Field Of Science Research Articles

Exploring the Potential of High Entropy Alloys: A Comprehensive Review on Microstructure, Properties and Applications: Part II

This is Part II of a comprehensive review analysing recent studies on various high entropy alloys (HEAs). Here, we present their magnetic and electrical properties, corrosion resistance, wear behaviour and different applications. Remaining challenges and perspectives are summarised. The anticipated findings of this two-part review are a milestone for future investigations on the production and analysis of HEAs. The discoveries hold great value for researchers, designers and manufacturers working in this field, as they offer valuable knowledge regarding the characteristics and possible uses of HEAs. Consequently, these findings lay the groundwork for further exploration in this promising field of materials science.

Impure blood: specialists, institutions, and cultural authority in the context of AIDS in Brazil

In this article, we examine the concept of cultural authority in the context of the professionalization/corporatization of medicine at the end of the 20th century, and its political and moral contours since the HIV/AIDS epidemic in São Paulo. Based on journalistic articles collected from the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo (1986-1989), we seek to highlight the place of medical expertise, examining the discourses produced about the disease in Brazil, in bases that show the emergence of social actors, disputes for credibility and the clinical authority under challenge. We analyze public narratives about AIDS, situating the place of authority. We argue that such discourses, in the context of sexual panic, did not occur outside a dynamic of therapeutic/clinical authority and the profession's own norms, which also immediately made visible the role of physicians, specialists and other health professionals, in dialogue with the moral grammar of the socially current illness. The conclusions illustrate the link between Brazilian medicine at the end of the century and the local-global history of AIDS, concentrating historical and political movements that disputed the scientific and moral meanings of the disease, fractured by the clash between authorities in the scientific, sanitary and clinical fields.

HERITAGE TOURISM: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OVER THREE DECADES (1994-2023)

This qualitative study explores the relationship between tourism and places recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites, whether tangible (WHS) or intangible (ICH). In the last two decades there has been a growth in the number of resources with UNESCO recognition. It aims to fill the research gap in the analysis of heritage tourism using bibliometric techniques. Data were collected from 886 documents in the period 1994-2023 (December) from the Web of Science database. Using the VOSviewer software, scientific maps were created showing the current and future line of research in this scientific field. The results show evidence of related research on Tourism sustainability at UNESCO sites in China and Tourism sustainability of cultural heritage for the whole period. In addition, two new research topics from 2016 are identified: Motivation and satisfaction of heritage tourists and Authenticity of intangible heritage. The results help to visualise the structure and trends of heritage tourism research, which can help researchers, policy makers and destination marketing organisations (DMOs) to gain knowledge and understanding of existing studies and current research topics.

Sensibility in the world of science and gendered society: the ethics and aesthetics of skin in The Skin I Live In

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the aesthetical and ethical representations of skin in Pedro Almodóvar’s The Skin I Live In (2011). By emphasising the interconnectedness of the skin as an expressive interface mediating between the inner self and the material world, this paper examines how the image of skin extends beyond the visual aesthetics to engage viewers in a haptic sense. I argue that the haptic experience, when actively engaged, can transcend bodily suffering from unjust treatment, charging moving images with ethical consideration and envisioning alternative human bonds in a posthuman condition. By engaging with phenomenological concepts of flesh, intersubjectivity, and interobjectivity, this paper criticises the mistreatment of beings in the scientific field and the objectification of human bodies to sustain a gendered and patriarchal structure. Instead of solely attributing abusive and controlling masculinity and the oppression of women to the patriarchy, it is essential to go beyond traditional categories of male/female and masculinity/femininity and examine the modern systems that excessively alienate human beings. The paper proposes that an individual’s existence precedes social and political identification and advocates for a dynamic way to recognise and describe the process of becoming-body as it continuously undergoes qualitative changes through lived experiences.

Soliton solutions of nonlinear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system using modified auxiliary equation method and extended (G′/G2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(G'/G^{2})$$\\end{document}-expansion method

The captivating realm of the nonlinear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system is explored in this research paper. As a powerful tool, the proposed system is utilized for the realistic representation of various non-linear dynamical mechanisms in different fields of sciences and engineering including non-linear optical fibers, plasma physics and water waves theory. Two distinct exact methods, namely the modified auxiliary equation method and the extended (G′/G2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(G'/G^{2})$$\\end{document}-expansion method, are utilized to acquire the exact soliton solutions of the non-linear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system. A plethora of novel soliton solutions containing anti-kink, kink, bright, dark, dark-bright, bright-dark and some other singular soliton solutions, have been obtained using the employed exact methods. The significance of proposed manuscript lies in the novelty of obtained solutions. Kink, dark and bright solitons have wide applications in optical fiber communications, plasma physics and water waves dynamics. The acquired nontrivial exact solutions contain exponential, trigonometric, rational and hyperbolic functions. Some obtained solutions are visually represented through graphical simulations of 3D, 2D-contour and 2D-line plots, providing a comprehensive visualization of the soliton dynamics.The modulation instability of the proposed nonlinear system has been investigated, which ensures the stability of the system.

