Branch Of Linguistics Research Articles

Pragmatic Study: an Analysis of Form and Function of Arabic Directive Speaking in "the Story' of Imam Hasan Basri RA” Animation / دراسة تداولية: تحليل لشكل ووظيفة أفعال الكلام للتوجيه العربي في الرسوم المتحركة "قصة الإمام الحسن البصري"

Pragmatics is one of the branches of linguistics which includes the relationship between outside language and the intent of an utterance, while pragmatics itself is a linguistics study that studies the use of language associated with the context in which it is used. The meaning of the language can be understood if the context is known. This study focuses on one branch of pragmatics, namely Arabic directive speech acts in the animation "The Story of Imam Hasan Al-Bashri ''. This study serves to explain and describe the forms and functions of Arabic directive speech acts in the animation "The Story of Imam Hasan Al-Bashri". The method used by the researcher is a descriptive analysis method. It is carried out through three stages, namely: (1) data collection stage, (2) data analysis stage, (3) data analysis presentation stage. The results of this study indicate that the form of speech acts in the animation "Kisah Imam Hasan Al-Bashri '' consists of: (1) direct speech acts, (2) indirect speech acts, (3) literal speech acts, and (4) speech acts. not literal speech. Meanwhile, the functions of Arabic speech acts in the animation "The Story of Imam Hasan Al-Bashri" include: Requestives directive speech acts, Questions directive speech acts, Requirements directive speech acts, Prohibitives directive speech acts, Permissives directive speech acts, Advisores directive speech acts.

CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN LINGUISTICS

Phraseology is a field of linguistics that studies the current state and historical development of the phraseological system. Phraseological units are the object of research in phraseology. The subject of phraseology as a branch of linguistics is the study of the categorical features of phraseological units, on the basis of which the main features of phraseology are distinguished and the essence of phraseological units as special units of language is solved. In particular, to determine the regularities of the phraseological units in speech and the processes of their formation. However, despite the large number of studies on the main issues of phraseology, there is still no unified approach to the definition of the phraseological unit of language.

Idioms Between Arabic and Indonesian (a comparative analysis)/ التعبير الاصطلاحي بين اللغة العربية واللغة الإندونيسية

Idioms are one of the fields of study in semantics. Semantics is a branch of linguistics which studies the language meaning. This study is motivated by students who do not know the form of idioms used in learning. The aim of this study is to know the similarities and differences between Arabic and Indonesian idioms used in learning. The type of this study is library research using contrastive analysis method, which compared two languages in terms of meaning through a qualitative approach. The primary data were the Arabic Idiom Dictionary and a book entitled Indonesian Expression in contrastive anlysis of Arabic and Indonesian while the secondary data were taken from books and journals related to the study. And the results of this study, there are similarities between Arabic and Indonesian idioms terms of sentence form and meaning. There are differentces in Arabic idioms in terms of the intended meaning and differnces in Indonesian in terms of sentences the intended meaning. And there are other differences in terms of the vocabulary used.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-ІСТОРИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ПОНЯТТЯ «ГЕНДЕР» В ЛІНГВІСТИЦІ

The research is dedicated to the study of the concept of “gender” in linguistics. The concept of “gender” includes a set of social and cultural norms that have been transformed in the process of evolution from biological to socio-psychological category. Subsequently, the gender of a person from a biological characteristic was transformed into a socio-psychological characteristic, which is considered as a socio-cultural, discursive and psycholinguistic phenomenon. Currently, a new branch of linguistics, linguistic gender studies or gender linguistics, is studying the differences between the sexes. Gender self-identification is part of the cognitive resources of both the individual and society. Accordingly, gender can be seen as a dimension, as a parameter of research in many sciences. In addition, the recognition of the theory of distinction allows a more reasonable statement of the principle of interdisciplinarity in gender studies. This approach is typical both at the level of research of specific problems and at the level of substantiation of gender asymmetry in general. The concept of gender is included in the linguistic description in order to emphasize the social aspects of gender and related cultural traditions and stereotypes that are fixed by language and in the most direct way affect behavior and self-identification, the study of this phenomenon certainly deserves close attention linguopragmatics, theories of communication and language influence, sociolinguistics and a number of other linguistic sciences. As the results of research in the field of gender have shown, the special literature pays great attention not only to specific facts, but also to terminology in this area of knowledge.

