Branch Type Research Articles

Селекционная ценность взаимосвязи хозяйственно ценных признаков с элементами проводящей системы у сортов и сортообразцов люпина узколистного с разными типами ветвления

Данная статья раскрывает возможность использования в селекционном отборе косвенных признаков при выделении элитных растений. Особенно это важно для форм с ограниченным боковым ветвлением. Первые формы мутантного происхождения были получены в начале 80-х годов прошлого века. Но некоторые аспекты генотипов таких растений не изучены до сих пор. При планировании исследований было высказано предположение о возможных изменениях элементов проводящей системы у образцов с редукцией габитуса. Работа проводилась на опытной селекционной станции им. Лисицына РГАУ–МСХА в 2011–2012 годах. Цель исследования состояла в сравнительной оценке элементов проводящей системы у сортообразцов люпина узколистного (Lupinus angustifolius L.), отличающихся по типу ветвления, а также в определении возможной взаимосвязи с хозяйственно ценными признаками. Было проанализировано восемь сортообразцов, различающихся по типу побегообразования, хозяйственно ценным признакам и эколого-географическому происхождению. В опыте участвовали индетерминантные, детерминантные и фасциированные формы. Сортообразцы имели различия не только по архитектонике, но и по методам создания. Были представлены варианты как мутантного происхождения, так и созданные при помощи внутривидовой гибридизации. Полученная информация предполагалась к использованию в селекционном процессе в качестве вспомогательного инструмента при отборе элитных растений у образцов с ограниченным боковым ветвлением. Результаты исследований не дали чёткого ответа на данный вопрос. Заметные изменения проводящей системы отмечены у только фасциированной формы Л-253. Можно предположить, что больший диаметр пучков в верхней части растения и наибольшее количество проводящих пучков связаны с особенностями роста данной формы, она имеет фасциированный стебель. У всех индетерминантных и детерминантных образцов площадь проводящих пучков, продвигаясь сверху вниз, увеличивалась. This article deals with traits indirectly indicating valuable genotypes that are particularly important for plants with lateral branching. Even though the first mutants appeared in the 1980th there was a number of characteristics of such genotypes that were still studied poorly. The hypothesis of this research proposed a possible variation in plant vascular systems under growth limitations. This investigation took place at the Research Station of Plant Breeding n. a. P. I. Lisitsyn of the Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University in 2011–2012. An aim was to test vascular systems of the genotypes of blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) with different branching types and their correlation with economically important traits. Eight genotypes were analyzed including indeterminate, determinate and fasciated plant forms that showed variations in shoot branching, economically important traits and geographical origin. Genotypes obtained via both mutagenesis or intraspecific hybridization were morphologically different as well. The data obtained would be useful when selecting elite genotypes with limited lateral branching however the results were indecisive. Only fasciated plant form such as L-253 showed significant variation in its vascular system. Apparently, an increase in a bundle diameter of the genotype with a fasciated stem and the number of vascular bundles was associated with its growth characteristics. In all the indeterminate and determinate plants, the area of the vascular bundles grew from top to bottom.

INHERITANCE AND FORMATION OF SOME ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE TRAITS IN COTTON HYBRIDS F1, F2 AND F3

In the article presents results of analysis of inheritance and variability of some agronomic valuable traits in hybrids obtained with participation of cotton varieties that differ sharply in origin. Studied plants Ғ1, it was found that complete dominance of unlimited type of branching in Ғ1, effect of heterosis, complete dominance and intermediate inheritance depending on the genotype of the parental forms according to traits of precocity and weight of 1000 seeds. In the inheritance of fiber length in F2 hybrids, a wide range of variability was revealed and a markedly high variability in interspecific hybrids compared to simple hybrids. From F3Sultan x Surkhan-14 combination were selected and recommended families for breeding.

