Location Of Branches Research Articles

Litterfall sulfur and nitrogen inputs as influenced by power plant proximity

The mass of litterfall input, and its weight and concentration of S and total N, were evaluated over a 3 yr period at two locations on the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee to determine if proximity to a major coal-fired power plant would have a significant impact on elemental input to the forest floor via litterfall. Higher levels of atmospheric S and N input have been reported for the Cross Creek site versus the Camp Branch location. As a general rule, the mass of litterfall and the amount of S and N transferred from standing biomass to the forest floor by litterfall did not differ in a statistically significant (P = 0.05) manner as a function of year, cover type, or location. The limited number of significant responses which were observed were confined for the most part to a single cover type and were attributed to factors other than atmospheric inputs. These and other data collected from the same sites indicate that at least for the elements evaluated, no statistically significant effect on litterfall S and N due to local emissions could be detected.

Crown architecture of short-rotation, intensively cultured Populus. III. A model of first-order branch architecture

A model was developed to describe the first-order branch architecture of Populus clones grown under short-rotation, intensive culture. Four basic model components describe branch location along the tree bole, orientation of the branch in the plane in which it arises, taper of the branch, and the relation between leaf surface area supported by the branch and branch size. Branch arrangement along the tree bole was found to be symmetric for portions of the bole containing branches. Branch orientation was well described by assuming curvature to be constant, and branch taper was successfully modeled using a simple power function. Branch surface area was determined to be the most appropriate predictor of leaf surface area supported by the branch. Combining the four model components in a computer program allows an analysis of the dynamics of Populus crowns not previously possible.

THE ABUNDANCE OF METALS IN THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER M 71.

ABSTRACT The abundances of metals have been derived in the globular clusters M71 and M5 from spectra of stars hotter than most previously analyzed in those clusters. The iron abundance in M71 is derived to be -1.0 dex; choosing a lower microturbulent velocity raises this value to -0.8 dex. Since the light elements are enhanced relative to iron, the overall metal abundance of M71 may be near -0.8, though iron is probably more deficient. The abundance of iron in M5 is near -1.2 dex. A model atmosphere analysis directly comparing M71 to M5 leads to a difference in abundance between the two clusters of 0.3 + or - 0.1 dex. This small abundance difference requires that the location of the giant branch be sensitive to some parameter in addition to the abundance of iron. While an iron abundance of one-tenth solar for M71 is somewhat higher than indicated by earlier high-dispersion spectroscopic analyses, the abundance of metals in M71 is still significantly lower than indicated by other techniques.

Biological Manipulation of Blackbrush by Goat Browsing

Domestic goat browsing was used to stimulate twig production by blackbrush. Precipitation, soil depth and stoniness, branch location, and the number of years of browsing and rest from browsing affected twig production (P<O.05). As precipitation doubled, production increased by a factor of 1.9. Twig production by plants growing on deep soils(71 cm) was 1.9 times that by plants growing on shallow soils (39 cm). Older branches growing on the outer edges of blackbrush plants (terminal branches) produced 4.6 times more current season's twigs than sprouts and young branches (basal branches) growing within the shrub canopy. Heavily browsed plants increased twig production by a factor of 3.6 relative to control plants, and production remained at this level, even after 4 consecutive years of browsing. Annual twig production declined with rest from browsing. However, plants that were browsed and subsequently rested for 2 years yielded an aggregate 1.6 times more available forage than plants that were browsed on a yearly basis. This was due to an accumulation of twigs ranging in age from I to 3

Some Factors Affecting Twig Growth in Blackbrush

Domestic goat browsing was used to stimulate twig production by blackbrush. Precipitation, soil depth and stoniness, branch location, and the number of years of browsing and rest from browsing affected twig production (P<O.05). As precipitation doubled, production increased by a factor of 1.9. Twig production by plants growing on deep soils(71 cm) was 1.9 times that by plants growing on shallow soils (39 cm). Older branches growing on the outer edges of blackbrush plants (terminal branches) produced 4.6 times more current season's twigs than sprouts and young branches (basal branches) growing within the shrub canopy. Heavily browsed plants increased twig production by a factor of 3.6 relative to control plants, and production remained at this level, even after 4 consecutive years of browsing. Annual twig production declined with rest from browsing. However, plants that were browsed and subsequently rested for 2 years yielded an aggregate 1.6 times more available forage than plants that were browsed on a yearly basis. This was due to an accumulation of twigs ranging in age from I to 3

