Location Of Branches Research Articles

The Arterial Risk Posed by the Posterolateral Approach to the Ankle: An Anatomical Cadaveric Observational Study

Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: The most commonly used approach for posterior malleolar access is the posterolateral approach. This approach gives good access to the fibula and lateral aspect of the posterior tibia, however; there is little known on the vascular risks with this approach. Methods: The aim of this study was to assess and describe the anatomy of the peroneal artery and its branches at the ankle region. Methodology: Eleven cadaveric foot and ankle specimens were dissected in layers, preserving the peroneal artery, anterior tibial artery (ATA) and posterior tibial artery (PTA). Results: The peroneal artery was consistently found between the peroneal compartment and deep muscular compartment of the posterior leg. A wide range of anatomical variation was found in the peroneal artery, in its location, muscular branches, anastomosis and anterior perforating branch. The peroneal artery was the largest diameter artery in one specimen. There was great variation in number and location of muscular branches. The mean proximal distance between the medial malleolus and the posterior communicating branch of the peroneal artery was 37.93mm (range: 19.03- 85.43mm). The mean proximal distance from the medial malleolus to the anterior peroneal perforating artery was 44.23mm (range:35.44-62.32mm). Distal to the anterior perforating branch of the peroneal artery, the peroneal artery was immobile. Conclusion: Understanding the common variations within the ankle’s arterial anatomy can help surgeons protect these vessels from damage during the surgical approach. The posterolateral surgical approach, specifically puts the peroneal artery at risk and knowledge of its anatomy and variability is important when undertaking this approach.

Base of the Third Metacarpal as a Palpable and Reliable Landmark for Identifying the Median Nerve’s Thenar Branch

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the base of the third metacarpal can predict the location of the thenar branch (TB) of the median nerve and the accuracy of palpating the base of the third metacarpal. In 15 patients with ulnar nerve lesions around the elbow, we transferred the opponens motor branch to repair the deep terminal division of the ulnar nerve (DTDUN). Before surgery, we located the TB by palpating the base of the third metacarpal volarly. During surgery, we placed three needles at the following places: one at the entrance of the TB into the abductor pollicis brevis, another at the point where the TB contacted the thenar muscles, and third at the DTDUN's trajectory over the third metacarpal. We obtained fluoroscopic images and measured distances between the needles and structures with image software. We also examined the relationship between the TB, DTDUN, and the volar tubercle of the base of the third metacarpal in cadaver hands. Finally, we invited 22 surgeons to palpate the base of the third metacarpal on volunteer hands and verified their accuracy using fluoroscopy. During surgery, after dissection and palpation of the TB, under fluoroscopy, we confirmed that the palpable bone prominence was the base of the third metacarpal. In cadaver dissections, we observed the TB crossing the volar tubercle of the base of the third metacarpal superficially from proximal to distal and from ulnar to radial. The DTDUN was, on average, 14 mm distal to the base of the third metacarpal distal limit. In total, 19 of the 22 surgeons correctly identified the base of the third metacarpal and consequently the trajectory of the TB. The palpable base of the third metacarpal can be used to determine the trajectory of both the TB and DTDUN. Diagnostic II.

Anatomical principles of ankle denervation – An update

BackgroundDenervation is a surgical option in ankle arthrosis when conservative therapy has failed. Sectioning all joint branches is essential for its success. The locations of the articular branches of the saphenous (Sa), tibial (Ti), sural (Su), superficial (Ps) and deep peroneal (Pp) nerves are specified. MethodsIn 16 cryopreserved specimens, the courses of the nerves were prepared. Their articular branches were identified, and their respective locations documented by using a new reference system. ResultsThe articular branches to the ankle ranged from 5 to 30 cm measured from the foot sole. The Sa should be transected at 22.5 cm, the Su at 20 cm, and the Pp at 15 cm. The Ti should be skeletonized up to 25 cm. Epifascial dissection of the Ps is to be performed below 15 cm. ConclusionThe study specifies the joint branches of the ankle in an intraoperatively reproducible reference system and thus minimizes the required skin incisions.

