Relative Branching Research Articles

Holographic cold dense matter constrained by neutron stars

The equation of state (EOS) for cold dense matter inside neutron stars is investigated by using holographic QCD models that consist of the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton system and the improved Karch-Katz-Son-Stephanov action for the flavor part. This method of describing holographic nuclear matter in the $\mathrm{Einstein}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Maxwell}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{dilaton}+\mathrm{Karch}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Katz}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Son}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Stephanov}$ framework is different from that by using the Dirac-Born-Infeld action and the Chern-Simons terms. Combining with the Hebeler-Lattimer-Pethick-Schwenk intermediate EOS, the hybrid EOS inside the neutron stars is constructed. The obtained hybrid EOS is located in the range that is defined by the low-density chiral effective theory, the high-density perturbative QCD, and the polytropic interpolations between them, and is constrained by the astrophysical observations. The square of the sound velocity reaches a maximum value larger than 0.8 in the region of 2--5 times the saturation baryon number density and approaches the conformal limit at the high baryon density range. The mass-radius relation and the tidal deformability of the neutron stars are in agreement with astrophysical measurements. The possible maximum mass for the neutron star is about $2.5\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ and the radius is about 12 km then. It is noticed that the holographic quark matter branch in the mass-radius relation is always unstable and the holographic nuclear matter can produce a stable branch. These results indicate that even in the core of the NS, the matter is still in the confinement phase and the quark matter is not favored.

Decay behaviors of the fully bottom and fully charm tetraquark states

We study the decay behaviors of the fully-bottom tetraquark states within the diquark-antidiquark picture, and calculate their relative branching ratios through the Fierz rearrangement. Our results suggest that the $C=+$ states can be searched for in the $\mu^+ \mu^- \Upsilon(1S)$ and $\mu^+ \mu^- \Upsilon(2S)$ channels with the relative branching ratio $\mathcal{B}(X \to \mu\mu \Upsilon(2S)) / \mathcal{B}(X \to \mu \mu \Upsilon(1S)) \approx 0.4$. Our results also suggest that the $C=-$ states can be searched for in the $\mu^+ \mu^- \eta_b(1S)$ and $\mu^+ \mu^- \eta_b(2S)$ channels with the similar relative branching ratio $\mathcal{B}(X \to \mu\mu \eta_b(2S)) / \mathcal{B}(X \to \mu \mu \eta_b(1S)) \approx 0.4$. We also reanalysis the fully-charm tetraquark states, and study the $X(6900)$ decay into the $J/\psi \psi(2S)$ channel to obtain the relative branching ratio $\mathcal{B}(X \to J/\psi \psi(2S)) / \mathcal{B}(X \to J/\psi J/\psi) \approx 0.1$.

Preparation and Applications of Rare-Earth-Doped Ferroelectric Oxides

Ferroelectric oxides possess abundant fascinating physical functionalities, such as electro-optic, acousto-optic, and nonlinear optical characteristics, etc. However, most pristine ferroelectric oxides exhibit no efficient luminescent properties due to the indirect and wide bandgap. Rare-earth-doped phosphors demonstrate advantages such as sharp emission bandwidths, large Stokes shift, high photonstability, and low toxicity. The combination of rare-earth ions and ferroelectric oxides has shown great potential in optical sensing, lighting, solar cells, and other applications. Rare-earth-doped ferroelectric oxides exhibit efficient upconversion or downconversion luminescence in the range of ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) regions. In this article, the preparation process of rare-earth-doped ferroelectric oxides and the preparation methods of thin films are introduced. Their recent applications in optical sensing, lighting, and solar cells are highlighted. The review concludes with a brief summary of all related branches and discusses the potential direction of this field.

