Field Of Science Research Articles

The power of intuition in decision-making under operational stress

The decision-making process represents one of the most interesting subjects in the field of cognitive sciences, as it is a concept that requires a complex multi- and interdisciplinary approach. Modern warfare involves operations in environments characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, presenting multiple challenges, and radical and unexpected changes in the situation, which require a sound knowledge of how human thinking works and how we can develop the cognitive processes involved in formulating a decision. The article proposes a brief analysis of the decision-making process by military leaders in situations that involve significant stressors and demand quick and intuitive decisions. For this purpose, the main theoretical and practical aspects discussed in the specialized literature are presented, with an emphasis on applications in the military field. Additionally, the concept of expert intuition is introduced. Although there have been attempts to study this concept since antiquity, the systematic study of this revolutionary concept began in the middle of the 20th century and continues to arouse lively interest even today, remaining the subject of lively academic disputes.

Classical and Molecular Methods of Identification as well as Estimating Nematodes: A Comparative Review

Changing climatic scenarios accompanied with harsh ecological conditions are forcing various groups of organisms to evolve and adapt in different dimensions. Predominantly in the field of agriculture and crop science, several categories of new pests along with diseases are emerging voraciously causing havoc and causing panic-stricken situations for the farmers. Among the pests, nematode is one of the unnoticed categories contributing significantly to economic loss to the farmers. Due to monotonous crop protection practices in some of the areas as well as drastic changes in the environmental factors, new species of nematode are evolving and attacking economically important crop species. For that, we have to understand the pattern of feeding, oviposition site, life cycle, host searching behaviour, parasitic stages and susceptible host stage for attacking in order to form proper management practices. For understanding its mechanisms and behaviour, our prime concern will be its identification and taxonomic classification by various conventional as well as molecular approaches. Molecular approaches are turning out to be a useful and vigorous tool for the identification of the phylum Nematoda replacing conventional ones.

Classical and Molecular Methods of Identification as well as Estimating Nematodes: A Comparative Review

Changing climatic scenarios accompanied with harsh ecological conditions are forcing various groups of organisms to evolve and adapt in different dimensions. Predominantly in the field of agriculture and crop science, several categories of new pests along with diseases are emerging voraciously causing havoc and causing panic-stricken situations for the farmers. Among the pests, nematode is one of the unnoticed categories contributing significantly to economic loss to the farmers. Due to monotonous crop protection practices in some of the areas as well as drastic changes in the environmental factors, new species of nematode are evolving and attacking economically important crop species. For that, we have to understand the pattern of feeding, oviposition site, life cycle, host searching behaviour, parasitic stages and susceptible host stage for attacking in order to form proper management practices. For understanding its mechanisms and behaviour, our prime concern will be its identification and taxonomic classification by various conventional as well as molecular approaches. Molecular approaches are turning out to be a useful and vigorous tool for the identification of the phylum Nematoda replacing conventional ones.

Chasing balloons as scientific practice: On transformative cocreation and epistemic ethics of care in the emerging field of youth citizen social science

How does including youth in research within a citizen social science framework challenge and transform our participatory action research practices and approaches? Through a storying journey we unravel how the training and subsequent conducting of a co-creative research process with young citizen social scientists are evolving from a cacophony of traditions, approaches and disciplines, among them youth participatory action research, action research in organizations, citizen science and social anthropology. The article is based on empirical research with a group of young people in Oslo, Norway, involved in a large collaborative citizen social science project on social inclusion of youth in Europe. We have witnessed closely how an epistemic ethics of care is integral to securing the epistemic justice of youth and argue that citizen social science can promote both epistemic justice and epistemic abundance by including youth in all parts of a rigorous research process that produces new scientific knowledge. Yet, we found that performing an ethics of care is (close to) impossible within the current conditions and structures of social sciences, as our ideals and views on what science is, delimit the practices of relational care necessary for inclusive processes. The implications of our findings call for an ethics of care framework for both citizen social science and action research practices.

Main Criteria for the Classification of Disinformation and Attempts to Criminalisation of Its Spread in Ukraine

Based on the methodology of documentary review of scientific sources, available materials of public organisations, the judicial practices in investigating cases of disinformation spread, Ukrainian and foreign sources, the process of disinformation propagation has been researched. Using this approach, the main criteria for classifying disinformation by domains, objectives, methods, sources, forms, and channels were formulated. It was found that in Ukraine, there is still no unified legislative practice to counter disinformation, which leads to the uncontrolled application of manipulative processes and the dissemination of unreliable information by hostile intelligence services. Mass media and other channels of disinformation dissemination continue to evade the attention of law enforcement agencies, for instance, in the fields of economics, science, education, culture, and sports.