Perancangan Usaha Pembukaan Cabang Baru pada Rumah Makan

This study aims to determine the estimated market demand at branch locations by calculating using forecasting methods. This calculation is estimated for the next five years. On the technical and operational aspects, the calculation of operational costs and investment costs is carried out as well as determining the location for the opening of the Sop Buntut Cut Meutia business branch. On the financial aspect, the investment is calculated whether it is feasible or not. The determinant of a business is said to be feasible if it has an NPV value > 0, IRR > MARR. The results showed that the results of the design of the oxtail soup branch opening business obtained an NPV value of IDR 252,216,017 with an IRR value of 29.64% and a MARR value of 8.25%. In conclusion, the business plan to open a new branch in the cut meutia oxtail soup business is considered feasible.
 
 Keywords: IRR, NPV, PBP, Business Design, Business Feasibility Study

Competition between arm’s length and relational lenders: Who wins the contest?

Using geo-coded data with the location of bank branches and borrowers, we study the effect of bank competition on lending. The impact of competition depends on the incumbent’s and the entrant’s lending technologies. The addition of a relational lenders’ branch increases the probability of exit of and reduces the size of loans issued by all types of incumbents, while the opening of a branch by an arm’s length lender only affects the probability of exit from arm’s length incumbents. We believe relational lenders can compete more effectively by extracting and using private information unavailable to arm’s length entrants.

Does bank competition curb corporate pollution emissions? Evidence from the geographical location of bank branches.

This study interprets enterprise pollution reduction from the perspective of the financial market. Using data on Chinese industrial enterprises, this paper tests the impacts of bank competition on enterprise pollution emissions. The findings show that bank competition has a significant total effect and technique effect on pollutant reduction. Bank competition reduces pollutant emissions by easing financing constraints, increasing the implementation of internal pollution control, and improving the efficiency of bank credit resource allocation. Further research shows that both bank type and bank branch level could moderate the pollution reduction effects and such effects vary a lot under different environmental regulation intensities. We expand the relevant literature on the economic consequences of banking competition and have certain theoretical and practical reference significance for the future reform of the banking industry.

Selection of new branch location with SWARA, ARAS and WASPAS methods: An example of a cargo company in the logistics sector

Kuruluş yeri işletmelerin temel faaliyetlerini, ekonomik hayatlarını sürdürdükleri yerdir. Kuruluş yeri seçimi, maliyetli ve telafisi uzun zaman aldığından doğru seçim yapmak işletmeler için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Kargo işletmelerinde de kuruluş yeri seçimi kararı piyasadaki rekabet üstünlüğü ve işletme verimliliğini etkileyen önemli faaliyetlerden biridir. İşletmelerin “yaşam alanı” olarak adlandırılan kuruluş yeri seçimine karar verilirken çeşitli sayısal yöntemlerden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile ÇKKV (Çok Kriterli Karar Verme) tekniklerinden SWARA (Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) yöntemiyle şube yeri seçiminde kriter önem ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) ve ARAS (Additive Ratio Assessment) yöntemleri karşılaştırmalı kullanılarak işletme için en uygun yerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Önerilen model kapsamında, 5 ana kriter ve 15 alt kriter olmak üzere toplam 20 kriter belirlenmiş ve 3 yer alternatifi sunulmuştur. Seçilen konu ve önerilen yaklaşım ile ilgili literatürde sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmasından dolayı, bu çalışmanın konusu ve uygulamasıyla diğer çalışmalara yardımcı olması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma bulgularına göre, en önemli kriterin “Konum” ve işletmenin yeni şubesi için en uygun alternatifin her iki yöntemde de “Esenyurt” olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Methods for power line communication carrier equipment identity authentication and wiretapping equipment locating considering physical layer characteristics

Power line communication (PLC) faces a wide range of illegal device access, wiretapping and data tampering. To ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data information, protection technologies based on data encryption and identity authentication are widely used. As one of the defense methods against wiretapping attacks, this paper takes into account the characteristics of the physical layer channel, and proposes a method for locating PLC wire-tapping equipment. First, the physical layer channel characteristics are extracted based on the communication protocol as the device fingerprint. Then the collected fingerprints are compared with the fingerprint library for device identity authentication. And when the identity authentication fails, a branch location method for wiretapping devices based on fingerprint transfer vectors is further proposed. Finally, by modeling the PLC channel and simulating eavesdropping scenarios, it is verified that the proposed method has a high accuracy rate of wiretapping equipment locating.

