Branches Of Engineering Research Articles

Barium Aluminates and the Study of their Basic Thermodynamic Data

The article presents the results of studies of thermodynamically stable barium aluminates. A database of thermodynamic data has been created: enthalpies, entropies and coefficients of the heat capacity equation, necessary for the study of multicomponent systems, including barium aluminates. Since the basis of modern materials science is multicomponent systems, on their basis it is possible to create various combinations of phases in structural materials with a set of specified properties. Thus, modern thermodynamics is not a frozen science. It is known that the objects of research are expanding, where thermodynamic methods can be applied to study the area of high and low temperatures, the area of very low and high pressures. And new discoveries give birth to new areas of application of thermodynamics: thermodynamics of thermonuclear reactions, plasma thermodynamics, relativistic thermodynamics, thermodynamics of negative absolute temperatures, etc. And, finally, the methods of thermodynamic research themselves do not remain unchanged: the exergy method, the methods of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, etc. At present, the thermodynamic method of research is widely used in various fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and many other sciences and branches of technology. Being one of the most extensive areas of modern natural science, thermodynamics plays an important role in the system of knowledge necessary for an engineer of any specialty in his practical activities. Chemical thermodynamics, on the other hand, paid the greatest attention to the study of phase transitions and the properties of solutions, and in relation to chemical reactions it was limited mainly to determining their thermal effects. To some extent, this is due to the fact that it was these areas of chemical thermodynamics that were the first to satisfy the needs of production. The practical use of known methods of thermodynamics of chemical reactions for solving major industrial problems for a long time lagged behind its capabilities.

“To Study the Relationship Between Intellectual Capacity and Behavioral Skills of The Engineering Students from Core Branches”

The aim of this research is to critically analyze the Intellectual Capacity and Behavior Skills of the engineering students of Nagpur region. There are many relevant abilities and skills which are necessarily evaluated to understand engineering students and their employability. However, for the purpose of this research critical analysis is restricted to most important factors as IC and BS.
 The challenge of the engineering institutions is to attend the readiness of the engineering students to match industry expectations in terms of Intellectual Capacity and Behavior Skills. The researcher has identified the gap in the IC and BS. Whatsoever is the requirement from the industry are not matched by the present generation engineers. Hence, researcher has analyzed critically both the dimensions selecting a sample of 1426 engineering students. IC is assessed by the SPM and behavior skills questionnaire is constructed and both the tests administered virtually on the selected sample. This research is descriptive and correlational design is used. Hence, mean median, mode and coefficient of correlation has been used to describe the entire data. The data is collected from six different branches of third year and final year students of 21 engineering colleges of Nagpur but this research is restricted to core branches like Civil, Electrical and Mechanical engineering only.
 First hypothesis states that IC and BS of the engineering students are correlated. Second Hypothesis states that IC impacts BS intern employability is enhanced. Third Hypothesis states that IC directly impacts BS.
 The result indicates that IC is strongly correlated with BS in two branches of engineering, namely Civil and Electrical and negligible and non-significant relationship is obtained among students of Mechanical Engineering. Another prominent result is IC has direct impact on BS except students from few colleges, particularly with the CBSE students. One more critical observation is that IC has a direct impact on BS but higher level of IC does not mean the student is employable. But higher level of BS is directly associated with the employability of the engineers. However, such impact of BS by-and-large does not ensure the employment to the engineering students.

Forensic Robotics: Basic Concepts

The paper emphasizes the increased relevance of the development of special purpose robotic systems that can be used in investigative activities to detect, record and seize traces and other evidence. Taking into account the acceleration of digital transformation of all areas of activity, the author proposes a new private forensic theory of forensic robotics. It is stated that this particular theory has great potential for development into a new branch of forensic technology. The paper discusses the proposed structure of a particular theory, object, subject, general and specific tasks of forensic robotics. Much attention is given to the patterns studied by this particular theory. The author develops his own interpretation of the terms «forensic robot» and «forensic robotic complex». It is stated that police robotics and forensic robotics are used in different, but sometimes overlapping areas. Moreover, the same device can act as a tool for both police and forensic robotics. Summing up the study, the author emphasizes the increased complexity of autonomous forensic robotics and states that within the framework of the proposed theory of forensic robotics, general recommendations should be developed to minimize errors and problems when using both an autonomous programmable robot and a robot equipped with artificial intelligence.

