Field Of Science Research Articles

Teaching of bioethics in the field of medical and biological sciences: The situation in Algeria

Teaching of bioethics in the field of medical and biological sciences: The situation in Algeria

Large Language Model-Based AI Agent for Organic Semiconductor Devices Research.

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted widespread attention recently, however, their application in specialized scientific fields still requires deep adaptation. In this work, we designed an artificial intelligence (AI) agent for organic field effect transistors (OFETs) by integrating the GPT-4 model with well-trained machine learning (ML) algorithms. It can efficiently extract the experimental parameters of OFETs from scientific literature and reshape them into a structured database, achieving precision and recall rates both exceeding 92%. Combined with well-trained ML models, this AI agent can further provide targeted guidance and suggestions for device design. With prompt engineering and human-in-loop strategies, the agent extracted sufficient information of 709 OFETs from 277 research articles across different publishers and gathered them into a standardized database containing more than 10000 device parameters. Using this database, we trained a ML model based on XGBoost for device performance judgment. Combined with the interpretation of the high-precision model, the agent has provided a feasible optimization scheme that has tripled the charge transport properties of DP-DTT OFETs. Our work is an effective practice of LLMs in the field of organic optoelectronic devices and expands the research paradigm of organic optoelectronic materials and devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Blockchain jako nowoczesne narzędzie prawa pracy i zarządzania pracą – wymiar ogólnoteoretyczny i praktyczny

The article presents a theoretical and practical analysis of the application of blockchain in the field of labor law, also in connection with the branch of science, which is management. Therefore, adopting such a research objective made it necessary to analyze this issue in the axiological, praxeological, and practical dimensions, with reference to the sphere of management. Consequently, the chosen research method will not be a formal-dogmatic method, which mainly involves the analysis of legal norms, but a general theoretical analysis and reasoning.

Thermo-mechanical characteristics of spent coffee grounds reinforced bio-composites

Abstract This research examines the incorporation of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) into composite materials utilizing a three-part system composed of modified castor oil, polyester resin, and SCGs. The objective is to assess the mechanical, microstructural, and thermal characteristics of the resultant composites. The composite specimens underwent a thorough preparation and were tested through a battery of procedures comprising tensile testing, shore D hardness testing, SEM, FT-IR, and thermal conductivity measurements. Tensile testing revealed higher mechanical resilience, reinforcing the desirable properties of SCGs. The 5 % SCG-reinforced sample exhibited the highest tensile strength value, with a 41.85 % increase observed in comparison to the pure sample. The results of shore D hardness tests demonstrated that there was no significant change in material hardness up to 3 % additive content. However, a decrease in hardness was observed at higher additive rates. At a 7 % additive rate, there was a 2.82 % decrease in material hardness. Furthermore, the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis has revealed the microstructural features of the composite matrix, which have highlighted the distribution of SCGs within it. The successful implementation of SCGs has also been verified by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. Finally, based on thermal conductivity measurements, it has been determined that SCGs are suitable for thermal insulation purposes. This study represents a significant contribution to the field of sustainable materials science, emphasising the potential benefits of SCGs in improving the effectiveness of composite materials.

Oral cancer diagnosis based on gated recurrent unit networks optimized by an improved version of Northern Goshawk optimization algorithm

Oral cancer early diagnosis is a critical task in the field of medical science, and one of the most necessary things is to develop sound and effective strategies for early detection. The current research investigates a new strategy to diagnose an oral cancer based upon combination of effective learning and medical imaging. The current research investigates a new strategy to diagnose an oral cancer using Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks optimized by an improved model of the NGO (Northern Goshawk Optimization) algorithm. The proposed approach has several advantages over existing methods, including its ability to analyze large and complex datasets, its high accuracy, as well as its capacity to detect oral cancer at the very beginning stage. The improved NGO algorithm is utilized to improve the GRU network that helps to improve the performance of the network and increase the accuracy of the diagnosis. The paper describes the proposed approach and evaluates its performance using a dataset of oral cancer patients. The findings of the study demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested approach in accurately diagnosing oral cancer.

Deterioration-associated microbiome of a modern photographic artwork: the case of Skull and Crossbones by Robert Mapplethorpe

The preservation of cultural heritage, including ancient photographic materials, is of paramount importance in the field of conservation science. In this context, the microbial diversity of ‘Skull and Crossbones’, a 1983 photograph by Robert Mapplethorpe printed on silver gelatine, was assessed. We employed both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to characterize microbial communities inhabiting this artwork. Vibrational Raman micro spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy were utilized to assess the chemical degradation condition and characterize the chemical components of the silver gelatin print. The combination of molecular sequencing methods (Sanger and HTS approach) and non-invasive vibrational spectroscopy yielded valuable insights into the microbial communities thriving on photographic material and the chemical degradation of the print. Isolated fungal strains were added to the Fungal Collection at the University of Naples Federico II, and their deteriorative potential was investigated by adding substrates, commonly used in canvas photographs to the culture media. These results establish a link between microbial communities colonizing ancient photographic materials, paper decomposition, and the enzymatic patterns of the retrieved microorganisms. This information is invaluable for understanding and addressing biodeterioration progression on valuable works of art, such as historical photographs, which remain understudied.

Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants.

Milk bioactivity refers to the specific health effects of milk components beyond nutrition. The science of milk bioactivity involves the systematic study of these components and their health effects, as verified by empirical data, controlled experiments, and logical arguments. Conversely, 'faith in milk bioactivity' can be defined as personal opinion, meaning, value, trust, and hope for health effects that are beyond investigation by natural, social, or human sciences. Faith can be strictly secular, but also influenced by spirituality or religion. The aim of this paper is to show that scientific knowledge is frequently supplemented with faith convictions to establish personal and public understanding of milk bioactivity. Mammalian milk is an immensely complex fluid containing myriad proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and micronutrients with multiple functions across species, genetics, ages, environments, and cultures. Human health includes not only physical health, but also social, mental, and spiritual health, requiring widely different fields of science to prove the relevance, safety, and efficacy of milk interventions. These complex relationships between milk feeding and health outcomes prevent firm conclusions based on science and logic alone. Current beliefs in and understanding of the value of breast milk, colostrum, infant formula, or isolated milk proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and growth factors) show that both science and faith contribute to understand, stimulate, or restrict the use of milk bioactivity. The benefits of breastfeeding for infants are beyond doubt, but the strong beliefs in its health effects rely not only on science, and mechanisms are unclear. Likewise, fear of, or trust in, infant formula may rely on both science and faith. Knowledge from science safeguards individuals and society against 'milk bioactivity superstition'. Conversely, wisdom from faith-based convictions may protect science from unrealistic 'milk bioactivity scientism'. Honesty and transparency about the potentials and limitations of both scientific knowledge and faith convictions are important when informing individuals and society about the nutritious and bioactive qualities of milk.

Stabilization of quasilinear systems with variable exponents: A modified approach for energy decay rate determination

This article investigates the stabilization of quasilinear systems governed by elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) with variable exponents using the modified Tikhonov approach. Our main focus is to determine the energy decay rate of the solution. The findings have significant potential for practical applications in various fields of science and engineering, where the energy decay rate plays a vital role in system stability and control.

Research on the aerodynamic causes of airplane wings

As the fastest means of transportation in the globe for people, airplanes are receiving more and more attention in the fields of science and engineering. Experts around the world try to figure out methods of increasing safety for airplanes, while it may elicit an ongoing debate on how to explain wing aerodynamics. This essay delves into the intricate world of wing aerodynamics, first presenting an analysis of forces acting on the airplane which could help provide basic knowledge and serve as background information. Three main theories, Bernoullis equation, Newtons third law, and the Coanda effect are analyzed and compared here to get a relatively accurate explanation. By figuring out how wings work to make a plane uplift in the air, the results help improve the design of traditional airliners and increase their stability.

Seamless integration of Internet of Things, miniaturization, and environmental chemical surveillance.

IoT is a game-changer across all fields, including chemistry. Embracing sustainable practices and green chemistry, the miniaturization and automation of systems, and their integration into IoT is key to achieving these principles, as a rising trend with momentum. Particularly, IoT and analytical chemistry are linked in the rapid exchange of analytical data for environmental, industrial, healthcare, and educational applications. Meanwhile, cooperation with other fields of science is evident, and there is a prompt and subjective analysis of information related to analytical systems and methodologies. This paper will review the concepts, requirements, and architecture of IoT and its role in the miniaturization and automation of analytical tools using electronic modules and sensors. The aim is to explore the standards and perspectives of IoT and its interaction with different aspects of analytical chemistry. Additionally, it aimed to explain the basics and applications of IoT for chemists, and its relevance to different subfields of analytical chemistry, particularly in the field of environmental chemical surveillance. The article also covers updating IoT devices and creating DIY-based degradation devices to enhance the educational aspect of chemistry and reduce barriers to lab facilities and equipment. Lastly, it will explore how IoT is really important and how it's going to significantly impact analytical chemistry.

Digital Portrait of a Person as an Object of Complex Research

A digital portrait of a person is not only an image created with the help of digital technologies, but also a multifaceted object of complex research. In the modern world, more and more attention is paid to the study of various aspects of digital images, including such areas as psychology, sociology, art history and even medicine. From the point of view of psychology, a digital portrait can tell about a person’s inner world, his emotions and experiences. Sociology considers the digital portrait as a reflection of social processes and changes taking place in society. Art historians study the influence of digital technologies on the development of art and culture, as well as the role of digital portraits in shaping the aesthetic preferences of a modern person. Specialists in the field of medicine conduct research aimed at developing methods for the prevention and treatment of diseases. In general, a digital portrait is a unique object for study and can serve as a starting point for research in various fields of science. It is important to understand that a digital portrait is not just an image, but a complex set of data that can tell a lot of interesting things about a person. However, in addition to these aspects, the digital portrait is also a great interest for forensic portrait examination.