Correlation of procedural and procedural forms of activity of public administration in the context of the Law of Ukraine «On administrative procedure»

The article examines the essence of the legal procedural and legal proceedings form of public administration activity in the context of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure». The main differences of legal procedural and legal proceedings forms are revealed. The latter, due to the presence of stages, can cause the onset of a legal consequence even before the final resolution of the case, for example, after the completion of a specific stage of the case. While the procedural form can cause a legal consequence only at the final stage of its implementation. It is noted that a mandatory element of the legal proceedings form is the stage of proving the circumstances of the case. Based on the analysis of the features and correlation of the procedural and legal proceedings form, the thesis is substantiated that in the field of public management and administration there are two independent varieties of the legal proceedings form: administrative justice and administrative proceedings. Administrative procedure is a branch type of procedural form in administrative law. The impracticality of distinguishing between the concepts of administrative procedure and administrative proceedings on the basis of statics and dynamics has been proven. As branch varieties of higher-order categories (procedural and legal proceedings, respectively), these concepts can and should be distinguished precisely by generic features. It is emphasized that administrative procedure and administrative proceedings are specific concepts of different content categories, and attempts to establish generic-specific connections between these concepts lead to a number of logical contradictions. These contradictions are analyzed on the example of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure». The main problematic issues, the solution of which is necessary before the entry into force of this law, are indicated. The circle of relations that should receive the legal proceedings form in administrative law has been clarified. At the same time, it was emphasized that administrative justice is an independent type of legal proceedings form of court activity and should not be considered part of the theory of procedural forms of public administration activity. Differences between theoretical and normative constructions of procedural and legal proceedings forms are emphasized. It is noted that their mistaken identification hinders the construction of the theory of administrative-procedural law, causes discussions about the relationship between the categories «administrative process», «administrative proceedings», «administrative procedure».

Electronic Tuning of Sterically Encumbered 2-(Arylimino)Pyridine-Nickel Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts by Para-Group Modification

A collection of five related 2-(arylimino)pyridines, 2-{(2,6-(CH(C6H4-p-F)2)2-4- RC6H2)N=CMe}C5H4N, each ortho-substituted with 4,4′-difluorobenzhydryl groups but distinct in the electronic properties of the para-R substituent (R = Me L1, Et L2, i-Pr L3, F L4, OCF3 L5), were prepared and combined with (DME)NiBr2 to form their corresponding LNiBr2 complexes, Ni1–Ni5, in high yields. All the complexes were characterized by FT-IR, 19F NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, while Ni5 was additionally the subject of an X-ray determination, revealing a bromide-bridged dimer. The molecular structure of bis-ligated (L4)2NiBr2 (Ni4’) was also determined, the result of ligand reorganization having occurred during attempted crystallization of Ni4. On activation with either EtAlCl2 or MMAO, Ni1–Ni5 exhibited high catalytic activities (up to 4.28 × 106 g of PE (mol of Ni)−1 h−1 using EtAlCl2) and produced highly branched polyethylene exhibiting low molecular weight (Mw range: 2.50–6.18 kg·mol−1) and narrow dispersity (Mw/Mn range: 2.21–2.90). Notably, it was found that the type of para-R group impacted on catalytic performance with Ni5 > Ni4 > Ni3 > Ni1 > Ni2 for both co-catalysts, underlining the positive influence of electron withdrawing substituents. Analysis of the structural composition of the polyethylene by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed the existence of vinyl-end groups (–CH=CH2) and high levels of internal unsaturation (–CH=CH–) (ratio of vinylene to vinyl, range: 3.1:1–10.3:1) along with various types of branch (Me, Et, Pr, Bu, 1,4-paired Me, 1,6-paired Me and LCBs). Furthermore, reaction temperature was shown to greatly affect the end group type, branching density, molecular weight and in turn the melting points of the resulting polyethylenes.