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-Based Platform Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future.

mRNA was discovered in 1961, but it was not used as a vaccine until after three decades. Recently, the development of mRNA vaccine technology gained great impetus from the pursuit of vaccines against COVID-19. To improve the properties of RNA vaccines, and primarily their circulation time, self-amplifying mRNA and trans-amplifying mRNA were developed. A separate branch of mRNA technology is circular RNA vaccines, which were developed with the discovery of the possibility of translation on their protein matrix. Circular RNA has several advantages over mRNA vaccines and is considered a fairly promising platform, as is trans-amplifying mRNA. This review presents an overview of the mRNA platform and a critical discussion of the more modern self-amplifying mRNA, trans-amplifying mRNA, and circular RNA platforms created on its basis. Finally, the main features, advantages, and disadvantages of each of the presented mRNA platforms are discussed. This discussion will facilitate the decision-making process in selecting the most appropriate platform for creating RNA vaccines against cancer or viral diseases.

A novel thermo‐mechanically coupled material model for glass above the glass transition temperature

AbstractThin glass products have a giant field of application in several engineering branches such as for example, electronics, medical equipment, and the automotive industry. The non‐isothermal glass molding is a novel replicative glass processing technology enabling the realization of a cost‐efficient production of surface shapes with high accuracy and complexity. However, the application of this technology to thin glass production still causes shape distortions, cracks, and surface defects in molded parts. Therefore, these glass‐forming processes should be simulated by means of the combination of experimental investigation and mechanical modeling of glass above the glass transition temperature at finite strains. Previous experimental studies have shown that the Maxwell model is a reasonable approach for an appropriate prediction of the material behavior. Based on this viscoelastic formulation, a thermo‐mechanically consistent material law is used enabling the prediction of rheological effects noticed during the experiments. More specifically, the relaxation behavior can be described by a stress‐dependent relaxation time and the dissipation generated is considered as well. Furthermore, isothermal uniaxial compression tests above the glass transition temperature are conducted for different strain rates and temperatures within the experimental investigation. Combining the experimental data with the simulation, a multi‐curve‐fitting leads to suitable material parameters with respect to distinct temperatures employing a nonlinear optimization.

Visualization of cylindrical resonances

The analysis of cylindrical resonators is part of standard physics curricula but, unlike for their rectangular counterpart, their mode structure is hardly ever visualized. The aim of this work is to show a way of doing it, providing a set of interactive web applications and citing potential use cases in the form of both academic courses and published research. These cover several branches of physics and engineering, showing that these materials can be useful for a broad audience.

Adolescents' digital career aspirations: Evidence for gendered pathways in a digital future.

Computers and technology are still perceived as a male domain. As a result of this "digital gender gap" boys aspire careers in the information and communication technology (ICT) branches much more than girls. Guided by the situated expectancy-value theory of motivated behavioral choices, the present study aims to shed light on the predictors of digital career aspirations. Self-report questionnaires were completed by 1018 Austrian adolescents (52.3% girls; 72% non-immigrants; Mage = 13.55, SDage = 0.88) attending 61 Grade 7 and 8 classes located in 17 vocational secondary schools between April and June 2019. Individual and class-level predictors of digital career aspirations were investigated with multilevel modeling. Hierarchical linear models revealed that boys, younger adolescents, and second-generation immigrant adolescents had higher levels of digital career aspirations compared to girls, older adolescents, and non-immigrants. Hours spend with the laptop per day, digital self-efficacy and media appraisal positively predicted digital career aspirations on the individual level, while a higher number of immigrants in the classes and higher levels of teacher discussions about media were significant positive predictors on the class level. The model explained 17% of the individual level and 52% of the class level variance. Cross-level interactions were nonsignificant. These results have major implications for educational practice. Most importantly, educational interventions should enhance girls' digital self-efficacy believes and media appraisal. Furthermore, teachers should increase their discussion about digital media as they foster adolescents' digital career aspirations and might prevent future gender segregation in the ICT sector.