Nanostructured assessment of copper oxide for latent fingerprint recognition

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the different fields of forensic science, particularly in the efficient examination of evidence. In this study, we report scalable synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanosheets by using hydrothermal method and its exploration in the forensic examination of latent fingerprints. The identification and structural characterization of CuO nanoparticles were carried out using advanced spectroscopic methods such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The stabilization of CuO nanosheets in monoclinic symmetry (space group C2/c) was confirmed through Le Bail refinements. Morphological studies based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the CuO nanosheets exhibit, a rectangular, thin plate like morphology.The applicability of these nanosheets was tested for examining and developing fresh and aged (7 days old) latent fingerprints on dry, non-absorbent substrates using the powder dusting method. The formulation successfully developed sharp and clear fingerprints on various substrates, allowing the second-level details of the fingerprints to be viewed without any background interference. Additionally, these nanosheets are non-hazardous and cost-effective, making them a suitable fingerprint developing agent for a wide range of dry, non-absorbent surfaces recovered from crime scenes.

Visualization of the Charging of Water Droplets Sprayed into Air.

Water droplets are spraying into air using air as a nebulizing gas, and the droplets pass between two parallel metal plates with opposite charges. A high-speed camera records droplet trajectories in the uniform electric field, providing visual evidence for the Lenard effect, that is, smaller droplets are negatively charged whereas larger droplets are positively charged. By analyzing the velocities of the droplets between the metal plates, the charges on the droplets can be estimated. Some key observations include: (1) localized electric fields with intensities on the order of 109 V/m are generated, and charges are expected to jump (micro-lightening) between a positively charged larger droplet and the negatively charged smaller droplet as they separate; (2) the strength of the electric field is sufficiently powerful to ionize gases surrounding the droplets; and (3) observations in an open-air mass spectrometer reveal the presence of ions such as N2+, O2+, NO+, and NO2+. These findings provide new insight into the origins of some atmospheric ions and have implications for understanding ionization processes in the atmosphere and chemical transformations in water droplets, advancing knowledge in the field of aerosol science and water microdroplet chemistry.

A theoretical study of surface lithium effects on the [111] SiC nanowires as anode materials.

Silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNWs) are considered a promising alternative material for application in lithium-ion batteries, with researchers striving to develop new electrode materials that exhibit high capacity and high charge/discharge rate performance. To gain a deeper understanding of the application of SiCNWs in semiconductor material science and energy supply fields, we investigated the effects of nanoscale and surface lithiation on the electrical and mechanical properties of SiCNWs grown along the [111] direction. First-principles calculation was used to study their geometries, electronic structures, and associated electrochemical properties. Herein, we considered SiCNWs with full hydrogen passivation, full lithium passivation, and mixed passivation at different sizes. The formation energy indicates that the stability of SiCNWs increases with the increasing diameter, and the surface-lithiated SiC nanowires (Li-SiCNWs) are found to be energetically stable. The mixed passivated SiCNWs exhibit the properties of indirect band gap with the increase of lithium atoms on the surface, while the fully lithium passivated nanowires exhibit metallic behavior. Charge analysis shows that a portion of the electrons on the lithium atoms are transferred to the surface atoms of the nanowires and electrons prefer to cluster more near the C atoms. Additionally, Li-SiCNWs still have good mechanical resistance during the lithiation process. The stable open-circuit voltage range and theoretical capacity of these SiCNWs indicate their suitability as anode materials. In this study, Materials Studio 8.0 was used to construct the models of the SiCNWs. And all the density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed by the Vienna ab initio Simulation Package (VASP). The self-consistent field calculations are performed over a Monkhorst-Pack net of 1 × 1 × 6k-points. The energy convergence criteria for the self-consistent field calculation were set to 10-5eV/atom with a cutoff energy of 400eV.

On the analytical soliton approximations to fractional forced Korteweg–de Vries equation arising in fluids and plasmas using two novel techniques

The current investigation examines the fractional forced Korteweg–de Vries (FF-KdV) equation, a critically significant evolution equation in various nonlinear branches of science. The equation in question and other associated equations are widely acknowledged for their broad applicability and potential for simulating a wide range of nonlinear phenomena in fluid physics, plasma physics, and various scientific domains. Consequently, the main goal of this study is to use the Yang homotopy perturbation method and the Yang transform decomposition method, along with the Caputo operator for analyzing the FF-KdV equation. The derived approximations are numerically examined and discussed. Our study will show that the two suggested methods are helpful, easy to use, and essential for looking at different nonlinear models that affect complex processes.