Deciphering the Ramet System of a Bamboo Plant in Response to Intensive Management

Intensive management is a common practice in bamboo plantations to ensure higher shoot yields. However, the effects of these management practices on ramet systems are understudied. A pot experiment was conducted to explore the process of propagation for potted bamboo seedlings (Phyllostachys praecox C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao “Prevernalis”) from a single mother bamboo to a ramet system exposed to a chronosequence of intensively managed bamboo forest soils. The ramet system of potted bamboo seedlings reached seven branching grades after two growth cycles. During ramet system expansion, the rhizome length and rhizome internodes decreased with increasing branching grade and the extension of intensive management periods. In the bud bank for each branching grade, the front branching grade was dominated by the bud output, which was conducive to consolidating the occupied living space. The back branching grade was dominated by bud input to continue rhizome penetration. With increasing branching, the mulching soil significantly inhibited rhizome bud germination and dormant bud accumulation. The mulching soil was not conducive to branch expansion in the ramet system, and ramet system expansion was predominantly based on the branching of the rhizome modules. With increasing branching and the extension of intensive management periods, rhizome branches decreased markedly. Our findings indicate that bamboo mulching inhibits branching and causes a differential reaction in branching types. The long-term mulching of bamboo forest soil was not conducive to the healthy and sustainable growth of bamboo. These results provide a basis for further research on the relationship between the bamboo ramet system and its productivity, as well as the population construction and maintenance mechanisms of bamboo ramet systems in the field.

Органометричні параметри плаценти при передчасних пологах на тлі залізодефіцитної анемії вагітних

The purpose of the study was to establish the organometric features of the placenta without disturbing the chorionic tree maturation processes against the background of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy in two periods of gestation – 29-32 and 33-36 weeks. Materials and methods. A total of 103 placentas were examined. The object of the study was placental chorionic tree at two gestational periods – 29-32 and 33-36 weeks in combination with iron deficiency anemia in gravidas. The study of the placenta at the organ level involved the determination of the basic organometric parameters, umbilical cord and free amniotic membranes, the evaluation of the attachment of the umbilical cord to the organ, the type of branching of the chorionic plate, descriptive characteristics of the maternal surface of the placenta with assessment of cotyledons. Placenta’s weight, thickness, maternal surface area and volume of each placenta were determined. The determination of gestational period is based on a combination of two principles: morphological stages of development of the chorionic tree of the placenta and clinical affiliation of the material (premature birth). The planning of the required number of observations in each study group was determined on the basis of calculations of a sufficient number for the specific statistical method used at a sensitivity level of 0.80 and a significance level of p = 0.05. Results and discussion. In both study groups with normal maturation of the chorionic tree of the placenta in combination with iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy, the degree of maturity of the chorionic tree does not reach the level of physiological pregnancy, p<0.001. At the gestation period of 29-32 weeks, intermediate mature and terminal chorionic villi predominate histologically. At 33-36 weeks, terminal chorionic villi are significantly predominant. For both terms, fibrinoid is found in the form of a continuous or sometimes intermittent layer that covers the villus on its surface from the outside. A high percentage of trophoblastic and villous growths is characteristic, which is associated with the strengthening of the phenomena of regeneration of damaged villi. Conclusion. Iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy affects the development of the chorionic tree of the placenta – the degree of maturity of the chorionic tree does not reach the level of physiological pregnancy; the phenomena of regeneration of damaged villi are enhanced. Regardless of the gestation period, the volume of the placenta does not reach the level of a physiological pregnancy. Iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy can potentiate premature birth in women at 29-32 and 33-36 weeks of gestation

Comparison of stem anatomy of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad and Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz) Kurz (Poaceae) in Lombok

Bambusa vulgaris and Schizostachyum brachycladum are similar but differ in stem shape, branching type, and the presence of aerial roots. B. vulgaris bamboo has various uses, such as a support in concrete construction, and because it is resistant to river abrasion, while its shoots are used as a vegetable. S. brachycladum , which has a very thin stem pith, is used for cooking grilled sticky rice ( lemang ), so it is often called bamboo lemang . The aim of this study was to compare the anatomical structure of the culms of B. vulgaris and S. brachycladum in Lombok. Two methods were used in the preparation of the samples: the permanent slide method with glycerin jelly closure and the maceration method. Transverse and tangential stem slides were used with double staining, using 0.5% safranin O (50% alcohol) and 1% (1 part Aniline Blue + 4 parts picric acid) in 95% alcohol. Fibre slides were prepared using 50% acetic acid maceration solution and staining 50% peroxide and 0.5% Safranin O (50% alcohol). The results showed that the stems of S. brachycladum cv. Green are characterized by short and long cells, a number of vascular bundles in the pith, and a different periderm structure from B. vulgaris . The greatest anatomical differences in the culms of B. vulgaris var. vulgaris and var. striata lie in the arrangement of the periderm tissue and the number of vascular bundles. • Trichome Type of bamboo culm is a combination of stingous, puberulous, scabrous, and machete types. • The shape of the bamboo stem fiber is elongated, narrowed and widened or shortened, slimmed and broadly. • Bamboo pith parenchymal tissues are composed of short cells and long cells.