Innovative Teaching-Learning Method for Engineering Mathematics Through Video Lectures in Rural Areas

Abstract : Mathematics is an important subject required for the foundation and has applications in all branches of engineering. Mathematical knowledge and skills are required for higher study, developing new technology and innovations. But creating students' interest in learning activities is always a challenging task for every mathematics teacher. Many engineering students are failing in the first year of their studies. This problem becomes more important and challenging in rural areas. There is always a concern about the problem that why students are not taking interest in learning? Out of many possible ways to deal with this problem, the use of flipped classrooms (FCR) plays an important role. This paper deals with the use of FCR for engineering students from rural areas. In addition to classroom teaching, for technology-based learning, video lectures (VLs) are provided to students of first-year engineering for thesubject of engineering mathematics. Starting with a review of FCR, experimentation of VLs, and its impact on learning activities and result has been presented. Various surveys at different levels and examination results are considered for conclusions. Through this action research, we have shown that VL is one of the most useful tools for enhancing learning and improving the results of students in rural areas. It has been further shown that this method is very much accepted by students. Keywords: Educational technology, Mathematics learning, Short VLs, Flipped classroom, Engineering Education.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING (B+G+10) WITH FLAT SLABS IN ZONE ‘II’ USING ETABS AND SAFE SOFTWARE

Structural Engineering is a Branch of civil engineering which deals in the determination of behaviour of structures in order to predict the responses of real structures like bridges, Buildings, etc. under the improvement of expected loading and external environment during the service life of the structure. Structural Engineers these days are up against the challenging task of striving for the most efficient and most economical design with accuracy in solution while guaranteeing the final design of a building is serviceable for its design lifetime. In reality it’s very difficult to predict with certainty how much damage a building will experience for a given level of ground motion, because there are number of factors that affect the behaviour of the structural systems. The objective is to emphasize on structural behaviour of a commercial building (basement + ground+10 stories) installed with flat slabs for Bangalore (Zone 2) pertaining to medium soil. The building model is designed and analysed using ETABS (Extended Three dimensional analysis of Building System) and SAFE. ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings. SAFE is the ultimate tool for designing concrete floor and foundation systems. The lateral loads induced from wind and earthquakes in the design and analysis of building is considered. The dead loads are calculated as per IS 875(part 1)-1987, live load is taken as per IS 875(part 2)-1987, earthquake load has been taken as per IS 1893-2002(part 1) and wind load has been taken from IS 875 (part 3)1987. The manual calculations for the design of structural members were compared with the software results which were found to be satisfactory. All the design and detailing procedures for structural members were carried out as per the guidelines of Bureau of Indian Standard code books.

History and Growth of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is broadly characterized as the study of computations that allow for perception, reason and action. The goals of artificial intelligence include computer- enhanced learning, reasoning, and perception. AI is being used today across different industries from finance to healthcare. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, to solve real-world issues, various types of AI such as analytical, functional, interactive, textual, and visual. AI can be applied to enhance the intelligence and capabilities of an application. AI is thus considered a branch of science and engineering that focuses on simulating a wide range of issues and functions in the field of human intellect. This paper presents introduction, definitions of AI, features of artificial Intelligence, growth, history, applications and achievements. Key Words: Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Intelligent computing, smart systems, NLP (Natural Language processing)

