Branching Pattern Of Axillary Artery Research Articles

A study of variations in branching pattern of axillary artery in cadavers

The knowledge of variable branching pattern of Axillary artery is needed for vascular surgeons, onco surgeons, anaesthesiologists, orthopedic surgeons and radiologists due to increased use of invasive diagnostic, interventional procedures. The aim was to study the variable branching pattern of Axillary artey in cadavers. 15 cadavers (30 upper limbs) - 12 male and 3 female embalmed with 10% formalin were dissected for this study. Variable branching pattern was observed in 6.6% of the cases on right side and 6.6% of the cases on left side in first part of axillary artery, 40% of the cases on right side and 53.3% of the cases on left side in second part and 53.3% of the cases on right side and 26.6% of the cases on left side in third part. The anatomical knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of the Axillary artery is of importance for anatomists, surgeons, radiologists and clinicians during various interventional, diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical procedures on pectoral and axillary regions.

BILATERAL VARIATION IN THE BRANCHING PATTERN OF THE AXILLARY ARTERY - A CASE REPORT

During routine dissection of a male cadaver for I year MBBS students in the department of Anatomy bilateral variations in the branching pattern of Axillary artery were observed. In the present study it was observed that, on the left side, the subscapular artery which usually arises from the third part of Axillary artery was found to be originating from the second part along with the lateral thoracic artery and thoraco-acromial artery whereas anterior circumflex humeral artery and posterior circumflex humeral artery originated from the third part as usual. On the right side, the circumflex scapular artery and the Thoracodorsal artery were arising as a common trunk from the third part which is not the usual pattern. Knowing such variations is of utmost significance in performing various clinical procedures by Vascular surgeons, Radiologists, Clinical anatomists and in interventional and diagnostic procedures in cardiovascular diseases.

Variations in the Axillary Artery Branching Pattern

Variations in axillary artery branching pattern can lead to iatrogenic injuries during invasive procedures. Knowledge of the same is critical to prevent such events. Multiple bilateral variations were observed in the branching pattern of axillary artery. These variations were noted in a female cadaver, during routine undergraduate dissection in September 2019 in Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. On the left side, an anomalous branch running with the medial pectoral nerve was found. A common stem arising from the 2nd part of left axillary artery divided to give the lateral thoracic artery, the subscapular artery and an alar artery. Another alar branch arose from the left subscapular artery before it bifurcated into thoraco-dorsal and circumflex scapular arteries. The right axillary artery gave an aberrant branch proximal to the lateral thoracic artery. A common trunk arising from the 2nd part of right axillary branched out to give the posterior circumflex humeral artery, the subscapular artery and an alar artery. The brachial artery divided 13.5 cm proximal to the intercondylar line of humerus on the left and 14.4 cm on the right side. On both sides, the ulnar artery arose proximally and the radial and common inter-osseous arteries continued as a common trunk and divided distally. This case study reports multiple bilateral axillary artery anomalies and complements to the existing knowledge of vascular anomalies. Comprehensive knowledge of these variations is essential from anatomical, radiological and surgical point of view. During surgeries involving axillary and pectoral group of lymph nodes, such variations should be kept in mind.

An unusual branching pattern of the axillary artery

Variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery are frequently found. Knowledge about the variations in the branching pattern of Axillary artery is important for surgeons to avoid intraoperative injuries in axilla. An unusual unilateral variation in branching pattern of axillary artery was found during routine undergraduate dissection in Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata. Variation consist of origin of a common arterial trunk from the 2nd part of axillary artery which was giving rise to 4 branches namely, Anterior & Posterior circumflex humeral artery, Arteria profunda brachii and superior ulnar collateral artery, rest of the branches were as usual.

Variation in the branching pattern of axillary artery

Variation in the branching pattern of axillary artery

A rare variation in the branching pattern of axillary artery

An unusual variation of the axillary artery was reported in the right side of a 63-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection classes. It was observed that the first part of the axillary artery gave origin to the superior thoracic artery as usual and the second part gave thoracoacromial artery, which showed the normal course and branching pattern. In addition to this branch, the second part also gave a large common trunk from which lateral thoracic artery and subscapular artery arose. The subscapular artery was divided into circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal arteries. The circumflex scapular artery after passing through the upper triangular space of axilla emerged out near the lateral border of scapula on the posterior aspect. The thoracodorsal artery was seen as continuation of the subscapular artery after giving the branch circumflex scapular artery, lies posterior to the lateral thoracic artery. It gave muscular branches to teres major and serratus anterior. The third part of the axillary artery gave anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery only. The detailed knowledge about anatomy of normal as well as variant axillary artery is very helpful to clinicians in operative and invasive procedures around pectoral and axillary regions, especially in the field of vascular surgeries. This is also useful to radiologists in different Doppler and contrast imaging study of the vessels.