ÖĞRETMENLERİN UZAKTAN EĞİTİME YÖNELİK TUTUMLARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ

The purpose of this study is to determine the general attitude levels of teachers towards distance education and whether the attitudes of teachers differ according to the district, education level, gender, institution type, graduation, experience year, and branch variables, as well as to seek answers to the questions of whether there is a relationship between the frequency of in-service training on distance education and the perception of technology competence of teachers and their attitudes. The sample of the study, which was carried out in the descriptive survey model, consists of 886 teachers working at primary, secondary, and high school levels, private and public schools in Gaziantep Şehitkamil, and Şahinbey districts in 2020-2021. The research used “Personal Information Form” and “Distance Education Attitude Scale towards Teachers” as data collection tools. The data were collected in the digital environment and the Jamovi (1.6.9) package program was used in the analysis of the obtained data. The study concluded that teachers' attitudes towards distance education were low, although close to the medium level. In addition, the variables of gender, district, and graduation status of teachers do not change the attitudes of teachers towards distance education, however, the type of institution (private / state), education level, experience year, branch, and in-service training related to distance education affect teachers’ attitudes towards distance education and have a decisive effect on their attitudes. The study results also showed a positive relationship between teachers’ perceptions of technological competence and their attitudes towards distance education. Creating supportive in-service training opportunities related to distance education for teachers can increase success in distance education and increasing the technological competence of teachers will facilitate them to have a positive attitude towards distance education. Developing distance education programs applied to younger age groups will increase primary school teachers’ negative attitudes towards distance education.

Examination of Mobbing Exposure of Physical Education and Branch Teachers and Organizational Silence Levels

In this study, it was aimed to comparatively examine the levels of exposure to mobbing of physical education and branch teachers and organizational silence in terms of some variables. In the study, based on the comparative relational screening method, the levels of physical education and branch teachers' exposure to mobbing and organizational silence were compared according to the variables of gender, age, professional seniority, school level and school type. The sample of the research consists of 212 physical education and branch teachers working in Konya. Organizational Silence Scale and Negative Behaviours Questionnaire were used to collect research data. According to the research findings, physical education and branch teachers' exposure to mobbing and organizational silence levels show significant differences according to branch, gender, age and school type. In addition, there is a significant positive relationship between physical education and branch teachers' mobbing exposure and organizational silence levels. This research aimed to test the effects of mobbing and silence, which affect productivity and performance, on branch teachers, physical education and sports teachers. The fact that the research findings are based on quantitative data is an important limitation of the study.

Monk Parakeet’s (Myiopsitta monachus) Ecological Parameters after Five Decades of Invasion in Santiago Metropolis, Chile

Monk Parakeets are considered one of the most invasive bird species given its unique capacity among psittacines to build their own communal nests. Originally introduced as pets in houses from where they escaped or were released, they are currently considered invasive in more than 20 countries worldwide. This is the case in Chile, where Monk Parakeets were introduced during the 1970s. Between 2016 and 2019 we searched Monk Parakeets’ nests structures in the Santiago metropolis region. We identified 1458 Monk Parakeets’ communal nests on 546 trees belonging to 34 tree species. Ninety-one percent of the occupied trees were also introduced. Paraná pine and cedar of Lebanon were the tree species with highest abundance of nests, averaging more than four nests/tree/species, with 23 and 18 maximum number of nests, respectively. Tasmanian blue gum and black locust were selected by parakeets more often than expected, based on availability. From all trees, 24.6% denoted health problems and 47.3% were pruned. The average nest height was 14.2 m and nests were observed mainly in secondary branches (59.3%). The occupancy rate was 89.7% and was associated to nest height and type of branch. During two reproductive seasons we quantified eggs and nestlings in chambers averaging 4.5 and 4.2, respectively. We provide a rough population size estimate and the characteristics of Monk Parakeets nest and tree selectivity, aiming to characterize several decades of a neglected urban invasion to warrant strategies for improved management measures.