Fault current limitation control of multiple distributed renewable generations under unbalanced conditions

For multiple distributed generation units (DG unit) parallel system, excessive fault current has adverse effects on the safe and stable operation of the utility grid. As a result, a fault current limitation control of multiple DG units is developed in this paper to limit the fault current of related fault branch and ride through the associated fault conditions. The injection fault current amplitude and phase angle of each DG unit for grid-side converter are controlled through the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage support and fault current limitation to limit the total current amplitude at the corresponding fault location. The validity of the proposed control strategy has been verified by simulation and hardware-in-loop (HIL) experiment results.

Observation of an a_{0}-like State with Mass of 1.817GeV in the Study of D_{s}^{+}→K_{S}^{0}K^{+}π^{0} Decays.

Using e^{+}e^{-} annihilation data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6.32 fb^{-1} collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.178 and 4.226GeV with the BESIII detector, we perform the first amplitude analysis of the decay D_{s}^{+}→K_{S}^{0}K^{+}π^{0} and determine the relative branching fractions and phases for intermediate processes. We observe an a_{0}-like state with mass of 1.817GeV in its decay to K_{S}^{0}K^{+} for the first time. In addition, we measure the ratio {B[D_{s}^{+}→K[over ¯]^{*}(892)^{0}K^{+}]/B[D_{s}^{+}→K[over ¯]^{0}K^{*}(892)^{+}]} to be 2.35_{-0.23stat}^{+0.42}±0.10_{syst}. Finally, we provide a precision measurement of the absolute branching fraction B(D_{s}^{+}→K_{S}^{0}K^{+}π^{0})=(1.46±0.06_{stat}±0.05_{syst})%.

Interspecific and intraspecific variation of tree branch, leaf and stomatal traits in relation to topography in an aseasonal Amazon forest

Abstract Tropical forest responses to variation in water availability, which are critical for understanding and predicting the effects of climate change, depend on trait variation among trees. We quantified interspecific and intraspecific variation in 18 branch, leaf and stomatal traits for 19–72 dominant tree species along a local topographic gradient in an aseasonal Amazon terra firme forest, and tested trait relationships with tree size, elevation, and species' topographic associations. We further tested whether correlation and coordination of traits vary among trees, among species and/or among trees within species. Intraspecific trait variation was substantial and exceeded interspecific variation in 10 of 18 traits. For leaf acquisition traits, intraspecific variation was mainly related to tree topographic elevation, while most of the variation in branch, leaf and stomatal traits was related to tree size. Interspecific variation showed no clear relationships with species' habitat association. Although trait correlations and coordinations were generally maintained among trees and among species, bivariate relationships varied among trees within species, across habitat association classes and across tree size classes. Our results demonstrate the magnitude and importance of intraspecific trait variation in tropical trees, especially as related to tree size. Furthermore, these results suggest that previous findings relating interspecific variation with topographic association in seasonal forests do not necessarily generalize to aseasonal forests. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Two- and three-body dissociations of C3H6 isomer dications investigated by 4 keV/u Ar8+ impact.

The fragmentation dynamics of two isomers of C3H6, cyclopropane and propene, induced by 4 keV/u Ar8+ are investigated employing a reaction microscope. Four two-body and two three-body dissociation channels of C3H6 2+ dications are identified for each isomer, among which the channels involving CC bond breaking are found to be much more favored than H3 + and H2 + formation channels. The observation of the CH3 + or H3 + formation channels from cyclopropane are direct evidence of the proton migration within the carbon skeleton before dissociation. Obvious isomer effects are revealed by comparing the relative branching ratios of different channels of the two isomers. Moreover, it was shown that a sequential dissociation mechanism with H elimination prior to CC bond cleavage may be dominant for the two three-body dissociation channels for both isomers.

Unifying interval maps and branching systems with applications to relative graph C*-algebras

We describe Markov interval maps via branching systems and develop the theory of relative branching systems, characterizing when the associated representations of relative graph C*-algebras are faithful. When the Markov interval maps f have escape sets, we use our results to characterize injectivity of the associated relative graph algebra representations, improving on previous work by the first, third, and fourth authors.