Clinically Significant Variation in the Branching Pattern of the Human Axillary Artery – A Case Report

Axillary artery begins at the outer border of the rib, divides into 3 parts by the pectoralis major muscle. Though anomalies in the origin, course and branching pattern is not frequent with axillary artery, previous research reports shows different types of anomalies in it. We observed an unusual unilateral variation in a 55 year old male cadaver, during routine dissection, in the branching pattern of the axillary artery. The variation reported in this study is in the second part of the axillary artery where the lateral thoracic and subscapular artery arises from the common trunk which arises at the junction between the second and third part of the axillary artery. Rest of the branching pattern are standard as explained in the gross anatomy text books. As there is a high rate of rupture and damage to the axillary artery during the surgical interventions, the orientation of the axillary artery and its branches is vital for efficient clinical practice. Thus the sound knowledge about the normal, its variation is prerequisite for the clinicians [surgeon, radiologist, orthopedician, anaesthesiologist and clinical anatomist] for accurate diagnosis and surgical intervention. Keyword: Axillary artery, common trunk, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery.

A Case Report on Alar Thoracic Artery Seen in a Cadaver of a Medical College of Coastal Andhra Pradesh

Alar thoracic artery is rare branch arises from second part of axillary artery and supplies the axillary fat& axillary lymph nodes. As it is a rare branch there will be always risk of post operative bleeding if the artery not identified and ligated properly during operations. During our routine dissection we found this rare branch in a 57 year male cadaver. Knowledge of this rare branching pattern of axillary artery in axillary region will help surgeons before planning for any surgeries in axillary region, and also helpful for anesthetist's before giving brachial blocks during amputation of upper limb

Anatomic Variations in Branching Patterns of the Axillary Artery: A Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography Angiography Study

Anatomic variations in branching pattern of axillary artery (AxA) are common and typically involve subscapular artery (SsA) and posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA). Several skin and muscle flaps are based on the branches of AxA. Furthermore, these branches are frequently used as recipient vessels in functioning free muscle transfers for upper extremity reconstruction and in breast reconstruction. Accurate knowledge of the normal anatomy and variations in branching pattern of AxA is of significant clinical importance for the reconstructive microsurgeon. The purpose of this article is to report the variable branching pattern of AxA based on multidetector-row computed tomography angiography study of 62 upper extremities. The thoracoacromial artery consistently originated from the first or second part of AxA. The classic origin and branching patterns of SsA and PCHA were observed in 21 cases (33.9%). Anatomic variations of SsA and PCHA were observed in 41 upper extremities (66.1%). In addition to the classic pattern, five distinct variations were noted.

A Typical Branching Pattern of Axillary Artery in a South Indian Cadaver ? A Case Report

Knowledge of vascular variations, especially arterial variations, is very important for surgeons, radiologists and to certain extent to the other clinicians. Awareness of the possible variations will reduce the risk of complications like bleeding during surgical procedures. Occasionally these anatomical variations of arteries may result in erroneous interpretation of angiograms by radiologists. Sometimes these variations may become advantageous for the plastic surgeons in preparation of pedicle grafts. Hence we report a rare variation of high origin of superficial brachial artery from the second part of axillary artery. Superficial brachial artery continued as the main brachial artery in the arm, and terminated as radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa. However the radial artery was much narrower in diameter.

Unusual branching pattern of axillary artery associated with the high origin of ulnar artery

Axillary artery is a continuation of subclavian artery, extending from the outer border of first rib to the lower border of teres major muscle. During routine dissection for the undergraduate medical students, a rare variations was seen in an approximately 55-year-old male cadaver. This case showed a variation in branching pattern of right axillary and subscapular arteries. The subscapular artery originated from 2nd part of axillary artery, gave origin to posterior circumflex humeral and lateral thoracic arteries in addition to its normal branches. The ulnar artery originated from the 3rd part of the axillary artery, just above the lower border of teres major muscle. The variant ulnar artery passed deep to the median cubital vein, bicipital aponeurosis, and tendon of palmaris longus muscle. Then, it passed superficial to flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and flexor retinaculum to enter the palm. In the palm, it formed the superficial palmar arch. This variant ulnar artery was much smaller in caliber than the radial artery.

Clumping Of Branches of Axillary Artery-A Case Study

The increasing use of invasive diagnostic and interventional procedures in cardiovascular diseases makes it important to study the vascular variations of upper limb. Awareness of the possible variations will reduce the risk of complications like bleeding during surgical procedures. .Axillary artery is the continuation of subclavian artery, at the outer border of the first rib and from the lower border of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. During its course it is divided into 3 parts by pectoralis minor muscle. Usually 6 branches arise from different parts of the artery .The present study was carried out in 30 cadavers (10 females and 20males)of the department of anatomy v.s.s medical college, burla and all the branches of axillary artery were studied. There are many reports showing variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery. However, in our study some unusual variations were found.