Problemy historycznojęzykowe w czasopiśmie „Język a Kultura”. Zagadnienia i perspektywy badawcze

The article is a review and its aim is to answer the questions about which sections of historical linguistics are represented in the journal “Język a Kultura,” as well as which paradigms, directions, and research methodologies were used by the authors of the excerpted texts. The “Język a Kultura” journal, which has been published since 1988, has contained 73 historical and linguistic articles (which constitute 12.85% of all texts), representing such branches of linguistics as: semantics, lexicology, etymology, textology (genology), and linguistic pragmatics; to a lesser extent, the series covers grammar, dialectological and onomastic issues as well as language policy.

THE CONCEPT OF DISCOURSE IN MODERN LINGUISTICS

This article is devoted to the determination of the discourse in linguistics. Four approaches were chosen to consider the concept of discourse: communicative, structural-syntactic, structural-stylistic and sociopragmatic. The author concludes that discourse is one of main branches of linguistics.

HASAN ALİ TOPTAŞ’IN BENİ KÖR KUYULARDA ROMANINDA GÖRÜLEN BAĞDAŞIKLIK UNSURLARI

Text linguistics is one of the important branches of linguistics. Text linguistics, which focuses on the criteria that makes the text a text, examines the relations of the sentences in the text with each other. Small structure based on inter-sentence relations; a large structure which ensures the integrity of the text based on the sentences; depending on all these structures, the superstructure is reached by examining the principles of cohesion and consistency. Thanks to these structures, text linguistics offers clues to writers and readers through various analysis methods in the process of perceiving and interpreting texts. Although Hasan Ali Toptaş is an important name for Turkish Literature, he has the issues that he is uncomfortable with and the messages he wants to convey to the readers. The messages he wants to convey are hidden in the depths of the text under the surface structure. In this study, this aspect of "Beni Kör Kuyularda" novel will be examined in terms of text linguistics, and besides the visible and understood part of the text, its deep structure, the elements hidden in the text and the linguistic coherence of the text will be focused on and how all these issues are realized in Hasan Ali Toptaş's novel Beni Kör Kuyularda. Keywords: Text linguistics, Textuality criteria, Cohesion, Beni Kör Kuyularda, Hasan Ali Toptaş.

Progressive changes in descriptive discourse in First Episode Schizophrenia: a longitudinal computational semantics study

Computational semantics, a branch of computational linguistics, involves automated meaning analysis that relies on how words occur together in natural language. This offers a promising tool to study schizophrenia. At present, we do not know if these word-level choices in speech are sensitive to the illness stage (i.e., acute untreated vs. stable established state), track cognitive deficits in major domains (e.g., cognitive control, processing speed) or relate to established dimensions of formal thought disorder. In this study, we collected samples of descriptive discourse in patients experiencing an untreated first episode of schizophrenia and healthy control subjects (246 samples of 1-minute speech; n = 82, FES = 46, HC = 36) and used a co-occurrence based vector embedding of words to quantify semantic similarity in speech. We obtained six-month follow-up data in a subsample (99 speech samples, n = 33, FES = 20, HC = 13). At baseline, semantic similarity was evidently higher in patients compared to healthy individuals, especially when social functioning was impaired; but this was not related to the severity of clinically ascertained thought disorder in patients. Across the study sample, higher semantic similarity at baseline was related to poorer Stroop performance and processing speed. Over time, while semantic similarity was stable in healthy subjects, it increased in patients, especially when they had an increasing burden of negative symptoms. Disruptions in word-level choices made by patients with schizophrenia during short 1-min descriptions are sensitive to interindividual differences in cognitive and social functioning at first presentation and persist over the early course of the illness.