모의총포 및 사제폭발물에 의한 테러 발생 위험성에 관한 연구

On July 8, 2022, the world was shocked when the former Prime Minister of Japan was shot and killed by a homemade gun. In recent years, accidents by simulated guns or homemade explosives have occurred one after another. In Korea, where the management of firearms and explosives is relatively strict, firearms are being converted and traded illegally, and gun control, such as the death of a police officer due to a simulated gun, is at a dangerous level. Therefore, we will analyze the current state of management of simulated guns and homemade explosives, as well as improving the problems of the current Act on the Safety Management of Guns, Swords, and Explosives (hereafter, the Gunpowder Act). In addition, this study was conducted for the purpose of examining the possibility of being used in crimes and terrorism by unspecified majority and suggesting countermeasures. For this purpose, literature research and a case study were conducted as a research method. For the literature study, we reviewed academic journals, contributions, and government agency research reports for related prior research papers to derive areas that need improvement in reality by examining the regulations of the Guns and Explosives Act related corporations. In addition, we searched for publications published by newspapers or the National Police Agency, police white papers, and related data published by the National Assembly member's office, confirmed objective facts, and studied representative domestic and foreign cases that have occurred so far. As a result of this study, problems such as gun licensing, gun management, illegal possession/modification and smuggling of guns, education issues when obtaining permission to possess firearms, and non-compliance with safety rules were derived under the Guns and Explosives Act. There were also loopholes in gun management using 3D printers. As revealed in the case, these vulnerabilities can be used not only for simple crimes in the future, but also for terrorism. Therefore, as a further measure, it is necessary to establish and practically operate legal and institutional measures, measures of related institutions, administrative agencies, and legislative branches, and cooperative governance between the public, private, military, police and academia. In Korea, guns and explosives that can actually be used as weapons, such as guns, swords, explosives, gas sprayers, electroshock weapons, and crossbows, are thoroughly managed under the Guns and Explosives Act based on a relatively stable state of security, so accidents are rare. However, there are legal and institutional problems that control this, and there are constant exposure to illegal activities, such as crimes caused by simulated guns and homemade explosives, which are not stipulated in the relevant laws. There is a possibility that these vulnerabilities may be used by domestic autonomous terrorist groups or groups linked to international terrorist organizations for terrorism targeting an unspecified majority. Therefore, in order to maintain the current state of security, it is necessary to prepare practical measures such as supplementation of legal and institutional devices such as the Guns and Firearms Act.

Brownian-Huygens Propagation: Modeling Wave Functions with Discrete Particle-Antiparticle Random Walks

We present a simple method of discretely modeling solutions of the classical wave and Klein-Gordon equations using variations of random walks on a graph. Consider a collection of particles executing random walks on an undirected bipartite graph embedded in mathbb {R}^{D} at discrete times mathbb {Z}, and assume those walks are “heat-like”, in the sense that a (conserved) density of particles obeys the heat equation in the continuum limit. If the particles possess a binary degree of freedom (so that they may be said to be either particles or “antiparticles”, i.e., “positive” or “negative), then there exist closely related branching random walks on the same graph that are “wave-like”, in the sense that their (also conserved) net density obeys the D-dimensional classical wave equation. Such wave-like paths can be generated even on random graphs. The transformation by which the heat-like random walks become wave-like branching random walks is as follows: at every time step, any “incoming” particle arriving at any node X of the graph along some edge eX creates a particle-antiparticle pair at that node, with the stipulation that the newly created particle with the opposite sign of the incoming particle must initially step (in “Huygens” back-propagation fashion) along eX in the reverse direction, while the other two take a step (in “Brownian” fashion) along any edge of X (including possibly eX) with equal likelihood, and chosen independently. An additional degree of freedom (resulting in “bra” and “ket” particles) leads to quasi-probability densities proportional to the square of the wave functions.

