second branches supply the extensor digitorum communis, the third branch supplies the extensor carpi ulnaris, the fourth branch supplies the extensor digiti minimi, and the fifth branch arises from the undersurface of the common leash and divides into 2 sub-branches (medial and lateral) 10.1 +/- 3.2 cm distal to the lateral epicondyle and 12.8 +/- 2.2 cm proximal to Lister's tubercle. These 2 sub-branches make an inverted V shape around the extensor pollicis longus. The medial branch supplies the extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis proprius. The lateral branch supplies the extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis and ends at the wrist capsule. At a mean distance of 8.1 +/- 1.2 cm proximal to Lister's tubercle the lateral sub-branch gives off its last muscular branch to the extensor pollicis longus and becomes a pure sensory terminus. As the terminal part of the lateral sub-branch approaches the wrist capsule it expands at a mean distance of 1.9 +/- 0.5 cm proximal to Lister's tubercle. The sixth branch arises from the radial side of the common leash and divides into 3 sub-branches. The first sub-branch supplies the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis, the second supplies the abductor pollicis longus, and the third supplies the superficial head of the supinator. This study showed that the mean length obtainable for harvesting the lateral sub-branch of the fifth branch of the posterior interosseous nerve is 6.2 +/- 0.7 cm, which represents the length of the nerve between the last muscular branch to the extensor pollicis longus to the point at which the nerve expands.

Fenestrated Oculomotor Nerve Caused by Meningioma around the cavernous Sinus: A Surgical Pitfall in Tumor Removal: Case Report

In this article, Tsutsumi et al. describe a “fenestrated oculomotor nerve” in a case of basal meningioma that led to permanent damage to the nerve. The oculomotor nerve divides into two branches, either in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus or inside the orbital apex. The upper branch supplies the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae superioris, and the inferior branch supplies the medial rectus and the inferior oblique. The “fenestration” of the oculomotor nerve may represent early branching. If so, the authors must have divided the upper portion of the nerve, judging from the postoperative recovery of only medial rectus function. When the oculomotor nerve is known to be cut at surgery, it is worthwhile to reconstruct the nerve with a short-segment nerve graft, as we have done in three patients (1). The patients do not achieve recovery of binocular function but usually achieve a good...

Impacts of buyers' order batching on the supplier's demand correlation and capacity utilization in a branching supply chain

There are several ways for a manufacturer to cope with demand uncertainty, e.g. inventories, capacity and cash. Among these, this study focuses on the second one, the capacity, especially on the problem of investing in flexible facilities and enhancing their utilization via demand management. In a supply chain, demands that an upstream firm (supplier) faces are the purchase orders from the downstream members (buyers). We analyse the impacts of buyers' order batching on the supplier's demand correlation and capacity utilization in a simple branching supply chain, where a supplier does business with two buyers whose market demands are correlated. Our results show that: (i) a supplier whofacesa smaller demand correlation coefficient (i.e. closer to-1) would invest more in flexible facilities; (ii) an increase in order lot size mitigates the correlation of purchase orders; and (iii) a supplier whose facilities are flexible would prefer frequent orders with smaller lots only when market demands are highly negatively correlated. This means that even suppliers whose facilities are flexible would rather prefer infrequent orders with larger lots in the presence of positively correlated demands. Additionally, some managerial implications are discussed.

Distribution of mineral nutrient from nodal roots of Trifolium repens: Genotypic variation in intra‐plant allocation of 32P and 45Ca