Hyperselective neurectomy of thoracodorsal nerve for treatment of the shoulder spasticity: anatomical study and preliminary clinical results.

Hyperselective neurectomy is a reliable treatment for spasticity. This research was designed to quantify the surgical parameters of hyperselective neurectomy of thoracodorsal nerve for shoulder spasticity through anatomical studies, as well as to retrospectively assess patients who underwent this procedure to provide an objective basis for clinical practice. On nine embalmed adult cadavers (18 shoulders), we dissected and observed the branching patterns of thoracodorsal nerve, counted the number of nerve branches, measured the distribution of branch origin point, and determined the length of the surgical incision. Next, we selected five patients who underwent this procedure for shoulder spasticity and retrospectively evaluated (ethic committee: 2022-37) their shoulder function with active/passive range of motion (AROM/PROM) and modified Ashworth scale (MAS). The anatomical study revealed that the main trunk of thoracodorsal nerve sends out one to three medial branches, with the pattern of only one medial branch being the most common (61.1%); there were significant variations in the branch numbers and nerve distributions; the location of thoracodorsal nerve branches' entry points into the muscle varied from 27.2 to 67.8% of the length of the arm. Clinical follow-up data showed significant improvement in shoulder mobility in all patients. AROM of shoulder abduction increased by 39.4° and PROM increased by 64.2° (P < 0.05). AROM and PROM of shoulder flexion increased by 36.6° and 54.4°, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, the MAS of shoulder abduction (1.8) and flexion (1.2) was both significantly reduced in all patients (P < 0.05). Hyperselective neurectomy of thoracodorsal nerve is effective and stable in the treatment of shoulder spasticity. Intraoperative attention is required to the numbers of the medial branch of thoracodorsal nerve. We recommend an incision in the mid-axillary line that extends from 25 to 70% of the arm length to fully expose each branch.

Midwest Ecological Study Outlined the Neighbourhood Literacy Environment and the Inequitable Access Children Have to Books in Public Library Branches

A Review of: Crosh, C., Hutton, J., Szumlas, G., Xu, Y., Beck, A., &amp; Riley, C. (2022). Inequities in public library branch access and children’s book circulation in a Midwestern American city. The International Journal of Information, Diversity, &amp; Inclusion (IJIDI), 6(3), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.33137/ijidi.v6i4.38127 Objective – To explore the impact of the neighbourhood literacy environment (NLE) by examining associations between public library locations, book circulation rates, and neighbourhood racial composition. Design – An ecological study using aggregated data sources. Setting – Forty selected neighbourhood public libraries in the state of Ohio, United States of America. Subjects – Analysis of (1) existing circulation statistics from January 2014 to December 2018 for the neighbourhoods of Cincinnati and Hamilton Public Libraries; and (2) the American Community Survey (ACS) data from 2018. Methods – Among the key components studied for the population was the NLE, which the authors defined as access to literacy materials in a neighbourhood. The data the authors examined for the targeted populations were race, age, poverty level, and library location. The two groups of variables computed were: (1) the connection between circulation rates of children’s books and child poverty; (2) the connection between circulation statistics and the proportion of people who self-identify as Black in the neighbourhood. Additionally, the researchers used the Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient (rs) to measure the relationships between the correlating variables within each neighbourhood library branch – number of books circulated per child; the census data of children who self-identified as Black; and the children who were designated as 20% below the federal poverty level (FPL). The Chi-square test was used to calculate associations between access to a library branch and child poverty in each neighborhood. In this study, the researchers only looked at the associations between variables at an aggregate level. The authors defined the terms they used in the study: (1) children were ages 0-18 years; (2) children’s books were literature intended for an audience from 0-18 years old; (3) the definition of poverty was taken from the U.S. Census and classified as neighborhoods with 20% of children below the FPL. Main Results – There were 40 library branches that served 81 neighbourhoods, of which there was only a 38% distribution in the high-poverty areas, compared with 58% for the low. Approximately 24 million books were circulated during the 5-year period of 2014 -2018. The median circulation rate per child at the neighbourhood level was 22 books. The results showed steep variations in circulation rates per child across branch locations; the numbers range from 3 to 98 books per child across neighborhoods. The authors indicated that the increases and decreases in the circulation rates were tied to branch location and the area’s socioeconomic status. The primary finding of the data analyzed was a negative correlation between the population identified as Black/African American and lower circulation rates in poorer neighbourhoods. Limitations identified by the authors were (1) the allocation of literacy resources per branch was unknown; (2) the in-library book user statistics in high-poverty neighbourhoods may not be accurately documented; (3) the precise allocations for literacy funds and the use of in-library resources for developing literacy skills need further study. Conclusion – The authors noted that race, economic status, and proximity to public libraries were pertinent factors in understanding inequitable access to books for children in the neighbourhoods studied. The NLE was an important dynamic beyond the home; the availability of books and engagement with them were contributing factors to the development of literacy skills. The associations observed between the variables indicated that improving the NLE matters and libraries must mindfully work to alleviate the disproportionately lower levels of access to books and their unfavorable outcome for children in low-income areas.