Distribution of Bank Services and Branch Location

Because of the intangible and inseparable characteristics of the bank services, every bank needs to locate these services and branches at locations which provide accessibility to the greatest numbers of both major categories of potential customers—private individuals and firms (i.e. corporate customers). This article presents the major channels of distribution for banking services and the four main types of quantitative techniques available for bank branch location decisions—economic, spatial, bivariate and multiple regression methods. The article indicates the leading bank distribution strategies—defensive, offensive and rationalisation strategies—and attempts to assess the impact of new technology developments—particularly of Electronic Fund Transfer Systems (EFTS) and Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)—on the future of distribution of bank services and branch location.

Disaggregated Behavioural Models of Length of Haul in Freight Movements

In almost all dynamic economies there is a persistent increase in demand over time for goods and services at the existinig market locations and new consumption centres come into existence almost continuously. Typically, in the shortrun in particular, such increases in demand do not bring about an equivalent growth of new firms and/or location of branches of existing units. The process of adaptation involves considerable time lags. The comparison between incremental production costs with the marginal cost of shipments from existing locations primarily account for this observed behavioural pattern. However, over a conceptual medium run of time horizon the producers will prefer to increase the length of haul and quantum of shipments from plants already in operation (Conroy, 1974, pp. 234-42).

Anatomical considerations of the venous drainage of the lower extremities: Clinical implications

The anatomical course, branches, valve distribution, and perforators of the long saphenous vein were described in 59 patients. Altogether, 95 legs were dissected while obtaining the vein for coronary artery bypass procedures. The findings indicated that the first valve is located 12.7 ± 7.1 cm from the ankle, the second 21.1 ± 7.4 cm, and the third 25.4 ± 5.5 cm. The branches are located at 14.2 ± 6.5 cm and the second is 20.4 ± 7.9 cm. The perforators indirectly connected were present at 16.3 ± 6.25 cm and 24.0 ± 2.6 cm. Based on the anatomy of valves, branches, and perforators the areas of vulnerability and disease in the long saphenous system are localized in the area of 12 to 16 and 20 to 25 cm from the ankle. The most probable location of the first branch, perforator, or valve is between 12 to 16 cm from the ankle, probability of 0.70. The valve and the branch distributions of the long saphenous vein on the lower extremities are consistent. The “tier” arrangement of the venous drainage and the supporting role of the membranous fascia were also emphasized. These observations seem to be, in some respect, controversial to the general accepted anatomical descriptions.

Multimedia Catalog: COM and Online

Like many public libraries, the Tucson Public Library (TPL) is closing its card catalog and implementing a vendor supplied microform catalog. Unlike mos tof these other libraries, however, the TPL microform catalog will not include location or holding information. The indication of where copies of a particular title are actually available (i.e., which of the fifteen possible branch locations) will be availableonly by accessing a video display terminal connected to the online circulation and inventory control system.

Organization of motor neurons to a multiply innervated insect muscle.

Nine excitatory motor neurons have been identified as innervating the locust metathoracic flexor tibiae. The anatomical organization of the flexor motor neurons within the ganglion was examined with both light and electron microscopy. Flexor motor neurons were physiologically identified prior to intracellular staining with Procion or cobalt. Some of the cobalt-stained neurons were then silver intensified. The reliability of soma location and variability of neurite branching were examined. While the position of a soma could vary within its cluster by up to one radius, the anterior, posterior, and lateral soma clusters bore a consistent relationship to each other. The density of neurite branching varied greatly for any particular flexor. The ultrastructure of the tract containing the flexor neurites revealed the individual neurites to be glial wrapped, while the tract itself was isolated from the neuropil by additional glia. The hypothesis that subsets of the flexor motor neuron pool are recruited for different behaviors is discussed in light of the last two findings.