To assess genotypic variability in nutrient supply of shoot branches, the distribution of 32P and 45Ca exported from a source nodal root (24‐h uptake period) was measured within a genotype of a large‐leaved (Kopu) and a small‐leaved (Tahora) cultivar of Trifolium repens. Source‐sink relationships of plants were modified by root severance, defoliation, and shade treatments. In control plants of both genotypes distribution of 32P and 45Ca closely followed the pathways that could be predicted from the known phyllotactic constraints on the vascular system. As such there was little allocation of radioisotopes (3.1% and 2.5% of exported 32P and 45Ca, respectively) from the source root to branches on the apposite side of the parent axis (far‐side branches). However, genotypic differences in nutrient allocation were apparent, when treatments were imposed to alter intra‐plant source‐sink relationships. In the large‐leaved genotype, the imposed treatments had minor effects on the allocation to far‐side branches: whereas, in the small‐leaved genotype, root severance and defoliation treatments increased lateral transport to far‐side branches to 30% (32P) and 10% (45Ca) of exported radioisotopes. Genotypes with low (8–9) and high (12–13) numbers of vascular bundles were selected from within the large‐leaved cultivar. Distribution of 32P was then measured after plants had been pre‐treated by removal of all far‐side roots two days prior to labelling. Genotypes with low vascular bundle number allocated 20% and those with high vascular bundle number 3.2% of exported 32P to far‐side branches. It was concluded (1) that genotypic variation exists within T. repens for potential to alter intra‐plant allocation of mineral nutrients, in response to treatments that modify source‐sink relationships within plants; and (2) that this variation is correlated with differences among genotypes in the organisation of the vasculature of their stolons.

Anatomical demonstration of the nerve-supply to the flexor tendon

A dissection of four unembahned human fingers demonstrated a branch from the digital nerve which enters the flexor tendon sheath at the same place as the transverse branch of the digital artery. We conclude that this branch supplies the nerve fibres found within the vinculum.

ヒト前し骨神経の走行と分布

The anterior ethmoidal nerve (a.e.n.) was examined in 10 human adults (40-89 years old) and 5 fetuses (7 months). A.e.n. arises from the naso-ciliary++ nerve, which is the first division of the trigeminal nerve. From this point to the crista galli, a.e.ns. were observed under a dissection microscope in relation to their direction and distribution. The following results were obtained: 1) The number of a.e.n. i. The number of a.e.n. was 1 to 3 (1.45 on average) when they arose from the naso-ciliary nerve in the adults. ii. In the fetuses, the number of a.e.n. was 1 to 2 (1.1 on average). 2) The length of a.e.n. i. The length was 12.0 mm to 24.0 mm (17.3 mm on average) in the adults. ii. In the fetuses, the length was 2.0 mm to 7.0 mm (5.0 mm on average). 3) The anterior ethmoidal branch (e.b.). The anterior ethmoidal branch (e.b.) supplies the mucous membrane of the ethmoidal sinus. i. The number of e.bs. was 20 on the right side and 22 on the left in 8 adult cases. In the upper wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e.bs. was 1.0 on average. In the medial wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e.bs. was also 1.0 on average. In the lateral wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e.bs. was 0.2 on average. ii. The number of e.bs. was 3 on the right side and 2 on the left in 3 fetus cases. In the upper wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e.bs. was 0.2 on average. In the medial wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e.bs. was 0.3 on average. No e.bs. were found in the lateral wall. 4) The anterior ethmoidal foramen. The anterior ethmoidal foramen was examined to determine its positional relation to the angle of the crista galli. i. The angle was 40.0 degrees to 10.0 degrees and 30.0 degrees on average in the adults. ii. In the fetuses, the angle was 50.0 degrees to 20.0 degrees and 43.2 degrees on average.

The Cutaneous Branch of the Mylohyoid Nerve in the Crab-eating Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Cutaneous branches of the mylohyoid nerve were observed in both sides of 25 (83.3%) and in one side of 5 (16.7%) out of 30 crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The branch supply the skin and sinus hairs at the mental part. These sinus hairs seem to be the intermandibular sinus hairs according to the manner of nerve supply.

Transection of the infraorbital nerve in newborn hamsters alters the somatosensory but not the visual representation in the superior colliculus