Odisha's Financial Inclusion: A District-by-district Analysis

The benefits of development are restricted to a tiny segment of the population unless growth is inclusive. If the common Indian wants to benefit from numerous government measures, financial inclusion is crucial. The government's emphasis has switched in recent years from promoting Fantastic India to creating Inclusive India. The study makes an effort to take a comprehensive look at the level of financial inclusion across all of Odisha's districts. In the current study, two variables—the number of branches and the number of bank accounts—are used to analyse the financial inclusion of Odisha at the district level for the years 2010 to 2020. The variables selected capture, at least generally, the distribution of the banking industry and, consequently, the degree of inclusion or absence. While a deposit account demonstrates the use and accessibility of banking, the distribution of branch locations indicates the depth of financial penetration. The Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI), a composite index, is then created by building individual indices for each component. For comparison, this is done for the years 2010 through 2020. The study makes it possible to classify the entire sample area into financial districts of various levels, including advanced, medium, and poor. There is no indication of a tendency for the discrepancy between districts with regard to financial inclusion to be decreasing, according to an econometric analysis of financial inclusion among districts over the research period. There is some hope in the new approach.

Descriptive Anatomical Variant of The Superficial Temporal Artery in Temporoparietal Fascia Flap in Microtia Reconstruction

Introduction: Single-stage microtia auricular reconstruction is becoming more relevant. The determining factor is a temporoparietal fascia flap (TPF) with both branches of the superficial temporal artery (STA). There are not many studies regarding vascular branching and their relation with the frontal branch of the facial nerve, hence our study Materials and Methods: Anatomical study on TPF flap harvested during single-stage endoscopic assisted microtia auricular reconstruction from May 2018 to July 2021. Flaps were observed under microscope. Variables (vascular size, number of frontal/parietal branches, distance from branching location to estimated external ear canal, distance from frontal artery to projected course of facial nerve’s frontal branch etc.) and demographic information were obtained Results: Fifty-five flaps from 54 patients were included into the study. 50/55 (90,9%) had parietal branch and 55/55 (100%) had frontal branch with mean diameter of 0.98 and 0.91 mm respectively. Regarding frontal branch, 1.8%, 25.5%, 50.9%, 16.35, 5.45% had 0-4 traverse frontal branch(es), respectively. The mean distance from the frontal artery to the estimated course of the facial nerve’s frontal branch was 10.56 mm. 5/16 flaps that missing or small parietal/frontal branch (<0.5mm) had small necrosis while only 2/39 remaining flaps do, which is statically significant (p=0.018). All said necrosis were successfully repair with local flap, and no framework was removed. One case had nerve damage during flap harvest Conclusion: Detail anatomical description of the STA allow arterial-based flap designing and harvest, which in turn tremendously improve surgical success rate by diminishing flap necrosis and nerve damages.

The pattern of branching and intercommunications of the musculocutaneous nerve for surgical issues: anatomical study.