Analysis of Locutionary and Perlocutionary Acts in Language Advertisements

Pragmatics in linguistics is the scientific study of the relationship between language and the context that underlies the explanation of the meaning or understanding of language. In pragmatics, there is a branch of science that discusses speech acts, which are divided into three categories: locutionary acts, which are only utterances delivered by speakers to state something; an illocutionary act is a speech act that has a specific purpose or context; perlocutionary acts are actions carried out by the speech partner as an effect of the speaker's speech. Speech acts do not only occur orally but also in writing, including scripts in advertisements.The research method used is qualitative and descriptive because the data collected doesn't involve statistical figures. This approach provides a narrative overview of the object and study results. The researcher acts as the instrument, collecting data on speech acts based on Austin and Nababan's theories. The results of the analysis show that in German-language advertisements, there are all types of speech acts. It is very important to learn and understand language, not only in terms of grammar but also in the context and meaning of the language to avoid misunderstandings.

The view of synthetic biology in the field of ethics: a thematic systematic review.

Synthetic biology is designing and creating biological tools and systems for useful purposes. It uses knowledge from biology, such as biotechnology, molecular biology, biophysics, biochemistry, bioinformatics, and other disciplines, such as engineering, mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. It is recognized as both a branch of science and technology. The scope of synthetic biology ranges from modifying existing organisms to gain new properties to creating a living organism from non-living components. Synthetic biology has many applications in important fields such as energy, chemistry, medicine, environment, agriculture, national security, and nanotechnology. The development of synthetic biology also raises ethical and social debates. This article aims to identify the place of ethics in synthetic biology. In this context, the theoretical ethical debates on synthetic biology from the 2000s to 2020, when the development of synthetic biology was relatively faster, were analyzed using the systematic review method. Based on the results of the analysis, the main ethical problems related to the field, problems that are likely to arise, and suggestions for solutions to these problems are included. The data collection phase of the study included a literature review conducted according to protocols, including planning, screening, selection and evaluation. The analysis and synthesis process was carried out in the next stage, and the main themes related to synthetic biology and ethics were identified. Searches were conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, PhilPapers and MEDLINE databases. Theoretical research articles and reviews published in peer-reviewed journals until the end of 2020 were included in the study. The language of publications was English. According to preliminary data, 1,453 publications were retrieved from the four databases. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 58 publications were analyzed in the study. Ethical debates on synthetic biology have been conducted on various issues. In this context, the ethical debates in this article were examined under five themes: the moral status of synthetic biology products, synthetic biology and the meaning of life, synthetic biology and metaphors, synthetic biology and knowledge, and expectations, concerns, and problem solving: risk versus caution.

”Tavoitteena on tarkastella luontevaa arkikeskustelua” – Vapaa, spontaani, luonnollinen ja aito (arki-)puhe fennistisissä murteita käsittelevissä väitöskirjoissa

The study examines the concept of free(ly produced) (‘vapaa’) speech. The expressions free (‘vapaa’), spontaneous (‘spontaani’), natural (‘luonnollinen’), authentic (‘aito’) and everyday (‘arki-‘) are the subject of the analysis. The research material consists of 51 doctoral dissertations dealing with dialects published in the field of Finnish language studies between 1871 and 2017, from which previously mentioned expressions have been searched qualitatively by means of close reading and mechanically by word searches. The research shows that free(ly produced) (‘vapaa’) speech can be defined in different ways and that speech produced in different speech situations appears at different contexts as both free(ly produced) and non-free(ly produced) speech. The study discusses phonetic experiments, elicitation methods, and interview and conversation as data acquisition methods and speech situations in language research. The study shows that although the scientific field has emphasized that no speech is more natural and authentic than another, in practice such assessments are made in research discourses (dissertations).

Recent Advances in Biochar: Synthesis Techniques, Properties, Applications, and Hydrogen Production

The field of material sciences has evolved vastly in the last two decades, largely due to the discovery of carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives. Although they offer positive characteristics, the cost of production and material processing of these carbon nanomaterials has limited their application. However, scientists have started searching for cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives. Biochar, a carbonaceous material derived from biowaste, is the most viable alternative, as it offers characteristics on par with traditional carbon nanomaterials. This review will discuss the production of biochar from biomass, methods of production, the effects various conditions have on the production of biochar, biomass selection, current biochar applications, and the potential biochar has to produce hydrogen as an energy carrier.