Micromechanical transverse tensile crack propagation of unidirectional fiber reinforced epoxy SMC slice imbedded in a TDCB specimen

A mode-I type of crack propagation and branching on account of fracture energy failure mechanisms methodology is investigated in unidirectional (UD) fiber reinforced epoxy sheet molding compounds (SMC). In order to eliminate the influence of structural boundary conditions with various crack lengths on tip K (stress intensity factor) value to a greatest extent, a tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) tensile sample is selected as the far-field boundary, the SMC slices with pre-cracks are embedded into TDCB samples, which are referred to as the embedded TDCB (E-TDCB) geometries. By applying the transvers tensile load to E-TDCB, embedded SMC is provided with far-field driving force for crack propagation, so as to obtained a great agreement between stable crack propagation and minor tip K oscillation. Both E-TDCB and dummy TDCB (d-TDCB) samples were selected for experimental test with comparation. The dynamic crack propagation parameters (work components of far-field driving force as well as crack length and Crack tip open displacement et al.) were measured and analyzed with progressive damage criterion. Although in disparate principle, the numerical prediction with proposed constitutive law correlates well with experimental results.

Access to capital markets and the geography of productivity leaders and laggards

AbstractThis paper examines whether access to the capital market of convertible and nonconvertible bonds affects total factor productivity (TFP) for the population of Italian joint stock manufacturing companies, based in highly segmented local financial markets, between 2007 and 2017. The hypothesis, well grounded in the literature, is that long‐term capital favors investment in intangibles and other risky assets necessary for productivity growth. To identify this effect, we exploit the exogenous shock of the Italian banking deregulation of the mid‐1990s as an instrument for firm‐level access to capital, interacted with distance from logistic networks. These reforms changed the distribution of the type of branches at the local level, increasing the share of joint stock banks, which have high connections to international capital markets. This geographical reallocation of banking activities ultimately affected firms' financial structure, favouring their access to capital, even when based in peripheral financial areas. Firms which issued instruments of market debt achieved higher levels of productivity and a higher probability to reach top percentiles of productivity distribution.

MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES FROM EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE WASTES-RICH SOIL

Twenty isolates of Trichoderma were recovered from lignocellulosic agriculture wastes-rich soil collected from different Egyptian cities (Sadat, Tala, Abo Hamad, Belbeis, Zagazig, Mansoura, Belqas, Kafer-Elshikh, Bella, Tanta, Borg El Arab, Banha, Kafr Shoker, Qalyoub, Shebien Elqanater, Damanhur, Abu al-Matamir, Damietta, Kafr al-Battikh, and Kafr Saad). The Trichoderma isolates were first identified morphologically using conidiophore branching type and conidium morphology. Furthermore, molecular identification based on the ITS (internal transcribed spacers) barcode differentiated between Trichoderma isolates having 98.6% to 100% identity with two Trichoderma species: T. asperellum and T. longibrachiatum. Qualitative and quantitative tests were used for screening the cellulolytic activity of these isolates. The isolates were screened for cellulase production based on the clearing zone diameters and calorimetrically tested on minimal media supplemented with sugar cane bagasse and rice straw as sole carbon sources. The isolates TM41 (T. longibrachiatum) and TM35 (T. asperellum) exhibited the highest diameters of clear zones and showed higher Fpase and CMCase activities. Moreover, the isolate TM18 of T. asperellum displayed the highest diameters of clear zones and showed higher Fpase and Xylanase activities.