High-temperature transformation in magnetically hard iron — Chromium — Cobalt alloys

1. The chemical composition, the initial charge materials, the cross section dimensions, and the initial state of the samples have an influence on the α→α+γ decomposition in magnetically hard iron — chromium — cobalt alloys. 2. Chromium, aluminum, niobium, vanadium, silicon, and especially vanadium and silicon together increase the minimum incubation period for the α→α+γ decomposition, and cobalt decreases it. 3. Increasing the cross section of the samples raises the temperature of the minimum incubation period and the location of the upper branches of the isothermal curves for the start of decomposition. 4. A preliminary homogenization of the samples (at 1300°C) retards the α→α+γ decomposition. 5. Alloys melted with a charge containing ferrochromium FKh002A or FKh003A are more stable toward decomposition than alloys melted with a charge using chromium Kh0 or electrolytic chromium.

EFFECT OF GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON “APICAL DOMINANCE” IN SPHACELARIA FURCIGERA (PHAEOPHYTA)1

ABSTRACTGibberellic acid (GA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and kinetin (K) were tested individually and in combinations on the development of filaments of Sphacelaria furcigera Kütz. Unbranched tips from filaments with or without intact apical cells were grown in the presence or absence of growth substances to study their effects on an apical‐dominance‐like response previously observed in this genus. Removal of the apical cell resulted in lateral branches developing significantly closer to the tip than in uninjured controls. GA and K had no effect on location of lateral branches of uninjured filaments, but exerted some control as evidenced by increases in the distance from a punctured apical cell to the nearest lateral branch. NAA had no positive effects and was toxic in even moderate concentrations. The three growth substances in all combinations could not fully replace the apical cell in repressing branch development. GA and K presented simultaneously were no more effective than either presented alone.

Axonal branching patterns and location of nigrothalamic and nigrocollicular neurons in the cat.

1. Antidromic activation from the thalamus and the superior colliculus was used to identify the axonal projections of neurons in the substantia nigra. 2. Up to 43% of the nigral neurons studied in individual animals had branching axons that could be activated antidromically from both the ipsilateral ventromedial thalamus and the ipsilateral superior colliculus. 3. For several neurons, the conduction time spent in the unbranched axonal segment could be calculated using measurable collision and antidromic latency times. Time in the unbranched segment was less than 20% of the antidromic latency for most neurons studied. 4. Latencies for antidromic activation from the thalamus were measured and would be appropriate if these axons were to mediate the monosynaptic nigrothalamic inhibition reported earlier. 5. Stimulation of the caudate nucleus produced inhibition of spontaneous activity of both collicular- and thalamic-projecting neurons.

Nonlinear eigenvalue problems for the whirling of heavy elastic strings

SynopsisThis paper combines the global bifurcation theory of Rabinowitz with Sturmian theory and careful estimates to obtain a detailed qualitative description of bifurcating branches of solutions to the equations for whirling nonuniform, nonlinearly elastic strings. These results generalize earlier work of Kolodner and Stuart on inextensible strings. It is shown that the location of solution branches for the generalization of Kolodner's problem is especially sensitive to the material properties of the string, whereas that for Stuart's problem is not. The analysis of a third problem illuminates the source of this dichotomy.

Effect of damaging main stem terminals at various stages of flowering, on yield of cotton in south-east Queensland

Damage by the cotton tipworm, Crocidosema plebeiana Zeller, was simulated in field trials by the removal of terminal buds (tipping) at different phenological stages coinciding with tipworm presence on cotton grown in south-eastern Queensland. The effect of this damage was considered in relation to the induced changes in crop morphology, fruit production, yield and harvestability of cotton grown under field conditions. No significant differences in fruit formation and yield were established. There were significant delays in times to 50 per cent flowering and boll opening in plants tipped before squaring had commenced. Changes in the location of monopodial branches arising from the main stem were induced in plants tipped pre-squaring but this did not significantly affect the harvestability.