The aim of the present work was to provide evidence about the anatomical variations as regard the origin, distribution, and branching pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN). Brachial plexus was dissected in 40 upper limbs of 20 male adult cadavers. The pattern of the MCN was photographed by a digital camera. The location and length of the nerve branches between left and right arms were recorded and statistically analysed. In 90% of specimens the MCN originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, in 5% it arose from the median nerve (MN), while in the remaining 5% specimen, it was absent. The MCN pierced the coracobrachialis muscle in 90% of specimens, and in the remaining 10% did not pierce it. The motor branches to biceps brachii muscle were categorised into: type 1 (90%): one branch that divides to supply the two heads of biceps; type 2 (5%): double branches, innervating each head of biceps separately. The motor branches to brachialis muscle were categorised into: type 1 (82.9%): one branch; type 2 (14.2%): double branches and type 3 (2.9%): three branches that innervating brachialis muscle. Communications between the MCN and the MN were observed in 35% of specimens. The knowledge of the common and uncommon MCN variations is important especially to the surgeons for carrying out surgical procedures in axilla and arm.

GIS Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Locating Bank Branches

In banking industry, optimum location of the bank branch plays an important role in ensuring the success of the bank. It is one of the most important decision making processes. This issue is highly important because of the vibrant competition, limited budgets and high customer expectations .This study’s objective is to provide a hybrid model for selecting optimal site location using available data sources and well accepted decision models, specifically Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Geographic Information System (GIS).The process identified the most commonly used criteria for bank branch location consideration through literature review yielding demographics, competition, transportation, access to public facilities. Criteria and sub-criteria weights were quantified through pair-wise comparison using expert judges, via ANP. The database created for the study area (Khartoum Locality) includes data about demographics, competition, transportation, access to public facilities available in the area. With the help of Esri’s ArcGIS software through using the weighted overlay analysis tool we have identified suitable sites of new bank branches .The results showed five optimal locations for new bank branch in Khartoum locality; location near Madani St, location close to Bashir Elnefedi St, location at Firdous East Square 8, and two other sites in Khartoum West (Shajra Avenue). For the conclusion, these results show the efficiency and applicability of the proposed integrated method.

Management Of Spastic Equinovarus Foot in Children with Cerebral Palsy: An Evaluation of Anatomical Landmarks for Selective Nerve Blocks of the Tibial Nerve Motor Branches

To define the anatomical landmarks of tibial motor nerve branches for selective motor nerve blocks of the gastrocnemii, soleus and tibialis posterior muscles in the management of spastic equinovarus foot. Observational study. Twenty-four children with cerebral palsy with spastic equinovarus foot. Considering the affected leg length, motor nerve branches to the gastrocnemii, soleus and tibialis posterior muscles were tracked using ultrasonography, and located in the space (vertical, horizontal, deep) according to the position of fibular head (proximal/distal) and a virtual line from the middle of popliteal fossa to the Achilles tendon insertion (medial/lateral). Location of motor branches was defined as percentage of the affected leg length. Mean coordinates were: for the gastrocnemius medialis 2.5 ± 1.2% vertical (proximal), 1.0 ± 0.7% horizontal (medial), 1.5 ± 0.4% deep; for the gastrocnemius lateralis 2.3 ± 1.4% vertical (proximal), 1.1 ± 0.9% horizontal (lateral), 1.6 ± 0.4% deep; for the soleus 2.1 ± 0.9% vertical (distal), 0.9 ± 0.7% horizontal (lateral), 2.2 ± 0.6% deep; for the tibialis posterior 2.6 ± 1.2% vertical (distal), 1.3 ± 1.1% horizontal (lateral), 3.0 ± 0.7% deep. These findings may help the identification of tibial motor nerve branches to perform selective nerve blocks in patients with cerebral palsy with spastic equinovarus foot.

A Decision Support System To Determine The Location Of A New Sales Branch At Star East Shop With The Smart Method

In a business world that is always dynamic and full of competition, business people must always think of ways to continue to survive and if possible develop their business scale in order to meet these business needs, there are many ways that can be taken, one of which is by conducting data analysis. . Bintang Timur shop is one of the businesses in the field of iron and building material shops in the city of stabat. Bintang Timur shop was founded in 2013 which continues to grow at this time. Equipped with the desire to meet the needs of users in the field of iron and building, Bintang Timur store continues to grow by adding various products. The profits obtained in this shop are also used to develop the business, one of which is the addition of goods sold. Based on the analysis that has been done, there are several obstacles faced by this eastern star shop. One of them is the process of finding a new sales branch location at the Bintang Timur store. In this study, a Decision Support System (DSS) will be built using the Simple Multiple Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method which is a multi-criteria decision making technique based on each alternative consisting of of a number of criteria that have a value and each criterion. Based on the calculation results of the SMART method above, Tebasan (A1) is a new branch location at the Bintang Timur Store in Stabat City which is feasible with a value of 0.763.