Types of Dictionaries in Kurdish Language

1-Title of the study: Our research is entitled with (Types of Dictionary in Kurdish Language). 2-Limits of the study: The limit of the study is on practical linguistic level, the examples of the study covers Kurdish dictionaries in all dialects and accents, also contains these dictionaries that are between Kurdish and other languages. 3-Methods of the study: The method which is applied on this study is (descriptive analytical method). 4-Reasons of the study: Practical linguistic is an important branch of linguistics, discussing this science especially (dictionary and lexicology) has a close history, that is why although writing and researching is done, it is minimal so we chose this subject to enrich the Kurdish library. 5-Problems of the study: Unfortunately, the selection of dictionary types has not been shown in this extensive way as we applied in this study, but the sources have talked about them intermittently and incompletely, which has taken us a long time trying to show all kinds of dictionaries in Kurdish as an example of Kurdish dictionary. 6-Materials of the study: For this study, we have resorted to identifying the majority of Kurdish dictionaries, especially those published in regular books or electronic books. 7-Research content and research plan: The study consists of an introduction and two chapters: Chapter One: which is titled (dictionary), contains these sections: (term and definition of dictionary, dictionary term, dictionary definition, dictionary benefits, basic dictionary letters order). Chapter Two: which is titled (dictionary types), contains these sections: (dictionary types in terms of features, dictionary types in terms of content, dictionary types in terms of size, dictionary types in terms of style, dictionary types in terms of language numbers, dictionary types in terms of quantity, dictionary types in terms of subjectivity). Finally, the results of the study and the list of references, with the abstract of the study presented in Arabic and Englishز

Honesty in Language in Special Fugitive Scandal: Forensic Linguistic Studies in Broadcasting Talks Indonesia Lawyers Club

Forensic linguistics as a branch of linguistics that analyzes and examines language in legal products, legal processes, and legal evidence still needs to be improved in Indonesia, especially the study of language honesty in crime cases. Therefore, it is important to continue the study of forensic linguistics. This study aims to describe the veracity language in the special fugitive scandal. This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive qualitative research design that focuses on analyzing the level of veracity in language in the special fugitive scandal using John Olsson's Statement Analysis in Linguistic (SAL) model. The data of this research are oral data, namely forensic text narratives contained in talk shows about special fugitives. The data source in this research is the Indonesia Lawyers Club (ILC) talk show. The main theory used in this research is the study of forensic linguistics which is specified in John Olsson's theory of veracity language. The results of this research indicate that veracity in language in special fugitive scandals tends to have a high level of veracity.

Language in the ecosystem: ecolinguistics

The article discusses the problem of studying the relationship between language, human and environmental principles, describes the theoretical basis of the direction. Particular interest in environmental topical problems and the implementation of these studies in other branches of science, the fact that humanity considers these issues as a necessary condition for future life on Earth. Therefore, the themes of the language and its environment, the preservation of linguistic diversity do not lose their relevance. In this work, the authors analyze the variety of terms in this area, provide fundamental research on each of them. The influence of the analysis of the language and its environment, the connection between the language and the native speaker as a complex of systemic actions on the vitality of the language is investigated. The language is immersed in the environment and the question of the influence of the environment on the language has long been of interest to scientists. Eco-linguistic doctrines developed as a continuation of E. Sapir’s thought that all life experience and the peculiarity of an ethnos are stored in its language. But it should be borne in mind that ecolinguistics as a direction of science appeared relatively recently and there are various approaches to the study of language and its environment. Therefore, the article examines its path of formation as a branch of linguistics and methodological base, analyzes the differences between the terms ecolinguistics, ecology of language, linguoecology. Key words: language, ecosystem, language ecology, linguoecology, ecolinguistics

РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК В ЗЕРКАЛЕ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО ТЕКСТА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ЯЗЫКОВОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ХМАО-ЮГРЫ)