Challenges and Opportunities in Online Computer Science & Engineering Education: A Study in Velammal College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai

Abstract: Owing to the entry of COVID-19, starting from the year 2000, India managed online education well for more than a year and a half. Now, the question is to understand whether the online mode of education is as effective as the face-to-face classes. This study intends to focus on identifying the challenges and finding the opportunities to enhance the quality of online engineering education with respect to Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) branch. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire involving the chosen 2nd year, 3rd year, and 4th year students of CSE department, Velammal College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai (VCET), who have had the experience of acquiring knowledge through both offline and online modes. The spreadsheet software was used to filter, organize as well as visualize quantitative data, and descriptive methodology was adopted for the data analysis. The result of the study will lay a scope to understand the existing gaps in online CSE education and the proposed ideas to fill the same enhancing the resources. Further, this study may play a pivotal role in making effective online CSE education at par with face-to-face classes completely possible and preferable. Keywords: COVID-19; CSE; digital skills; online education; Velammal College of Engineering & Technology.

Calculation of multi-blade rotary-friction tool shaft for strength

The leading place in the technology of modern mechanical engineering production is occupied by cutting processes. In many branches of mechanical engineering, especially in mass production, their labor and production costs reach 40-60% of the total costs of metalworking. Nowadays, no more or less complex machine can be made without the use of cutting tools. Thus, we can rightfully assert that cutting machining has retained its predominant influence on the development of mechanical engineering technology and its importance will be steadily increasing in the future, largely based on the use of fundamentally new machining methods. And the latter can be rightly attributed to the so-called rotary cutting. The authors have developed a design of a special multi-blade rotary-friction tool for machining cylindrical surfaces of parts made of hard-to-machine materials. This paper presents the results of the calculation of the most loaded node of the multi-blade rotary-friction tool of the part “shaft”. Calculation of the bending strength of the shaft has been performed. The results of the calculation have been checked through the program Apm Winmachine which has confirmed their correctness. This research is funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP14972884).

External removable elements of pipes for heat transfer enhancement (Design overview)

The subject of the study is the external removable means of heat exchange pipes for intensifying the heat exchange process in technological equipment and pipelines of various sectors of the economy.
 Studies of the state of art and prospects of constructive and technological design of external removable elements of pipes for heat transfer intensification are based on a critical analysis of scientific and technical sources of information and, above all, patent information from the leading countries of the world, since it is in the patent documentation that information is provided on innovative developments in the relevant field of technology and technology.
 With the help of methods of analysis and synthesis, external removable elements of pipes for the intensification of heat transfer of equipment and pipelines in the chemical and related branches of technology are systematized. For each type of elements, a detailed classification has been developed, on the basis of which the most interesting designs proposed by scientists, designers and inventors of the leading countries of the world are considered. A critical assessment is given to most of the elements, an analysis of their advantages and disadvantages is made. Preference is given to sources of information from the end of the second and beginning of the third millennium.
 The designs of these elements are analyzed depending on the regime of the fluid coolant, the presence of a change in the state of aggregation of the coolant, the nature of the effect on the flow over time, the nature of the change in the flow hydrodynamics, the degree of change in the flow hydrodynamics, the relative length, the orientation of the pipes in space, the degree of the channel curvature, the material, the degree of assembly , the degree of mobility of the components, the number of covered pipes, as well as the type of blank. It is shown that, despite a significant variety of designs of external removable elements of pipes for heat transfer intensification, metal plate elements tested in manufacture and operation remain the most in demand by the industry. However, due to the advances in materials science and computer modeling, the search for new designs of pipe elements to intensify heat transfer continues.