Neurosurgical anatomy of the insula and Sylvian fissure in gliomas: literature review and personal experience. The second report. Veins

Insular gliomas account for 25% of all low-grade and 10% of high-grade gliomas. Neurosurgical treatment of insular gliomas involves achieving the maximum possible volume of tumor removal while ensuring high quality of life. The anatomical proximity of functionally important brain structures and the involvement of important insular arteries and veins limits the possibility of radical removal of tumors. The key to the effectiveness of surgical intervention in insular gliomas is the selection and implementation of adequate surgical access surgical access. The most commonly used approach to insular gliomas is transsylvian-transinsular. The implementation of this approach is largely determined by the individual characteristics of the venous system of the sylvian fissure, since it is characterized by extreme anatomical variability in particular, the type of outflow direction dominance, the number of veins, their size, type of branching, drainage, collateral connections. The review presents data on the informativeness of modern methods of instrumental research in the assessment of the venous system of the sylvian fissure and insula with the aim of planning surgery for insular gliomas. Methods of preserving venous collectors of the sylvian fissure and possible complications associated with the exclusion of draining veins from the circulation are described.

Filtering Power Divider Design Using Resonant LC Branches for 5G Low-Band Applications

This paper proposes an ultra-compact filtering power divider with a wide harmonic suppression band. In this design, the proposed power divider (PD) in the ideal case has 100% size reduction and an infinite number of harmonics suppression. However, in the real case, the proposed divider has a 92% size reduction and suppresses the 2nd to 45th harmonics. The small-proposed divider is designed at 0.9 GHz. The typical Wilkinson divider has two long quarter-wavelength branches. In the proposed design, new resonant series LC branches are used instead of the divider’s typical branches, leading to performance improvements in the proposed PD. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the proposed filtering PD has the best size reduction, and harmonics suppression reported thus far. The proposed divider has a filtering response with good insertion loss at the passband, which is desirable for modern communication systems.

Fine mapping of the gene controlling the weeping trait of Prunus persica and its uses for MAS in progenies

BackgroundFruit tree yield and fruit quality are affected by the tree’s growth type, and branching angle is an important agronomic trait of fruit trees, which largely determines the crown structure. The weeping type of peach tree shows good ventilation and light transmission; therefore, it is commonly cultivated. However, there is no molecular marker closely linked with peach weeping traits for target gene screening and assisted breeding.ResultsFirst, we confirmed that the peach weeping trait is a recessive trait controlled by a single gene by constructing segregating populations. Based on BSA-seq, we mapped the gene controlling this trait within 159 kb of physical distance on chromosome 3. We found a 35 bp deletion in the candidate area in standard type, which was not lacking in weeping type. For histological assessments, different types of branches were sliced and examined, showing fiber bundles in the secondary xylem of ordinary branches but not in weeping branches.ConclusionsThis study established a molecular marker that is firmly linked to weeping trait. This marker can be used for the selection of parents in the breeding process and the early screening of hybrid offspring to shorten the breeding cycle. Moreover, we preliminary explored histological differences between growth types. These results lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the weeping growth habit of peach trees.

Interactions of marine sulfated glycans with antithrombin and platelet factor 4.

The molecular interactions of sulfated glycans, such as heparin, with antithrombin (AT) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) are essential for certain biological events such as anticoagulation and heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). In this study, a library including 84 sulfated glycans (polymers and oligomers) extracted from marine algae along with several animal-originated polysaccharides were subjected to a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study regarding their specific molecular interactions with AT and PF4 using surface plasmon resonance. In this SAR study, multiple characteristics were considered including different algal species, different methods of extraction, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulfate content and pattern and branching vs. linear chains. These factors were found to influence the binding affinity of the studied glycans with AT. Many polysaccharides showed stronger binding than the low molecular weight heparin (e.g., enoxaparin). Fourteen polysaccharides with strong AT-binding affinities were selected to further investigate their binding affinity with PF4. Eleven of these polysaccharides showed strong binding to PF4. It was observed that the types of monosaccharides, molecular weight and branching are not very essential particularly when these polysaccharides are oversulfated. The sulfation levels and sulfation patterns are, on the other hand, the primary contribution to strong AT and PF4 interaction.