В статье на материале Ханты-Мансийского округа — Югры рассматривается функционирование русского языка в региональном пространстве. Анализируются основные направления лингвистического регионоведения: анализ и изучение особенностей местного диалекта, этнолингвистическое изучение языка города, анализ межъязыковых связей, исследование местной ономастики, языка художественных произведений региональных авторов. The functioning of the Russian language in the modern world is a question that currently worries not only the Russian linguistic community, but also philologists from the near and far abroad. It is no less important to describe the functioning of the Russian language not in the global, but in the local dimension, since it is from such “puzzles” that the general picture of the existence of the language is formed. We will try to present in detail the directions of research of one of the regional variants of the language — the language functioning in the space of the regional text of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug — Ugra. One of the topical areas of regional linguistic research is the analysis and study of the features of the local dialect. The peculiarities of the northern dialects are also inherent in the group of dialects common in the studied territory, which scientists call the dialects of the Ob-Irshysh interfluve. The language and culture of the first settlers were influenced by a foreign language environment. As a result, a peculiar linguistic complex has developed in the dialects of the West Siberian region, in which, firstly, the linguistic features of the “mother base” have been preserved, i.e. features of the North Russian dialect, and, secondly, arising under the influence of the languages of the indigenous inhabitants of the studied regions. Another topical direction is the ethnolinguistic study of the language of the city. The elements of urban vernacular, the system of individual sociolects and professional lectures (for example, oil workers, gas workers), and urban onomasticon are subject to detailed description. Important and interesting aspects Русский язык: национальная норма, диалект, говор 111 of linguistic studies of local linguistics are the analysis of interlingual relations, the description of the local onomastic space. The description of local toponymy and anthroponymy makes it possible to identify the linguistic foundations of local names, to trace the history of settlement and development of the region, to describe the linguistic picture of the world of ethnic groups inhabiting the region. Such a direction of research as the analysis of the language of works of art by local authors fits into the mainstream of modern linguopersonology — a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the language of individual linguistic personalities. Thus, the Russian language in the mirror of the regional text is the toponyms and ergonyms that function in the given territory, the names of local realities, urban vernacular and professional jargons of Siberian pioneers, the language of texts of the past and contemporary works of art by regional authors. All this constitutes the cultural and linguistic space of the region, which requires careful research and description.

A CONTRIBUTION TO COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF TURKISH DIPLOMATIC TERMS

In our modern world, the field of knowledge that studies language and thinking as an interconnected and integral unit is expanding. It has to do with a branch of linguistics called cognitive linguistics. This field of linguistics, which began to appear in the 70s of the last century, is becoming one of the most important fields today. This is because of the importance of artificial intelligence. In cognitive linguistics, the focus is on the relationship between language and thought. In this article, we have tried to shed some light on the features of Turkish diplomatic terms in this regard. In the scientific work, we have tried to give examples of the idea of how diplomatic terms appear in Turkish, what other meanings they have along with their original meaning. We have tried to categorize how these side meanings can occur. This study, which also explores the role and importance of cognitivism in the field of terminology, also helps to use and understand diplomatic terms correctly in diplomatic language. The significance of diplomatic terms is that if they are not understood or used correctly, they can lead to misunderstandings and even war between two international states. We also put forward our views on how a cognitive approach can be applied to the analysis of terms, with the ultimate goal of making a small contribution to the information that has been formed in this way. To do this, we have used the term peace in the article and used various examples in our statements.

STUDY OF ENGLISH OCCULT DISCOURSE (literature overview)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main directions and tasks of modern discourse as a branch of linguistics on the material of English occult discourse. The term "discourse" is used in different meanings and is the subject of study in different scientific areas. The purpose of the article is to provide a brief overview of existing studies of occult discourse and to outline the prospects for its study on the basis of the English language. The opposition of personality-oriented and statusoriented discourse is relevant. In the first case, communicators who know each other well take part in communication, in the second case, communication is reduced to a dialogue between representatives of one or another social group. Among its varieties are political, administrative, legal, military, pedagogical, religious, mystical, medical, business, advertising, sports, scientific, stage and media types of institutional discourse. The researchers note that the list may be supplemented or modified. The article proposes the term "occult discourse", which contains such basic genre varieties as astrological, magical, alchemical. The first two varieties are the subject of many researches, and the latter is hardly covered in linguistic works. Astrological discourse, represented by horoscopes, is studied mainly from psychological, sociological, anthropological and cultural points of view. The horoscope was developed as a media genre, which contributed to its status as one of the defining features of modern mass culture. Magical discourse has a pronounced suggestive potential, is symbolically rich and implements basic strategies of warning, correction and protection. The key problems of occult discourse analysis remain the structure and stratification of discourse, the establishment of its features, units, categories, types; elucidation of ways of organizing various discursive invariants, development of methods and procedures of analysis and description of discourses.