Direct point-cloud-based numerical analysis using octree meshes

Point-cloud-based geometry acquisition techniques have seen an increased deployment in recent years and can be used in many branches of science and engineering. Different from conventional computer aided design (CAD) models, point-cloud data can be directly obtained by applying surveying technology, such as laser scanning devices. This opens a pathway to an efficient and highly automatic acquisition of the geometric model. However, in order to perform numerical analysis on point-cloud models using conventional finite element approaches, a surface reconstruction is required, which is both time consuming and error-prone. Therefore, a direct numerical analysis framework based on point-cloud data in conjunction with polyhedral element techniques is developed in this contribution. To this end, a robust and efficient meshing paradigm based on the direct use of point-cloud data (without surface reconstruction) is proposed. From the geometric model, a trimmed octree mesh containing only a limited number of master elements (element patterns) is directly generated, which is highly suitable for pre-computation techniques and parallelization (high-performance computing–HPC). By computing the element stiffness and mass matrices from pre-computed master elements via scaling, a fully automatic HPC framework is developed. By means of six numerical examples, we demonstrate the robustness, versatility, and efficiency of the developed methodology in handling (geometrically) complex engineering problems.

Harnessing the power of optical microscopy for visualization and analysis of histopathological images.

Histopathology is the foundation and gold standard for identifying diseases, and precise quantification of histopathological images can provide the pathologist with objective clues to make a more convincing diagnosis. Optical microscopy (OM), an important branch of optical imaging technology that provides high-resolution images of tissue cytology and structural morphology, has been used in the diagnosis of histopathology and evolved into a new disciplinary direction of optical microscopic histopathology (OMH). There are a number of ex-vivo studies providing applicability of different OMH approaches, and a transfer of these techniques toward in vivo diagnosis is currently in progress. Furthermore, combined with advanced artificial intelligence algorithms, OMH allows for improved diagnostic reliability and convenience due to the complementarity of retrieval information. In this review, we cover recent advances in OMH, including the exploration of new techniques in OMH as well as their applications, and look ahead to new challenges in OMH. These typical application examples well demonstrate the application potential and clinical value of OMH techniques in histopathological diagnosis.

Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing for High-Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices: A Minireview.

Despite tremendous efforts that have been dedicated to high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs), traditional electrode fabrication processes still face the daunting challenge of limited energy/power density or compromised mechanical compliance. 3D thick electrodes can maximize the utilization of z-axis space to enhance the energy density of EESDs but still suffer from limitations in terms of poor mechanical stability and sluggish electron/ion transport. Direct ink writing (DIW), an eminent branch of 3D printing technology, has gained popularity in the manufacture of 3D electrodes with intricately designed architectures and rationally regulated porosity, promoting a triple boost in areal mass loading, ion diffusion kinetics, and mechanical flexibility. This focus review highlights the fundamentals of printable inks and typical configurations of 3D-printed devices. In particular, preparation strategies for high-performance and multifunctional 3D-printed EESDs are systemically discussed and classified according to performance evaluation metrics such as high areal energy density, high power density, high volumetric energy density, and mechanical flexibility. Challenges and prospects for the fabrication of high-performance 3D-printed EESDs are outlined, aiming to provide valuable insights into this thriving field.

Practical implementation and experimental testing of control system for vibratory lapping-polishing machine

Vibratory technological machines are widely implemented in various branches of industrial, manufacturing, and mechanical engineering. Particularly, such equipment can be effectively used while conducting finishing technological operations, e.g., lapping and polishing of different machine parts. The present paper is focused on developing the control system for the novel design of a vibratory lapping-polishing machine driven by six solenoids. The main purpose consists in providing the circular trajectory of the working member and ensuring the machining uniformity at each point of the surface being treated. In such a case, it is proposed to actuate the solenoids with the specified time shift depending on the forced frequency needed to be provided. The duration of the signal actuating the solenoid is equal to one-sixth of the total duration of a cycle (period) of the working body oscillation. The corresponding control approach is developed and simulated in the Tinkercad application, while the control system is designed based on the Arduino software and hardware. In addition, the laboratory prototype of the vibratory lapping-polishing machine and the corresponding control system are implemented in practice. The performed experimental investigations substantiate the possibilities of generating the circular oscillations of the working member of the vibratory lapping-polishing machine. The obtained results may be useful for engineers and technologists dealing with control systems of various vibratory technological equipment based on electromagnetic and solenoid-type drives.