An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Branching on Demand Deposit Variability

This study tests whether a “portfolio effect” exists in a given branch bank; i.e., does the addition of branches reduce the variability of demand deposits for the bank? The approach taken is narrower than that in the usual portfolio selection model. The study measures risk by the intrayear coefficient of variation of average monthly demand deposits. The term “portfolio effect” was defined operationally as a reduction in the overall coefficient of variation of demand deposits through the addition of sets of branches. Relatively few portfolio effects were realized from the chronological addition of sets of branches. The absence of portfolio effects is largely attributable to (1) generally high positive correlations between deposits of the various sets of branches and the defined deposit base and (2) the small size of the sets of branches relative to the base deposits. Further, while the correlations were generally high and positive, they were also serially unstable which suggests they would be poor predictors of future correlations. Based on the experience of this bank, it does not appear that the reduction in demand deposit variability by adding branches is general or consistent enough to facilitate improved management of reserves or selection of branch locations. However, this conclusion does not necessarily imply that the bank should not have undertaken branch expansion. For example, this study does not include an analysis of branch profitability. While the results of this study based on a single branch bank cannot be generalized, they do suggest the need for a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of branching on the variability of demand deposits.

Optimal Mathematical Models in Planning the Development of a Branch and in Technical Policy

The return to the branch management of industry and its elevation to a new level create conditions favorable to the scientifically substantiated resolution of the problem of branch development as a whole in all its aspects. In this area considerable use must be made of mathematical methods and models as well as of analysis and calculations based on them. At the present time rather widespread use is being made of the simplest optimal models of the development and location of branches as well as models calculated by linear programming methods and in many cases resolved even on the basis of algorithms and the transport problem. (1) Calculations of the development of branches as a whole or in individual regions have already been made for a number of branches with the aid of these models, and in preparing the plan for the next five years they must encompass a greater portion of the branches. The results of calculations for certain branches (e.g., the fuelenergy balance) were already considered in the compilation of the five-year plan for 1966-70.

Spectroscopic study of structural and chemical conversions in polyvinylidene fluoride caused by ionizing radiation

It was shown by IR spectroscopy that as a result of radiation at 80–100°K vinylene (−CH=CF− and vinylidene (>C=CF 2) double bonds are formed in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF 2). A study was made of the relation between the formation of these double bonds and dose rate at different temperatures. From EPR spectra of oriented PVF 2 samples the formation of free alkyl fluoride radicals −CF− and −CF 2 was recorded. The formation of fluoro-vinylidene double bonds and terminal alkyl fluoride radicals proves that radiation breakdown occurs at the location of polymer chain branching and where monomer units are irregularly added to this chain. Absorption bands at 290 and 365 nm shown in electron spectra of PVF 2 irradiated at low temperature correspond to carbonium ions ▪ and fluorine anions F 2−, respectively. The band at 1590 cm −1 formed in the IR spectrum of PVF 2 irradiated at 80–100°K also corresponds to carbonium ions. Electron spectra show the formation of conjugate double bonds in irradiated PVF 2 and an elongation of the chain of conjugation as a result of heat developed in the sample irradiated. A hypothesis is suggested concerning the possibility of migration of the charge and the radical centre along the chain of PVF 2, which may explain features of radiation chemical processes taking place in this polymer.

An investigation on the chain‐folding structure of an ethylene–propylene copolymer by selective degradation

AbstractA renewed explanatory study is reported on the fold structure and branch location in single crystals of an ethylene–propylene copolymer by means of the ozone degradation method. By analogy with concurrent studies on linear polyethylenes a distribution of fold lengths is inferred, this distribution being broader, more uniform, and spreading deeper into the crystal interior in the case of the copolymer than for the linear polyethylene. Perhaps the most salient points of the work is that in contrast to nitric acid the oxidation by ozone does not obscure then characteristic CH3 infrared absorption band enabling the branch content to be followed during degradation. The single exploratory experiment of the present work reveals that while there is a certain amount of preference for the branches to accumulate near the fold surface, a substantial portion of them can still be located in the crystal interior. The potential of the present method for a more systematic study is indicated.

"Fitting Branch Locations, Performance Standards, and Marketing Strategies": A Clarification

A RECENT article by C. Joseph Clawson offered a model for fitting branch locatio s, performance standards, and marketing strategies to local conditions.1 The model presented has great potential utility for financial institutions, sales quota determinations, and related applications. However, some major methodological shortcomings of the statistical analysis described in the Clawson article must first be remedied both to provide a more valid test of the model and to make more accurate determinations of the values or quotas it predicts.