Multi-Performance Estimation for Deploying Bank Branches Based on a Multi-Task Attentive Tree-Enhanced Model

Selecting the optimal location for a new bank branch is challenging but worth studying due to its importance to growing a successful business. Bankers have been devoting a lot of effort to this issue. In recent years, the proliferation of multisource data in smart cities has called for more need for data-driven optimal location selection. Previous studies usually focus on mining different features and processing these data through domain expert knowledge. However, they fail to discover potential complicated factors interactions. Besides, most of these studies only use a single indicator to evaluate the candidate locations, which overlooks a lot of information, resulting in an inaccurate evaluation. In this study, we propose MATE, a Multi-task Attentive Tree-Enhanced model, to simultaneously predict multiple performance indicators of a bank branch's location. Our model takes advantage of the tree-based model, which can effectively extract cross features and provide interpretability according to inferred decision rules. In addition, we designed the financial embedding module and attentive interaction blocks, allowing MATE to obtain more complex and diverse features. Finally, extensive experiments on real-world bank datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, which outperforms baseline and state-of-art methods from 17% to 41%.

Identification of acoustic wave transmission mechanism to efficiently harvest the acoustic energy from gaseous flow in a pipeline

ABSTRACT A novel efficient acoustic wave transmission mechanism for extracting acoustic energy generated from gas flow pulses in a pipeline is proposed herein. The system comprises a main pipe, a side branch, and an energy harvester mounted thereon. Because pressurized gas flows through the main pipe, the side branch is essential for investigating the acoustic energy-harvesting mechanism installed thereon. Because the most important aspect of this study is the determination of the side branch location, the acoustic modal behavior of the gas flow field must be accurately predicted in advance. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to accomplish this task and then experiments were conducted to validate the FEA results. The two sets of results were well-matched, revealing a maximum root-mean-squared open-circuit voltage of 47.8 mV and a maximum power output of 100 μW when the side branch was installed at the pressure antinode point on the main pipe with a length of 1 m. We believe that the results obtained in this study provide substantial guidance for optimally installing acoustic energy harvesters in gas-carrying pipeline systems.

How bank‐specific factors affect access to financing for small and medium enterprises: Evidence from an emerging economy

AbstractIn this study, hypotheses were tested regarding the impact of bank size, ownership structure, branch location, and distress condition on access to financing for small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). The empirical analysis was conducted using data obtained from scheduled banks of Bangladesh (banks listed under the Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972) and SMEs operating in Bangladesh. The results suggest that SMEs in Bangladesh have greater access to financing when their application for financing is made to a small bank, a domestic private bank, or a rural branch. Bank distress appears to have a negative impact on the provision of financing to SMEs. SME access to financing is also lower if the application is made to a state‐owned bank or a foreign bank.

Religion/Spirituality Curriculum in US Osteopathic Medical Schools: A Survey

Several articles have been published on the relationship between religion, spirituality, and health during the past 2 decades. Corresponding to this, professional medical organizations such as the Association of American Medical Colleges and the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners have created competencies for medical students that include being able to understand how a patient's religious/spiritual beliefs may affect their health. It is not, however, certain how and to what extent medical schools implement religion/spirituality in medicine training into their curriculum. Our objective in this study was to quantify and assess the implementation of religion/spirituality in medicine curricula at US osteopathic medical schools. In early 2021, an electronic survey was sent to individuals in curriculum positions at all US osteopathic medical school main and branch locations. The survey consisted of questions regarding the presence or absence of curriculum on religion/spirituality in medicine at their school, and, if it was present, what it consisted of. Ten institutions responded to the survey, with the majority (80%) stating they did not have religion/spirituality curriculum at their institution. Based on the current evidence, there may be a downward trend in osteopathic medical schools providing formal education on religion/spirituality in medicine.