Network based on the synergy of knowledge and context for natural language inference

The goal of natural language inference (NLI) is to judge the logical relationship between sentence pairs, including entailment, contradiction, and neutral. At present, many researchers have shown that the introduction of external knowledge is helpful for NLI. However, the existing models are not effective enough for the utilization of knowledge information and not sufficient for the exploration of context information. In this paper, we propose a multi-branch network based on the synergy of knowledge and context. It applies two kinds of information synergy in the way that both knowledge information and context information promote performance improvement while modeling their separately in independent branches. In the context branch, we present a multi-level and dynamic assisted attention to construct sufficient interaction between sentence pairs. In the knowledge branch, we design a Knowledge-based Graph Attention Network (K-GAT) to capture the structural information of the knowledge, and the attention mechanism is used for knowledge interaction. In addition, for strengthening the relation between sentence pairs, we provide a relation branch to capture the context and knowledge relations of sentence pairs. In order to avoid introducing redundant external knowledge as much as possible, we adopt the introduction of five selected semantic dependencies based knowledge types. Experiments show that our model achieves strong competitive results on all three popular NLI datasets.

The Shape of Phylogenies Under Phase-Type Distributed Times to Speciation and Extinction

Phylogenetic trees describe relationships between extant species, but beyond that their shape and their relative branch lengths can provide information on broader evolutionary processes of speciation and extinction. However, currently many of the most widely used macro-evolutionary models make predictions about the shapes of phylogenetic trees that differ considerably from what is observed in empirical phylogenies. Here, we propose a flexible and biologically plausible macroevolutionary model for phylogenetic trees where times to speciation or extinction events are drawn from a Coxian phase-type (PH) distribution. First, we show that different choices of parameters in our model lead to a range of tree balances as measured by Aldous’ beta statistic. In particular, we demonstrate that it is possible to find parameters that correspond well to empirical tree balance. Next, we provide a natural extension of the beta statistic to sets of trees. This extension produces less biased estimates of beta compared to using the median beta values from individual trees. Furthermore, we derive a likelihood expression for the probability of observing an edge-weighted tree under a model with speciation but no extinction. Finally, we illustrate the application of our model by performing both absolute and relative goodness-of-fit tests for two large empirical phylogenies (squamates and angiosperms) that compare models with Coxian PH distributed times to speciation with models that assume exponential or Weibull distributed waiting times. In our numerical analysis, we found that, in most cases, models assuming a Coxian PH distribution provided the best fit.

Proton 3D tracking and emission time from a short-lived isomer with ACTAR TPC

An experiment was conducted at the GANIL/LISE3 facility to produce the 10+ isomer of 54Ni and measure its proton radioactivity decay branches. The proton detection was achieved with the ACTAR TPC device that enabled the separation of the small signal of the emitted proton from the large signal of the implanted ion, while the decay half-life is of the order of 150 ns. From the measured data, the emitted proton track length and the decay time of the ion can be extracted simultaneously. The full proton radioactivity pattern could be established, with two emission branches and their relative branching ratio. Data processing and analysis that allowed to identify and separate the ion and the proton signals in order to reconstruct the particles trajectories and decay time are detailed. The evaluation of the detection efficiency for the proton radioactivity branches based on a full simulation is described.

Boosting Sustainable Operations with Sustainable Supply Chain Modeling: A Case of Organizational Culture and Normative Commitment.

The importance of sustainability in supply chain management is growing worldwide. It is possible to find reasons for this using various phenomena that negatively affect humanity, e.g., climate change, scarce materials, supply disruptions, and complex fossil fuel dependency. Because of that, is extremely important to constantly look for new ways to systematically increase sustainability in enterprises and their logistics and supply chain processes by considering different stakeholders and influential factors. Therefore, this paper explores how different types of organizational culture and normative commitment impact sustainability and each other in business logistics and supply chains and develops a conceptual model to manage this challenge. Gaining new insights is valuable especially for managers to obtain better information on how to improve sustainability not just by integrating green technologies but mainly by changing culture, attitude, and perception in their enterprises. The research is focused on employees from global logistics or related branches in micro, small, medium, and large enterprises with the primary activity mostly related to manufacturing, transport, and storage. The findings are based on the questionnaire which was sent directly to 1576 employees from 528 enterprises. A total of 516 employees from enterprises that are mostly located in 34 countries responded to requests for participation. The results reveal statistically significant positive and negative impacts, e.g., clan culture has a positive statistically significant impact on the sustainable development of supply chains. Most of the connections to the eighth Sustainable Development Goal by the United Nations (decent work and economic growth) were also found, which was the enterprise’s highest priority with a share of 52.99%. A contribution to the theory development is gained using the developed model that considers both positive and negative statistically significant impacts studied.