A communicating artery between axillary and radial artery - a case report

AbstractVariations in the branching pattern of axillary artery have been observed quite frequently. In a male cadaver aged around 45 years allotted for undergraduate dissection a communicating artery between axillary and radial artery was found on the right side during routine dissection. Such arterial variations are important for clinicians in angiographic examinations, removes ambiguity during diagnostic interventions and surgical procedures. Thereby it ensures competency and reduces complications in cardiac catheterization, pedicle flaps, arterial grafting etc.

Variations in branching pattern of the axillary artery: a study in 40 human cadavers

BACKGROUND: Variations in the branching pattern of the axillary artery are a rule rather than an exception. The knowledge of these variations is of anatomical, radiological, and surgical interest to explain unexpected clinical signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The large percentage of variations in branching pattern of axillary artery is making it worthwhile to take any anomaly into consideration. The type and frequency of these vascular variations should be well understood and documented, as increasing performance of coronary artery bypass surgery and other cardiovascular surgical procedures. The objective of this study is to observe variations in axillary artery branches in human cadavers. METHODS: We dissected 80 limbs of 40 human adult embalmed cadavers of Asian origin and we have studied the branching patterns of the axillary artery. RESULTS: We found variations in branching pattern of axillary artery in 62.5% of the limbs. Anatomical variations included: origin of lateral thoracic artery from the subscapular artery; absent thoracoacromial trunk and all its branches arose directly from the second part of the axillary artery; division of thoracoacromial trunk into deltoacromial and clavipectoral trunks, which were divided into all branches of thoracoacromial trunk; origin of subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral and profunda brachii arteries from a common trunk from the third part of the axillary artery; and origin of posterior circumflex humeral artery from brachial artery in addition to third part of the axillary artery. CONCLUSIONS: The study was carried out to show important variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery, in order to orient the surgeons performing angiography, coronary bypass, and flaps in reconstructive surgeries.

Variant Branching Pattern of Axillary Artery: A Case Report

During routine dissection of an approximately 50-year-old male cadaver for the undergraduate medical students at Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, we came across a variation in branching pattern of right axillary artery. The second part of axillary artery gave rise to a common trunk which divided into the subscapular and lateral thoracic arteries. The third part of right axillary artery gave rise to anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. Variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery are important for the surgeons performing interventional or diagnostic procedures in cardiovascular diseases.

Anatomical Study of Axillary Artery Variation.

Background: The axillary artery is a direct continuation of the subclavian artery. The axillary artery is usually described as giving off six branches. The first part gives superior thoracic artery. The second part gives lateral thoracic (LT) and thoracoacromial(TAC) arteries. The third part gives three, subscapular(SS), anterior circumflex humeral(ACH)and posterior circumflex humeral(PCH) arteries. Anatomical variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery are quiet common and typically include the subscapular artery(SS), lateral thoracic artery(LT) and the posterior circumflex humeral artery(PCH). The variation of the axillary artery branching pattern has anatomical as well as clinical and surgical relevance given the proximity to the shoulder joint and humerus.Patients & Method: Bilateral axilla dissection was conducted on 26 embalmed axillae (13 cadavers) to allow examination of the axillary artery and its branches. The study was carried out in Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine.Results: The classical branching pattern of the LT originating from the axillary artery posterior to the pectoralis minor muscle and the SS producing the circumflex scapular (CS) artery and thoracodorsal(TD) occurred in 77%. The SS was observed originating from the LT 7% of the time. The LT was observed originating from the SS 5% of the time. The LT was observed producing the circumflex scapular artery and TD in the absence of SS 2.5% of the time. The PCH originated from four different sources, from the third part of axillary artery as is classically described in 77%. From the SS 11%. From deep brachial artery DB 9% and from LT 2%.Conclusion: Vascular variation in the axillary artery and its branches is quiet common , This variation should be considered seriously as will implicate risk of bleeding during surgery in the axilla and also the difficulty in interpretation of the angiography after axillary catheterization.

An Unusual Branching Pattern of the Axillary Artery

During routine dissection of a female cadaver, an unusual branching pattern of right axillary artery was observed. It was seen that second part of axillary artery gave only one branch i.e. the thoracoacromial artery. While its third part gave two branches namely, the anterior circumflex humeral and subscapular. The subscapular artery (with its usual branches) also gave origin to the lateral thoracic and the posterior circumflex humeral branch. It furthur continued as brachial artery from which arose anterior and posterior descending (radial collateral) arteries (branches of profunda), which coursed through the lower triangular space along with the radial nerve.Grant Funding Source: University