Drip Irrigation Depth Alters Root Morphology and Architecture and Cold Resistance of Alfalfa

Combined stress from water and temperature is considered an effective approach for improving the cold resistance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). However, the relationships among irrigation depth, root morphology and architecture, and cold resistance of alfalfa remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of drip irrigation at the soil surface (Deep-0), at 20 cm depth (Deep-20), and at 40 cm depth (Deep-40) on root morphology and architecture and cold resistance of alfalfa. The Deep-0 treatment had the highest aboveground biomass and belowground biomass, and the root system in the Deep-40 treatment tended to a ‘herringbone’ branching type, which increases the cost of water uptake. After cold acclimation for 3 days, the cold resistance of Deep-0 was strongest, and was associated with higher soluble sugar content and fewer reactive oxygen species in the roots. Deep-40 enhanced the severity of drought stress on the crown and increased the risk of crown exposure to low-temperature stress. The results showed that Deep-0 promoted alfalfa growth and development by regulating root morphology and architecture and improving water absorption efficiency, thereby enhancing the ability of the root system to withstand low-temperature stress.

Dynamic-II Pipeline: Compiling Loops With Irregular Branches on Static-Scheduling CGRA

Coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture (CGRA) is a promising programmable hardware with high power-efficiency and high performance. However, compiling and optimizing loops with irregular branches on CGRAs is a challenge to fulfill the performance potential. Existing predication techniques, such as partial predication (PP) and full predication (FP), conservatively implement software pipeline with a static initiation interval (II) obtained from the maximum graph, and thus only parts of the graph in each loop iteration will be actually executed, resulting in underexploited performance. To exploit more loop-level parallelism for irregular branches, this article proposes a novel dynamic-II pipeline (DIP) scheme, which realizes a pipeline with variable II by accommodating multiple iterations of short path in one static configuration. Since the DIP scheme is effective to only certain types of branches, this article designs a hybrid compilation framework integrating other complementary methods, which selects the appropriate method for source programs according to a proposed performance evaluation model. Experimental results show that: 1) the hybrid compilation framework can effectively extract branch features, correctly choose and implement corresponding branch processing methods within acceptable compile time and 2) as compared to PP and FP, DIP brings a significant total execution time (TET) reduction by 27.21% and 22.04% on average when the execution probability of a short branch is 50%.

The clinical value of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinoma based on actual anatomy

Objective: To examine the significance and prognostic value of the classification of hilar cholangiocarcinoma based on actual anatomical location. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including 120 patients of hilar cholangiocarcinoma treated at the Second Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2019 to December 2021. Patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma were classified for seven types according to the site of tumor location. The clinicopathological and prognostic data of 120 patients were retrospectively analyzed(There were 57 males and 63 females,the age (M(IQR)) was 61(22)years(range:42 to 85 years)). All patients received radical resection without visible intraoperative tumor residue and negative bile duct resection margin according to intraoperative pathological biopsy. The classification variables were analyzed by Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability test,one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Cox proportional risk model was used for prognostic factors. Results: The coincidence rate of preoperative surgical planning and actual operational styles was verified in 33 cases. Twenty-six cases were consistent,and 7 cases were inconsistent,with a coincidence rate of 78.8%. According to the actual anatomical location,patients in type of secondary branch experienced a significantly longer operation duration,a higher portal vein resection rate,margin positive rate and more advanced T stage(all P<0.05). The median overall survival time of the unilateral main trunck group was 27.0 months,and the bilateral group was 17.0 months. Survival analysis based on the tumor classification of the actual anatomical location showed that the unilateral or main trunck group predicted less aggressive clinical features and favorable outcomes(HR=1.931,95%CI:1.066 to 3.499,P<0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the actual anatomical location of the tumor type(HR=2.269,95%CI:1.333 to 3.861,P=0.003),combined liver resection(HR=0.464,95%CI:0.253 to 0.848,P=0.013) and N stage(HR=6.317,95%CI:3.083 to 12.944,P<0.01) were independent factors affecting the prognosis of patients. Conclusion: The classification based on the actual anatomy can be used as a promising scheme in refining patient stratification and predicting survival in hilar cholangiocarcinoma,and it can guide the selection of surgical methods,and predict operative safety and radical resection rate.