Examining the Forms and Variations of the Lampung Script in Ancient Manuscripts

The study of the Lampung script's forms and variations in ancient manuscripts is a branch of linguistics concerned with the script's evolution. We made observations on the Lampung script on two ancient manuscripts, the NLP97N69 and the Hahiwang. Both manuscripts are housed separately. The NLP97N69 manuscript was found in Indonesia, whereas the Hahiwang in Germany. A philological and paleographic approach was adopted to investigate the Lampung script's forms and variations in the ancient manuscripts. Both manuscripts were examined in conjunction with a presentation of the scriptwriter's Lampung script. After raising the Lampung script, it was compared to the current script and Van der Tuuk's script table. Discrepancies were found out between the characters in the two manuscripts, the contemporary script, and Van der Tuuk's table. Furthermore, the gha script was found out to be unique to the NLP97N69 manuscript. It was created in an attempt to meet the needs of Lampung language users who desired a unique script that incorporated the gha sound. This study demonstrates that the Lampung script has evolved and changed over time in response to its users' needs. Additionally, the article discusses the implications and future directions for research.

The newest branches of modern linguistics

The article presents an analytical review of the newest branches of modern linguistics (linguoconceptology, linguopersonology, linguometaphorology and medialinguistics), which gradually formed the theoretical and methodological basis and categorical-terminological apparatus, accumulates empirical material. However, many theoretical positions require repeated scientific understanding, generalization and systematization, and terminology – clarification and unification. Based on the analysis of the main publications in each of the indicated branches of linguistics, the current directions and problems of research are described, and an attempt is made to predict the dynamics of their development. In linguoconceptology, the debatable problems are the definition of the essence and features of the concept, its types and means of representation, methods of analysis and description, structuring of the concept and the conceptosphere; in linguopersonology – finding out the nature and types of language personality, its modeling, methods of analysis and description; in linguometaphorology – determining the nature of metaphor, establishing mechanisms of metaphorization, and types of metaphorical motivation, modeling metaphorization, clarifying the features of metaphorical conceptualization and representation; in medialinguistics – determination of the linguistic status of the language of the mass media and its functional and stylistic features, the specifics of the mediatext, its types and genres, the establishment of linguistic and media technologies of influence on the consciousness of the addressee. In linguoconceptology promising areas are descriptive and comparative study of individual and national conceptospheres, conceptographic practice, compilation of conceptual dictionaries; in linguopersonology – the study of idiolectal linguistic personalities, various ethnocultural or social types; in linguometaphorology – the study of metaphor and metaphorization in semantic, cognitive and linguocultural aspects on the material of scientific, political and artistic discourses, metaphorical lexicographic practice, compilation of metaphorical dictionaries; in medialinguistics – the study of speech behavior of media communication participants, analysis and description of various types and genres of mediatexts.

«РАБОТАЛ СОЗНАТЕЛЬНО ДЛЯ БУДУЩИХ ПОКОЛЕНИЙ»: АКАДЕМИК О. Н. ФОН БЁТЛИНГК И РАЗВИТИЕ СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ В XIX ВЕКЕ

The article considers the biography and scientific work of O. N. Böhtlingk, a prominent Russian linguist and academi-cian. The topicality of the research comes from the persistent scientific interest in the history of linguistics and its branches, as well as ongoing examination of scientists’ biographies from the standpoint of narrative linguistic historiog-raphy. The author of the article looks at different sides of the scientist’s work, paying special attention to his Sanskrit and Turkic studies. It is well known that an overwhelming majority of his works were in Sanskrit studies. O. N. Böht-lingk’s most outstanding works in this area were the Sanskrit-German dictionaries. “The Great Petersburg Dictionary” was published in St. Petersburg in seven volumes between 1855 and 1875, its concise version was issued in the period from 1879 to 1889. His Turkic studies are no less significant: his work on the Yakut language has become and still remains one of the first fundamental ones. The novelty of the paper is explained in the following statement: O. N. Böhtlingk’s scientific works paved the path for further development of more than only these two branches of linguis-tics. His numerous works have become the factual and methodological basis for the development of comparative his-torical linguistics, not only of Indo-European languages but also of other language families. The academician’s works written in the middle and at the end of the century, turned out to be relevant and in demand in the frame of other lin-guistic paradigms. Of particular interest to the author is also the linguist's social circle, which included not only major scholars from the German diaspora in the Russian capital, but also the most prominent representatives of Sanskrit studies and comparative historical linguistics, whose recognized center was Germany.