NSGAN: a non-dominant sorting optimisation-based generative adversarial design framework for alloy discovery

The design and discovery of new materials is fundamental to advancing scientific and technological innovation. The recent emergence of the materials genome concept holds great promise in revolutionising materials science by enabling the systematic utilisation of data for efficient prediction and optimisation of ‘superior’ materials. However, the materials genome approach can be stymied by the vast complexity of design spaces, which often demand substantial computational resources and sophisticated data processing capabilities. To address these challenges, this work introduces a generative design framework called the non-dominant sorting optimisation-based generative adversarial networks (NSGAN). Capitalising on the synergies of genetic algorithms (GA) and generative adversarial networks (GANs), NSGAN provides a robust and efficient approach for tackling high-dimensional multi-objective optimisation design problems. To validate the efficacy of the proposed framework, we applied the model to a comprehensive dataset of aluminium alloys. Additionally, an online tool was created as a supplementary resource, offering a brief introduction to this innovative method for the wider scientific community. This study explores the potential of a predictive and data-driven approach in material design, indicating a promising pathway for widespread applications in the field of materials science.

Methods for studying structural oppression in quantitative family research

AbstractResearchers have long documented the impact of social inequalities on family life. Most family research has focused on inequalities at the individual and family levels, and extant studies on macro‐level conditions have primarily examined economic conditions and specific family‐focused social policies. Yet, an emerging body of largely conceptual research suggests that structural inequities also have enormous power to shape families. Structural racism, structural sexism, and structural sexual and gender minority oppression, and other forms of structural injustice operate across various levels (macro, meso, and micro) and systems (e.g., educational, economic, political, criminal‐legal, etc.), to influence individuals' social environments and everyday lives in ways that may impact how, when, and where people form families. Structural oppression, moreover, may influence relationship quality, caregiving patterns, child outcomes, and various other aspects of family life. Yet, the consequences of these structural forces for families have not yet been thoroughly examined. In this article, we (1) develop a conceptual framework linking structural oppression to family characteristics and outcomes, (2) outline innovative approaches for conceptualizing and measuring structural oppression and describe how incorporating these approaches can move the field of family science forward, and (3) make several recommendations regarding best practices and fruitful avenues for future research.

Structural Impediments Impacting Early-Career Women of Color STEM Faculty Careers

Women of Color faculty continue to experience many challenges in their careers, especially in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. As such, more research is needed that considers structural issues inhibiting their success. Using structuration theory and critical race feminism as a conceptual framework, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 faculty and administrators in STEM departments at higher education institutions to investigate their perceptions of structural impediments impacting early-career Women of Color STEM faculty careers. Our findings revealed the need to establish policies that are clear, documented, and transparent. Additionally, incremental approaches to tenure and promotion evaluations should be reconsidered, especially when this approach may position Women of Color faculty to appear as if they are underperforming, when the opposite may be true. Furthermore, as higher education institutions endeavor to diversify the professoriate, this study is significant in enabling institutions and STEM departments to be aware of systemic issues confronting them to make significant inroads in retaining and advancing Women of Color faculty in these disciplines.

Thinking and doing beyond science and risk communication as mere transmission

I look back on my professional experience as both bench and social scientist, and examine my misunderstandings of science communication as a field, which were fueled by my ideologically-driven stance on the primacy of the bench sciences over all other fields of study. I begin with my work as a molecular biologist, continue with my socialization into the social sciences at the PhD level, and narrate my experiences as a researcher attempting to break down the notion of science and risk communication as mere vessels for sharing scientific information. I do this by discussing my research findings, and then ruminating on their meaning for the fields of science and risk communication. These fields must grow beyond their preoccupation with the centrality of scientific data in communication by 1) recognizing the ideological force exerted by such a stance, and 2) acknowledging the many voices of society that allow communication to be a complicated, and yet fruitful enterprise.

Active and Authentic Learning in Remote Laboratory: Means of Improving Prospective Physics Teachers’ Multiple Representation Ability

Remote laboratories are a new domain that allows students and teachers to conduct experiments in hands-on exploration remotely. We studied how constructing an active and authentic learning in a remote laboratory affects prospective physics teachers' multiple representation ability. The research method used is based on the development procedures of the ADDIE research and development model. We have designed and validated a learning design with a remote laboratory environment with 2 physics experiment apparatuses, active and authentic learning stages, multi-representation ability assessment, and remote laboratory application evaluation tools. This study implemented design-based research with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The research was conducted on 28 prospective physics teacher students. In terms of effectiveness, this learning design was able to improve significantly [t (28) = 7.480, p.05] in verbal, visual, and mathematics representation ability. Therefore, it can be used by lecturers and those in other science fields to improve the quality of learning and developing prospective physics teachers’ multiple representation Skills.