Sketch-Based Modeling in Mechanical Engineering Design: Current Status and Opportunities

Sketch-Based Modeling (SBM) is a field of study that focuses on the automatic creation of 3D models from freehand drawings. Today, two related branches coexist: one aimed at facilitating input for 3D content creation, and the other aimed at routing engineering designs into CAD/CAM/CAE. The latter is the goal of this position paper. Early attempts concentrated on the problem of line-drawing interpretation , but efforts switched toward geometric reconstruction as the “inverse projection” problem became the most challenging step to produce 3D models from 2D line-drawings. The term SBM was popularized when sketches began to displace line-drawings as main input. In the context of engineering design, interest in SBM has somewhat decreased, as studies have shown that current SBM tools are not as usable as paper and pencil sketches, nor do they yet provide any additional value to traditional media. Furthermore, engineers feel reasonably comfortable with current Mechanical CAD (MCAD) paradigms based on parametric modeling, and fail to recognize the potential benefits of interacting with computers via sketches. However, new technological trends such as personal fabrication and the democratization of CAD and manufacturing can significantly benefit from improved SBM tools. In this paper, we conduct a meta-review of the SBM literature which we view as a combination of three elements: geometry (shape), psychology (perception), and engineering (function). We advocate for a new approach to SBM based on reformulating the weights of these elements as an approach for searching the set of intentions in sketches conveyed through cues which, when perceived, reveal regularities and features of the object. Finally, we consider quality of CAD models not just as error-free models, reusable models, or even models that convey design intent, but models that consider these interrelated aspects as a whole. B-Rep models produced by current SBM approaches are “dumb models” without parametrization or procedures required to enable reusability and ensure that the design intent of the sketch is properly conveyed. We advocate for improved analysis approaches aimed at revealing higher-level design information embedded in engineering sketches, as a critical stage to generate richer 3D MCAD models. • A review of Sketch-Based Modeling (SBM) for Engineering Design is provided. • Two different branches of SBM research coexist: one geared toward “artistic” purposes and the other governed by “engineering” principles. • The two branches must be studied separately, because of the fundamentally different goals of artistic vs. engineering sketches and the different nature of the 3D models that must be generated. • While the automatic conversion of artistic sketches into 3D models has made significant progress in recent years, the problem of producing CAD models with controllable, semantic, and parametric solid geometry has not yielded significant contributions to the scholarly literature. • Future opportunities, research directions, and recommendations on SBM approaches for engineering design are discussed.

3D render volume CT reconstruction of the bones and arteries of the hind digit of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)