Designing effective enhanced oil recovery fluid: Combination of graphene oxide, D118 SuperPusher, and Chuback surfactant

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is one of the most essential branches of petroleum engineering and aims to maximize oil extraction from reservoirs. This research focuses on the utilization of graphene oxide (GO) in combination with a D118 SuperPusher compound and a natural surfactant (Chuback) to enhance oil recovery. The objective is to optimize the efficiency of the EOR process through a multi-component approach. The application of Chuback leads to a substantial decrease in interfacial tension (IFT), particularly in carbonate rock formations. This is attributed to the unique characteristics of carbonate rocks, which exhibit greater susceptibility to wettability alterations. Moreover, GO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, then characterized and incorporated into the surfactant-polymer system, creating surfactant-polymer-nanoparticle (SPN) fluids. The selection of optimum fluid formulations for the EOR process is facilitated through the utilization of Design Expert, a statistical software tool. Factors such as surfactant concentration, polymer concentration, NPs concentration, and two types of salt concentrations are specifically chosen as variables that can influence the fluid's performance during the flooding step. Parameters including IFT, contact angle (CA) (which affects wetting behavior), and shear viscosity (which impacts fluid flow) are considered responses. The efficacy of the suggested fluid formulation for EOR is validated through core flooding investigations. Core flooding investigations validated the efficacy of the suggested fluid for EOR, with recovery factors of up to 30% and 56% in sandstone and carbonate core samples, respectively. These findings underscore the potential of the proposed approach to significantly enhance oil recovery from both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.

Beyond Food Preparation: Potential of the Field of Food Science and Technology in Tanzania and Beyond

What comes to mind when you hear the phrase "food science and technology" (FST)? One of the authors asked some students who were visiting the Mbeya University of Science and Technology during the Annual Agricultural Exhibition, Nanenane, in August 2022. Their responses were unsurprising because they were very similar to how many people perceive the FST field. Most people mistakenly associate FST with other programmes like Hotel Management and Food and Beverage Production and believe it is all about cooking. Of course, someone with experience in food and beverage production is highly likely to pursue further education in the field of food science and technology. The FST is an interdisciplinary field as opposed to a specific discipline. This review aimed to raise awareness of the FST field among the general public. As a result, we have discussed in great detail in this paper how the field of FST relates to other branches of science, technology, economics, and social sciences. A thorough understanding of the FST field is anticipated to raise awareness of how FST knowledge and abilities can be crucial for leveraging the national economy at both the micro and macro levels through food processing, preservation, quality assurance and safety, and business. To support the nation's vision and Sustainable Development Goals, policy amendments are also advised to integrate the FST into various frameworks

Image Colorization using Convolutional Neural Network

With its advent and extension in many areas, technology has become crucially integrated with human lifestyle and activities. Various branches of technology have found ways to progress and they serve imperatively in various fields of development, entertainment and utility. Artificial Intelligence and domains within it encompass a huge portion of technological applications, and deep learning being a subset of AI can be used for many such implementations. Image colourisation is one such domain which can utilize the deep learning capabilities of a machine to effectively produce results. Colorization of gray-scale images is generally carried out using photo editing software and is a tedious and expensive job.With the collaboration of different pre-trained models in a baseline CNN model,, we analyzed the one with the highest accuracy and the least loss,comparing it to the others.Based on evaluation metrics such as root mean square error, loss, and accuracy, we determined that the best model is the one incorporating EFFicientB0. Hence, our project makes this process automated and accurate utilizing the convolutional neural architecture combined with EfficientNetB0. In this project, we have realized and implemented several compositions of the baseline CNN model with pre-trained models to deduce the best version.