The experiments described in this report were designed to determine whether changing the somatosensory representation in the deep laminae of the hamster's superior colliculus would result in a corresponding reorganization in the visual map in the overlying superficial layers. The somatosensory representation was altered by transecting the infraorbital (IO) nerve on the day of birth. This trigeminal branch supplies, among other targets, the snout and mystacial vibrissa follicles. These peripheral structures compose a major portion of the somatosensory representation in the deep collicular laminae. The effects of these lesions were assessed in anatomical and physiological experiments when the animals reached adulthood. Retrograde tracing with true blue demonstrated a 48% reduction in the number of trigeminocollicular neurons in the partially deafferented subnucleus interpolaris (the main source of trigeminal input to the rodent colliculus--e.g., Killackey and Erzurumlu: J. Comp. Neurol. 201:221-242, '81), but anterograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP showed that the terminal field of the trigeminocollicular projection from the deafferented subnucleus was essentially normal. This pathway terminated as a series of patches along the border between the stratum griseum intermediale and stratum album intermedium and encompassed approximately 75% of the rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus. The electrophysiological experiments revealed a marked change in somatosensory collicular topography. There was an under-representation of the vibrissae and the entire IO peripheral field in the deep laminae of the nerve-damaged animals, and neurons with trigeminal ophthalmic and mandibular receptive fields were recorded from portions of the colliculus in which only whisker-sensitive neurons would be normally isolated. There were no corresponding changes in the organization of the visual representation. These results support the conclusion that the organization of the visual representation in the superficial laminae and the organization of the somatosensory map in the deep layers of the mammalian superior colliculus follow independent developmental programs.

Peripheral and central distribution of major branches of the facial taste nerve in the carp

The major pathways of the peripheral facial taste system in the carp, Cyprinus carpio, are the maxillary (Max), mandibular (Mand), palatine (Pal) and recurrent nerve rami. The peripheral distribution of the sensory fibers of these branches (B) was determined by means of electrophysiological techniques. Max.B., Mand.B. and Pal.B., each of which arises from the gasserian-geniculate ganglionic complexes, were found to innervate respectively, the upper lip and the adjacent skin, the internal and external surface of the lower lip region, and the upper lip and the anterior palate, ipsilaterally. The recurrent nerve sends fibers mainly via dorsal and ventral branches of the posterior lateral line nerve (NPLL), and a pectoral branch of the occipito-spinal nerve. The dorsal and ventral branches of NPLL innervate respectively, the dorsal fin and the adjacent body surface, and the remainder of the body surface. The pectoral branch supplies the pectoral fin. The central connections of the above branches were also examined by using the techniques of transganglionic tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was applied to each of the branches, and its penetration of the brainstem was carefully followed. Labeled fibers were observed only in the ipsilateral region of the brainstem. When Max.B or Mand.B. was treated with HRP, labeled fibers were observed in the facial sensory root and in the descending trigeminal root. When Pal.B was treated, however, they were traced only to the facial sensory root; thus indicating that the former two branches are trigeminofacial complexes and the latter is a pure facial nerve. Labeled fibers for NPLL were found in the facial sensory root as well as in bundles projecting to the lateral line areas. The facial fibers of Max.B. and Mand.B. innervate respectively in the dorsal-intermediate portion of the rostal half of the facial lobe, and in the ventral portion of the caudal half of the lobe. Those of Pal.B. however, cover a large area of the lobe anteroposterioly except for the dorsal and ventral portions. The recurrent fibers of NPLL and the pectoral B. end in the dorsal-medial portion of the caudal half of the lobe. Thus the results of this study show that there is a topographical relation between the receptive field of the 6 peripheral nerve branches and their locus of representation in the facial lobe. Similarly, that the gustatory system through Pal.B. is represented on the facial lobe in a disproportionately large area compared to that of the other 5 branches.

Fruit Set, Herbivory, Fruit Reduction, and the Fruiting Strategy of Catalpa Speciosa (Bignoniaceae)

Catalpa speciosa regularly initiates more fruits than it matures. Most of the fruits that fail to mature are abscised from 2—5 wk after the flowering period. Catalpa speciosa has a host—specific herbivore, Ceratomia cactic (Sphingidae), which severely defoliates some branches while causing little or no damage to leaves of other branches. The pattern of fruit abscission was examined in relation to the principal herbivore. Field observations and experiments show: (1) the larger the infructescence, the higher the probability that a given fruit will abort; (2) branches that have experienced simulated herbivory have significantly more abortions than control branches;(3) if one fruit is aborted from an infructescence, the remaining fruits have a higher probability of maturing; (4) fruits accumulate <10% of their mature dry weight and total protein during the 1st 5 wk of growth and the remaining 90% in the next 4 wk (after the period of abortion). These data suggest that (1) each branch supplies the energy necessary to mature the fruits that it hears, (2) environmental stress, especially herbivory, reduces the resources available for fruit production, (3) fruit abortion is a response to limited resources, and (4) the pattern of fruit growth reduces the "cost" of abortion. The overall pattern of fruit reduction is interpreted as an adaptive trade—off between seed number and seed quality which permits the parent plant to match fruit production with available resources.