BackgroundThe 3D computed tomography produces detailed images of the digit bones in addition to the angiograph render volume 3D of the CT shows the relation between the arteries, bones, and tissues of the digit. Therefore, the present study used those imaging techniques to provide a complete description of the digit bones and arteries’ origin, distribution, and course and their relations with surrounding structures in the Dromedary Camel. Which would serve as a guide for surgeons and students in distinguishing normal digit structures. The study used eight hind limbs of four adult camels of both sexes (two males and two females), aged 9–15 years (Mean ± SD, 11.80 ± 2.59 years). The samples were injected with latex with lead oxide were undergone 3D render volume CT (128-slice multi-detector CT scanning protocol) and angiography x-rays.ResultsThe blood vessels and correlated structures such as bones, tendons, and ligaments were examined using 3D CT in all directions, which was easier to view than angiography and dissected specimens. The arterial supply to the camel’s hind foot was the A. digitalis plantaris communis III. The angiography render volume 3D of CT explained the blood supply of the bones and joints of digital regions and showed a good visualization of the many digit arteries. The metatarsals, the phalanges, and the sesamoid bones were visualized. A. plantaris medialis superficialis, A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris communis II and IV, A. interdigitalis, rami articularis medialis and lateralis to the fetlock joint, ramus medialis and ramus lateralis of the A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV abaxialis, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV axialis, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the first phalanx, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the second and third phalanges, and A. metatarsae plantaris III were visualized. The study discovered new blood vessel sources in dromedary camels, such as the ramus articularis to the fetlock and the ramus plantaris phalangis abaxialis proximalis and distalis of the first phalanx.ConclusionsThe digital circulation angiography investigates the circulatory pattern of the camel hind digit, which can assist clinicians in diagnosing digit region affections. 3D CT explained improved visualization of bones and arteries, including many small branches in relation to surrounding structures, in some views better than others.

МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ХАРТІЇ ЯК ДОКУМЕНТА ОФІЦІЙНО-ДІЛОВОГО СТИЛЮ

The article is devoted to the study of methods of analysis of the international document "charter" as a genre of official business style. This article examines the concept of official business style and defines its features. The official business style is a functional language style that is used for communication in state, political, economic and public life. Also, this style normalizes the design of business papers. This style has certain features, such as a concise presentation of information, it is not characterized by the use of various linguistic means in a figurative sense, usually this style is characterized by a standard arrangement of material and the obligation to observe the presentation form. Also, in this style, terms specific to certain branches of institutional relations are widely used. In this article we characterize the "charter" as an international document. On the basis of a critical review of various types of analysis, general methods and linguistic methods of analysis were selected, productive for determining the specific characteristics of the international document "charter". As for the general methods, the methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization were singled out (for review of scientific works in the field of official business style of Ukrainian and foreign researchers was carried out, the characteristics inherent in the official business style were determined, etc.) and the continuous sampling method (texts for the corpus were selected). From the linguistic methods, the comparative-historical method (for the study of the "charter" document in diachrony), the structural and descriptive methods (for the study of the structural-semantic and lexical-grammatical features of the charter), and the functional method and the method of pragmatic analysis (for the identification of communicative-pragmatic goals of the author). It was also stated that the choice of research methods depends on its purpose. A comprehensive analysis is suitable for our study.

Molecular revision of Rhagiini sensu lato (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae): Paraphyly, intricate evolution and novel taxonomy

Due to classical taxonomy, the subfamily Lepturinae is divided into two large tribes Rhagiini s.l. and Lepturini s.l. However, this division is clearly artificial and does not correspond to the evolutionary relationships between the groups of genera with different morphologies that are part of these two tribes. However, there is a consensus among researchers supporting the monophyly of Lepturini s.l. while there is no such consensus for Rhagiini s.l. Over the past three decades, there have been several attempts to revise the tribe Rhagiini s.l. and divide it into smaller tribes. These attempts were somewhat successful based on larval and adult morphology. In general, eight tribes are distinguished within Rhagiini s.l. These include Teledapini, Xylosteini, Encyclopini, Oxymirini, Enoploderini, Rhamnusiini, Rhagiini and Sachalinobiini. However, the new system of Rhagiini s.l. is not always unambiguously accepted by different researchers, which causes discussions among experts. First of all, this is due to the fact that this system is only partially natural and far from fully reflects the phylogeny not only of Rhagiini s.l., but also of entire subfamily Lepturinae. In addition to the classical morphologic methods of studies, the use of the modern molecular phylogenetic methods opens up wide prospects for solving this puzzle. However, there have been very few such studies. Moreover, all of them were based on the use of only one gene. In this study, I used a general time-reversible (GTR) model of sequence evolution based on three mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COI) and two nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA) genes. My analysis yielded a well-resolved phylogenetic maximum likelihood tree, which clearly demonstrates the paraphyly of Rhagiini s.l. It consists of at least three clades representing different and distantly related evolutionary branches: 1) PaRh, 2) OSaXyR-SEP, 3) GAC. The extant Rhagiini s.l. are mostly heterogeneous relict groups with an intricate evolutionary and phylogeographic history. Most of these groups are represented by one or very few species, often isolated geographically on different continents. In particular, numerous cases of parallel and convergent evolution and homoplasy, a chimeric combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic morphological characters, were found in all clades. Therefore, the evolutionary "tree" of Rhagiini s.l. is more like a "bush" with numerous relict branches. Finally, I proposed a new taxonomic model of Rhagiini s.l., which is the most consistent with their natural phylogeny, with new developments in nomenclature.