Salt-separated strategy for construction of hollow carbon nanospheres with tunable size based on α-cyclodextrin

Hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) have attracted much attention in the field of science and technology for their excellent properties; however, developing a versatile synthesis strategy for the preparation of HCNs remains a great challenge. The successful manipulation of size and shell thickness of HCNs is essential to meet their structural varieties and practical applications. Herein, HCNs were prepared directly from the renewable α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) by a novel and simple salt-separated strategy with direct carbonization method is reported. The synthesis differs from the traditional template method in that it is characterized by the introduction of salt for separation and protection, the carbonization does not require the passage of protective gas, and the salt can be recycled. Thus, this method is very cost-effective and environmentally benign. In addition, the HCNs size in this system can be adjusted on demand by simply adjusting the concentration of α-CD, thus realizing that the HCNs size is adjustable in the range of 90–700 nm and adjustable shell thickness in the range of 20–250 nm. This work provides a new insight into the preparation of high-performance carbon materials in an environmentally friendly manner.

Drug advertising in Brazil

Researchers from various scientific fields have been dedicated to investigating the multiple characteristics of the pharmaceutical sector. Aiming to contribute to this debate and provide a basis for discussion, this study set out to analyze the history and current context of drug advertising in Brazil. Through an extensive collection of data and information, it was noted that the pharmaceutical sector is among the largest investors in marketing in the country. In the last few years, three or four pharmaceutical companies have appeared on the list of the ten biggest advertisers in Brazil, some of which have invested more than R$1 billion in a single year. A brief historical review of pharmaceutical marketing in the country has revealed the presence of several deceptive advertisements since the beginning of the 20th century. These included cases in which harmful substances, such as cocaine, were promoted as remedies for various illnesses and ineffective medicines were presented with unfounded promises of cures for diseases. Nowadays, advertising and marketing strategies have become increasingly complex and sophisticated. Multi-million dollar studies and sponsorships have ensured the insertion of advertising on several platforms, especially television and the Internet. The emergence of digital marketing strategies, driven by improved algorithms, social networks and influencers, along with advertising campaigns that are potentially harmful to public and collective health, highlight a challenging scenario.

Determining the orderliness of carbon materials with nanoparticle imaging and explainable machine learning.

Carbon materials have paramount importance in various fields of materials science, from electronic devices to industrial catalysts. The properties of these materials are strongly related to the distribution of defects-irregularities in electron density on their surfaces. Different materials have various distributions and quantities of these defects, which can be imaged using a procedure that involves depositing palladium nanoparticles. The resulting scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images can be characterized by a key descriptor-the ordering of nanoparticle positions. This work presents a highly interpretable machine learning approach for distinguishing between materials with ordered and disordered arrangements of defects marked by nanoparticle attachment. The influence of the degree of ordering was experimentally evaluated on the example of catalysis via chemical reactions involving carbon-carbon bond formation. This represents an important step toward automated analysis of SEM images in materials science.

Third-party application developers and the liminal space experience during digital entrepreneurship development

PurposeThe study aims to embrace the lingering call for more empirical studies that can theorize the role of digital platforms in digital entrepreneurship. Hence, this study seeks to reveal the liminal space entrepreneurial experience of third-party application developers, by investigating how the platform boundary resources promote third-party entrepreneurial actions, as they transition through the disoriented, uncertain and ambiguous processes of digital entrepreneurship development.Design/methodology/approachTo conduct this investigation, an expert interview qualitative method was used. This approach is a well-established technique in the field of social sciences, which allowed a detailed exploration of the theory of liminality. Liminality refers to the transitional phase that individuals or groups experience when moving from one social or cultural context to another. The expert interview method is appropriate for this study because it involves engaging with knowledgeable individuals who have extensive experience and expertise in the subject area being investigated. Through in-depth and unstructured interviews, the experts were able to provide valuable insights and perspectives about the phenomenon investigated.FindingsThe research findings demonstrate that digital platform boundary resources play a significant role in the behaviour of third-party developers’ who engage in the development of digital entrepreneurship in today’s market. The study highlights three ways that show how these resources (software development kit (SDK), API, integrated development environment (IDE), libraries, frameworks) enable third-party developers to create new applications that are used to pursue entrepreneurship in a digital platform, leading to increased user engagement and revenue generation.Originality/valueThe research addresses the critical roles of digital platform boundary resources in digital entrepreneurship development processes. Also, using liminality theory, the research explicated the core experiences of third-party developers as they navigated the challenges and ambiguities experienced in the pursuit of entrepreneurship. Thus, contributing to the existing body of knowledge in literature and practice.