The anatomy of the so-called “articular nerves” and their relationship to facet denervation in the treatment of low-back pain

Disections of the dorsal rami of L1--5 were performed in human cadavers, and the course of the dorsal rami, their branches, and the innervation of the zygapophyseal joints in the lumbar region were specifically studied. At the L-1 through L-4 levels, the dorsal rami divide into medial and lateral branches within the intertransverse ligaments. Each medial branch runs across the root of the adjacent superior articular process. At the caudal edge of the process, the branch turns medially beneath the mammillo-accessory ligament. Beneath the mammillo-accessory ligament, medial branches occur that innervate the adjacent zygapophyseal joint, and distal zygapophyseal branches arise at the laminar level to innervate the next lower joint. The L-5 dorsal ramus runs along a groove between the ala of the sacrum and its superior articular process. A the caudal edge of the articular process, the ramus divides into medial and lateral branches, and the medial branch supplies the L5--S1 articulation.

Patterned activity of the buccal ganglion of the nudibranch mollusc Archidoris pseudoargus.

Patterned activity of the buccal ganglion of the nudibranch mollusc Archidoris pseudoargus.

Studies on the flight mechanism of insects—II. The innervation and electrical activity of the fibrillar muscles of the bumble bee, Bombus

The innervation of the fibrillar flight muscles of the bumble bee, Bombus, is shown to be arranged so that four nerve branches may be separately stimulated, each branch apparently containing only one type of axon. The A1 branch supplies all muscle fibres of both the longitudinal and dorsoventral muscles as the primary innervation. Large fast action potentials result from stimulation of this branch in all fibres. Secondary innervation is limited to the anterior fibres of the dorsoventral muscle. Thirty per cent of the fibres show a relatively large potential with obvious junctional and spike components when the B1 branch is stimulated. Ten per cent of the fibres respond with a small junctional potential to the stimulation of the A2 branch, while only a few per cent respond to stimulation of C2. These last muscle fibres, difficult to find, give a spike characterized by a rapid decay often followed by a small hyperpolarizing potential which may be due to an inhibitory axon in the C2 branch. The mechanical response to the primary innervation is a small contraction summating with multiple stimulation. The secondary innervation probably alters the action of the dorsoventral muscles on the articulation of the wings. Fibrillar muscles appear to play a more complex role in the regulation of the flight mechanism than has been previously considered.

Some principles governing the supply of blood to the myocardium in occlusive arterial disease

1. 1. A series of experiments in which colored and uncolored gelatine masses were injected into the coronary circulation is described. 2. 2. In these experiments it was demonstrated that a gelatine mass could be injected into the vessels of a single ventricular muscle. 3. 3. It was also shown that, in order to achieve laminar injection, a careful study of the pressures in the coronary system was necessary. 4. 4. Several measurements of pressures at various points in the coronary circulation were recorded. 5. 5. It is deduced that there is a dynamic balance between the fields of supply of branches of the coronary arteries. 6. 6. This principle is used to explain the method of formation and the significance of the various types of myocardial scars in arterial occlusive disease. 7. 7. The conclusions are applied in a general way to the pathologic study of occlusive arterial disease in all organs and are correlated with the clinical observations. 8. 8. Some of the prognostic problems in cases of coronary occlusion are discussed.