First complete genomic sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) in wild boars

Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), a unique circovirus with a different classification from other existing circovirus, was discovered in domestic pigs in several provinces of China. In this study, in order to investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of PCV4 in wild boars (Sus scrofa), a total number of 138 wild boar samples were collected from five different areas in Jiangxi Province of China, between January 2020 and December 2020. Taqman based real-time PCR were used to test PCV4 as well as PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. Among 138 samples, 30 samples (21.7%) were positive for PCV1, 31 samples (22.5%) were positive for PCV2, 8 samples (5.8%) were positive for PCV3 and 27 samples (19.6%) were positive for PCV4, respectively. Some of the samples were co-infected with multiple PCVs. In this study, we successfully sequenced the complete genome of two PCV4 strains, which shared 98.5–99.8% of their genomic nucleotide similarity with the other five PCV4 strains discovered in domestic pigs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two PCV4 strains derived from wild boars were located in a closed relative branch with other PCV4 strains derived from domestic pigs, but were distinguished from other circovirus. These results of this study not only expand our understanding of the prevalence of PCVs, especially PCV4, in wild boars in Jiangxi province of China, but also showed the molecular epidemiology of PCV4. Nevertheless, the impact of wild boars infected with PCV4 on intensive farmed pigs industry remains to be further explored.

Rise and Development of Sanitary and Hygienic Surveillance in Pediatric Hygiene: Celebrating the Centenary of the Russian Sanitary and Epidemiological Service

Introduction: Information about the rise and development of the system of sanitary inspection in institutions for children and adolescents is scattered and scarce in scientific publications. This fact has determined the purpose of the study to analyze the history of the Russian sanitary surveillance in pediatric hygiene in the 19th to 21st centuries. Materials and methods: We analyzed scientific papers and historical sources, including government and departmental regulations and guidelines, reviews, works of hygienists published in 1936–2021 and related to the formation of the system of sanitary inspection and providing for safe conditions in institutions for children and teenagers. Of more than 150 papers reviewed, we selected 31 sources found eligible for inclusion. Results: School doctors were the first to conduct sanitary surveillance at the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, school health organizations, and later the departments of the municipal health bureaus, solved a wide range of tasks, including those of hygiene, pediatrics, and epidemiology. At the stage of formation, sanitary inspection was carried out in close contact with teachers and specialists from related branches. After the revolution, the absence of the national sanitary legislation was replenished by government acts enforcing hygienic standards important for protecting health of the child population. The improvement and update of the regulatory framework, forms and methods of sanitary control in children’s institutions became feasible in the early 1960s owing to the intensive development of pediatric hygiene as a scientific discipline. Conclusion: Priority tasks of surveillance in children’s institutions varied depending on socio-economic realities, infectious and general disease rates, changes in education, and the development of related branches of hygiene, epidemiology, pedagogy, construction industry, and jurisprudence. This was accompanied by elaboration and improvement of the legislative framework, forms and methods of sanitary control and inspection of children’s institutions. The emergence of new health risk factors for the child population requires appropriate control and surveillance activities enabling a timely response to contemporary challenges.