The power of junior faculty mentoring committees.

Junior faculty mentoring committees have important roles in ensuring that faculty thrive and adjust to their new positions and institutions. Here, we describe the purpose, structure, and benefits of junior faculty mentoring committees, which can be a powerful tool for early-career academic investigators in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medical (STEMM) fields. There is a paucity of information about what mentoring committees are, how to use them effectively, what areas they should evaluate, and how they can most successfully help junior faculty progress in their careers. This work offers guidance for both junior faculty mentees and mentoring committee members on how to best structure and utilize mentoring committees to promote junior faculty success. A better understanding of the intricacies of the mentoring committee will allow junior faculty members to self-advocate and will equip committee mentors with tools to ensure that junior faculty are successful in thriving in academia.

Uncovering the reasons of retraction in virology: a citation and Altmetric investigation

Purpose This paper aims to delve into the critical examination of retractions in virology to identify the underlying factor that led to the retraction of scientific publications in this specialised domain. Further, this study offers insights into the impact of the retracted publications in the scholarly world vis-à-vis citation and Altmetric indicators. Design/methodology/approach The top 100 highly cited retracted articles from virology category were taken from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The Retraction Watch database was used for knowing the reasons for retraction for each retracted publication. The citation and Altmetric score of retracted publications were noted down from WoS and Altmetric.com databases, respectively. Journal Citation Report was used to note down the impact factor of the journals that have published these articles. Findings “Misconduct” (57.73%) is the most prevalent reason for the retraction of publications followed by plagiarism (18.55%) and journal issues (14.43%). The retracted papers are cited even after their retraction. Around 70.52% citations were received before and 29.47% after retraction. The highest number of retracted papers was published in the Journal of Virology (14) and Journal of Chemistry (10). High-impact factor journals such as Lancet, Cell and Nature each own one retracted paper. The study found dissemination of these publications through social media platforms with highest social media mentions (394) followed by policy and patents mentions (373) and news and blog mentions (300). Practical implications The research delves into understanding the reasons behind the retraction of virology papers and the impact of these publications through citation and Altmetric analyses. Its impactions include bolstering quality control in virology research, maintaining trust in scientific literature. Citation and Altmetric analyses offer deep insights into the broader impact of retracted papers, informing policy and publishing practices to uphold scientific integrity in virology. Originality/value This study addresses a specific and crucial aspect of scientific research retractions within the field of virology. While retractions have been studied in broader terms in scientific research, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no such study has been conducted in the scientific field of virology.

Review on Forensic Analysis of Microbiota in Human

Numerous studies relate differences in microbial communities to humans. The microbiome is fundamental for the human turn of events, invulnerability, and nourishment. The ordinary microbiota has explicit capability in supplement digestion, xenobiotic and drug digestion, upkeep of underlying trustworthiness of the stomach mucosal boundary, immunomodulation, and assurance against microorganisms. Out of nowhere, it assumes a significant part in criminology. In a few criminal examinations, such perceptible changes in the microbiome and mycobiome can decide the reason or the genuine spot of death. The microbial follows found at the crime location can likewise give obvious proof of responsibility. The point of this audit was to study the microbiome and its applications in scientific sciences and to decide the primary lines of examination that are emerging, as well as its potential commitments to the scientific field.’

Computational studies on a selection of phosphite esters as antioxidants for polymeric materials.

Phosphite esters, a class of organo-phosphorus compounds, are widely used as non-discolouring antioxidants in many polymeric products. Apart from normal radical scavenging, they prevent the splitting of hydroperoxides (ROOH), one of the initial products of autoxidation, from forming extremely reactive free radicals such as alkoxy (RO.) and hydroxy (.OH) radicals. The inherent molecular properties of antioxidants and the chemistry of their action are essential for researchers working in this field of science. Four organo-phosphorous compounds well-known for their antioxidant activity are selected here for theoretical analysis: Tri(m-methylphenyl) phosphite (m-TMPP), Tri(4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (TMdtBPP), Tri(allylphenyl) phosphite (TAPP) and Tri(mercaptobenzothiazoyl) thiophosphate (TMBTTP). The antioxidant activity exhibited by these compounds is theoretically verified, and the results are consistent with the available experimental data. Such theoretical predictions offer advantages in scientific research, particularly when researchers need to select certain molecules as antioxidants for experiments from a pool of molecular systems. The chemical computations presented in this report are done in Gaussian 16 program package. The procedure of density functional theory (DFT) with the model chemistry B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) is used to generate computational data. Global reactivity indices, thermochemical data, Fukui functions, molecular electrostatic potential and NMR spectra are computed for the chosen molecular systems from their optimized geometries.