Further Observations on the Roentgen Diagnosis of Coronary Disease

ACCORDING to statistics taken from some of the large life insurance companies, coronary disease is one of the most common causes of death. Moreover, the incidence of death from coronary disease shows a progressive and actual rise. For example, among the industrial policy holders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, deaths from coronary disease increased 200 per cent in 1933 as compared with 1930 (1, 2). It is, therefore, obvious that every diagnostic aid must be invoked for the earlier recognition of this very common and serious affliction. In a previous communication (3) on the roentgenologic signs of coronary disease we described diagnostic criteria based upon known physiologic and pathologic changes accruing from a multiplicity of laboratory, clinical, and necropsy investigations by a large number of observers. Since then, experience gained in the study of numerous additional cases together with confirmatory observations in other clinics have strengthened the reliability of the signs and yielded additional information useful in the roentgenologic diagnosis and observation of coronary disease. Anatomical and Pathological Considerations The coronary arteries (4) arise from the aorta: the right from the anterior aortic sinus and the left from the posterior aortic sinus (Fig. 1). The right coronary artery runs between the root of the puhnonary artery and the right auricle to the coronary sulcus, in which it passes to the right, giving off an anterior ventricular branch; then, turning round the right border of the heart, is continued on its posterior surface, where it ends by anastomosing with the circumflex branch of the left coronary. The left coronary artery arises from the posterior aortic sinus and runs between the root of the pulmonary artery and the left auricle to the coronary sulcus at the upper end of the interventricular groove, where it divides into two branches: an anterior descending branch, which runs down the interventricular sulcus to the apex supplying both ventricles; a posterior circumflex branch, which turns round the left margin of the heart and continues to its inferior surface, where it ends by anastomosing with the terminal arborizations of the right coronary. The circumflex branch supplies the left margin of the heart and the posterior part of the inferior surface of the left ventricle. The left coronary artery is much more commonly involved than the right (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Interesting anatomical evidence has been produced by Whitten (10) and Boyd (5), who have both shown that thrombosis of the anterior descending branch most commonly involves the apex and the lower half of the anterior surface of the left ventricle, the anterior part of the interventricular septum and the papillary muscles of the left ventricle. The circumflex branch ranks second in incidence as the site of thrombosis.

Studies upon Secretory Activity of Glands of the Oral and Pharyngeal Mucous Membranes.

These studies were undertaken to extend our very limited knowledge relating to the secretory activity of the small mucous and serous glands of the oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes. I have been unable to discover any adequate description of the nerve, supply to the various groups of these glands. Therefore, to confirm and to amplify the fragmentary reports of previous workers I determined what nerves carry such secretory fibers by directly stimulating the nerve trunks in 12 anesthetized dogs. I found the innervation to be a dual one through both the sympathetic and cranial autonomic systems, as has been described. Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk in the neck caused secretion homolaterally over all of the gland bearing areas of the oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes. The maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve sends a branch to the orbital gland, and through its spleno-palatine branches supplies the glands of the hard palate, the soft palate, the tonsils, the pillars of the fauces, and the nasopharynx. Of the mandibular division of the fifth cranial nerve, the buccinator branch innervates the orbital gland and the glands of the cheek and lower lip. The lingual branch supplies the glands of the floor of the mouth. Secretory fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve reach the glands at the base of the tongue and the posterior fourth of the side of the tongue, the hard and soft palates, the tonsil, the pillars of the fauces, and the nasopharynx. The vagus sends fibers to the nasopharyngeal and epiglottic glands, and to the glands at the base of the tongue over a small area near the middle line. I believe these small glands do not secrete continuously, but only reflexly in response to an adequate stimulus as is the case for the salivary glands. Studies upon 5 intact, unanesthetized dogs and 4 human subjects have shown that the glands of easily observed areas, namely, the dog's lower lip and cheek and the human lips and palate, are reflexly excited by a large number of different stimuli, among which are pressure upon the tongue or palate, licking and swallowing movements, the odors of acetic acid, ammonia, and ether, and the taste of salt, sugar, hydrochloric and acetic acids, and magnesium sulphate.

CLINICAL NOTES UPON SPASMODIC TORTICOLIS; WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TREATMENT.

Torticollis (wryneck) is due to a spasmodic condition of the cervical muscles, chiefly those supplied by the spinal accessory nerves. The name is derived from two Latin words,tortus, twisted, andcollum, neck. The termstic rotatoire, Nickrampf, etc., are used as expressive of the spasm, muscles affected, tenacity, etc. This abnormal contraction of the cervical muscles is directly the result of irritation of the external cervical branch of the spinal accessory nerve, which having two different origins, a spinal and cerebral, has two distinct functions. The spinal or motor branch supplies the motor power to the sterno-cleido-mastoid and trapezius muscles, and communicates with the first, second, third, and fourth cervical nerves, its roots being traced between the anterior and posterior roots of the first five cervical nerves. As we have seen, wryneck proper is an affection of the sterno-cleido-mastoid and trapezius muscles, but in cases of long standing and