Русский язык в татарско-русской контактной зоне: когнитивная обработка падежных форм

Slavic linguistics, as other branches of linguistics, is becoming more and more actively involved in interdisciplinary research, expanding the subject area and methodology. These new subject areas include the identification of the cognitive foundations of speech practices using not only traditional, but also experimental linguistic methods. The authors also consider it important to employ new linguistic material in the analysis, including the results of the contact of Slavic languages with languages of other morphological types. The article presents experimental evidence of the influence of the native Tatar language, belonging to the Turkic language group, on the processing of grammatical forms of the second Russian language. The study is based on the data from a corpus study of the speech practices of Tatar-Russian bilinguals under Linguistic and Cultural Diversity of Southern Siberia: Interaction of Languages and Cultures Project. The patterns revealed in the analysis of corpus data allowed formulating hypotheses about the specificity of cognitive processing of units in the zones of greatest variation and testing them in a psycholinguistic behavioral experiment using oculographic equipment with eye movement fixation. It was found that deviations from the speech standard of the Russian language manifest themselves both in the production and processing of speech. The most significant result has been obtained in the analysis of cognitive processing of locative constructions. The corpus research has revealed that bilinguals tend to skip a preposition or use a dependent noun in the nominative case. The statistical analysis has shown that the use of a noun in the nominative case with a preposition is processed slightly faster than when the preposition is omitted, so the use of the locative in the nominative case is dictated mainly by the structural features of the Turkic languages than by the omitted preposition.

COVID-19 reflected in emotional journalistic texts

The article presents the results of research based on the analysis of media texts reflecting the impact of COVID-19 on the lives of people globally. As this impact is mainly negative, all these media texts (printed and digital) belong to the journalism of an emotional nature. The authors present the classification of journalistic genres, make the important subdivision into hard news and soft news, analyse the most popular emotions theories and approaches to their study. The pandemic reflected in media may be considered as hard news and is closely connected with news value, i.e. the impact of the publication on a wide audience. News values may function in the text as signals of addressee orientation. The definite impact may be evoked by emotively charged words in the media text; such words can be regarded from the perspective of emotive semantics. This approach leads us to media linguistics, a relatively new branch of linguistics which is based on the multilevel analysis of media text, namely text structure (each journalistic message has its own specific composition), vocabulary (texts belonging to journalism of analytical or emotional types have different vocabulary), and categories (structural and semantic text categories depend on journalistic genre). Media texts belonging to emotional journalism abound in different stylistic devices; in our essay semasiological and syntactic devices are prevalent.

ПСИХОЛІНГВІСТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ВЕРБАЛЬНИХ ТА НЕВЕРБАЛЬНИХ ПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЙ У МУЛЬТИПЛІКАЦІЙНОМУ ФІЛЬМІ «HORRID HENRY»

The article accounts on the psycholinguistic semantics of the verbal and nonverbal children’s representations thus reflecting the everlasting problem of children upbringing. The animated cartoon “Horrid Henry” has not yet been chosen as the material for the polyparadigmal psycholingustic study of communication, comprising lexicosemantic, linguocognitive, pragmalinguistic and linguodidactic analyses. The cоmplex investigation of the collocation “Horrid Henry” comprised lexicosemantic, contextual and textual analyses. The object of the article is the dialogical speech in the children's animated cartoon television series “Horrid Henry. The subject matter of the research is the linguistic and conceptual semantics of the title “Horrid Henry”. The novelty of the research is represented both by the material and by the psycholinguistic functional paradigmal methods applied as psycholinguistic studies are inseparable from other branches of linguistics. The article is aimed at interpreting and classifying the motives of the child’s misbehavior in verbal and nonverbal psycho-semantic representations, The purpose of the article is reflecting the pluses and minuses of communication adults-children and their far-going influence on society. The key notion “horrid” forms the complex concept of subjective egotism that can be attributed to the child’s sub-consciousness and his search for the social recognition. The functional paradigm revealed the fact that it is useful activity rather than the parents’ instructions or adaptation to society that organizes the child’s mind and behavior. Thus, the title “Horid Henry” loses its semantic “horid”, revealing positive conceptual transformations.