A Conceptual Framework for the Operationalisation of Cooperation Analytics in Citizen Science Projects

While “cooperation” has been widely understood as a notion that allows us to better understand the dynamics of scientific research within citizen science practices in the field of social sciences and humanities (SSH), the concept of cooperation has not been precisely defined in the citizen science literature, nor measured quantitatively for digital platforms. This article adopts a conceptual approach to define cooperation and its key features, based on a systematic literature review. This approach allowed us to design 21 features of cooperation and build indicators that enable us to measure these features between citizen scientists. These 21 features of cooperation allow us to account for the plurality of citizen scientists’ meanings and practices in SSH. The indicators, which we refer to as “cooperation analytics,” can be deployed in a digital platform to provide direct and constant feedback to the actors themselves while their project is still under development. These analytics can serve as a tool for reflexivity, that is, to reflect on the assumptions that we make when producing knowledge, where cooperation is considered as a learning process under continuous revision and not as a criterion for conformity. Ultimately, cooperation analytics contribute to establishing new conventions for an enhanced citizen science, and to providing accountability and robustness in knowledge production and policymaking.

Application of machine reading comprehension techniques for named entity recognition in materials science

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the properties, structures, and behaviors of different materials. A large amount of scientific literature contains rich knowledge in the field of materials science, but manually analyzing these papers to find material-related data is a daunting task. In information processing, named entity recognition (NER) plays a crucial role as it can automatically extract entities in the field of materials science, which have significant value in tasks such as building knowledge graphs. The typically used sequence labeling methods for traditional named entity recognition in material science (MatNER) tasks often fail to fully utilize the semantic information in the dataset and cannot effectively extract nested entities. Herein, we proposed to convert the sequence labeling task into a machine reading comprehension (MRC) task. MRC method effectively can solve the challenge of extracting multiple overlapping entities by transforming it into the form of answering multiple independent questions. Moreover, the MRC framework allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the contextual information and semantic relationships within materials science literature, by integrating prior knowledge from queries. State-of-the-art (SOTA) performance was achieved on the Matscholar, BC4CHEMD, NLMChem, SOFC, and SOFC-Slot datasets, with F1-scores of 89.64%, 94.30%, 85.89%, 85.95%, and 71.73%, respectively in MRC approach. By effectively utilizing semantic information and extracting nested entities, this approach holds great significance for knowledge extraction and data analysis in the field of materials science, and thus accelerating the development of material science.Scientific contributionWe have developed an innovative NER method that enhances the efficiency and accuracy of automatic entity extraction in the field of materials science by transforming the sequence labeling task into a MRC task, this approach provides robust support for constructing knowledge graphs and other data analysis tasks.

Ruthenium-modified catalyst Ru-CeO2 significantly enhances mercury removal from sulfur-containing coal flue gas

In this study, we innovatively synthesized Ru-CeO2 catalysts by doping ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) with cerium dioxide (CeO2), which significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of mercury (Hg0) from coal-fired flue gases and tolerance to high sulfur environments. We effectively responded to the complex challenges in coal-fired flue gases. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize the catalyst. It was found that the mercury removal efficiency of the Ru-CeO2 catalyst was significantly higher than that of unmodified CeO2 at 125°C, demonstrating excellent mercury removal performance and sulfur resistance. In addition, in the field of mercury removal and sulfur resistance, the innovative combination of characterization technique and density functional theory (DFT) was used to deeply explore the adsorption behaviors of Hg0 and SO2 on the surface of the catalyst and their mechanisms, revealing the changes in surface charge distribution and the increase in active sites caused by ruthenium doping. The changes in the electronic structure of the active sites on the catalyst surface were revealed by DFT calculations, which provide a scientific basis for the optimization and screening of catalysts in the future and are of great significance to the field of coal-fired flue gas purification and catalyst science.