Beyond publishing primary research papers

ABSTRACT Microbiologists, like scientists in any other biomedical field, are too engrossed in writing research papers. Aided by both expanding research programs and shrinking resources, this will continue for the foreseeable time. In this editorial, I discuss a compelling need for all microbiologists to dedicate some time to writing non-research publications such as minireviews, perspectives, commentary, opinion/hypothesis, and other non-research article types. I also list the benefits to the field, of review articles and how they can have the potential to change the field. I have provided a handful of classic examples of reviews that clearly changed the field in a remarkable way as well as a number of reviews that clarified the field and facilitated future research.

Exploring educational experiences that correlate with self-directed learning in college students seeking to pursue science, technology, engineering, math, and medical (STEMM) fields

Exploring educational experiences that correlate with self-directed learning in college students seeking to pursue science, technology, engineering, math, and medical (STEMM) fields

How is graphene influencing the electronic properties of NiO-TiO2 heterojunction?

Abstract We synthesized a new nanocomposite bearing nitrogen-doped graphene as a carbon additive to the nickel oxide nanoparticles-titanium dioxide nanotubes heterojunction. The main purpose was the comparison of its structural and electronic properties, hence potential applications, with its undoped, reduced graphene oxide homolog. The beneficial effect of graphene on TiO2 heterojunctions is an accepted fact in the materials science field, mainly in favor of the nitrogen-doped one. Our data show that both graphenes have little influence on the band offset values of the NiO-TiO2 heterojunction. Still, the presence of reduced, undoped graphene oxide allows an improved electron transfer process from titania, causing a better charge carriers’ separation. This correlates well with their observed photocatalytic activity under visible light exposure, for the degradation of four emerging contaminant pollutants (amoxicillin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and β-estradiol). In addition, the band alignment of the NiO-TiO2 heterojunction with graphenes, and the corrected thermodynamic potentials of the organic pollutants explain well the observed photocatalytic behavior.

Beyond the shore: nurturing future marine biodiversity citizen scientists through Coastal Marine Science Fieldwork programme

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the impact of the Coastal Marine Science Fieldwork (CMSF) Program in enhancing students' systematic thinking. To prepare students for their role as future global citizens, it is essential to expose them to socioscientific issues and provide first-hand experiences that reveal the interconnectedness of Earth's systems and human activities. Our research yielded the following insights: (1) Students demonstrated a significant increase in systems thinking, environmental nature of science views, and citizen science literacy after the CMSF program, (2) The program afforded students the opportunity to immerse in scientific investigations in ecological environments, effectively bridging the gap between textbook knowledge and the natural world, and (3) Fieldwork opportunities empowered students to assess their compatibility with scientific research, aiding them in making informed career choices in the field of science. This study holds educational significance for students pursuing majors in marine science or related fields at the higher education level. The integration of fieldwork into the learning process allows students to fortify their perspectives on the nature of science, ultimately promoting a greater number of students to consider science as a profession or actively participate in civic action.

Assessing the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of coconut coir composites with varying iron particle concentrations

This study investigates the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of Coconut Coir-based Porous Carbon (CCPC) composites with varying iron (Fe) particle concentrations, specifically focusing on four different weight ratios of CCPC/Fe-80, CCPC/Fe-60, CCPC/Fe-40, and CCPC/Fe-20. The novelty of this work lies in the use of sustainable coconut coir as a base material, emphasizing its eco-friendly and cost-effective attributes for Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. The significance of varying iron particle concentrations is highlighted to optimize electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on these composites. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline Fe particles and amorphous carbon, with crystalline sizes determined via Williamson-Hall (W-H) plot, Scherrer Equation, and Strain Size Plot (SSP) ranging from 17.33 nm to 18.01 nm for the former. Raman spectroscopy revealed distinctive D and G bands, with intensity ratios indicating a slight increase in structural disorder with higher Fe content. UV-Visualization spectroscopy demonstrated distinct absorption peaks, with higher Fe content resulting in more pronounced absorbance and lower band gap energies. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses provided detailed insights into the material's microstructure and elemental composition, confirming the successful integration of Fe particles within the porous carbon matrix. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) testing measured the reflection loss (RL), showing values in the range of −26.4 dB to −20.2 dB, for 2 mm thick samples, corresponding to electromagnetic wave attenuation of over 99%. These results underscore the potential of CCPC/Fe composites, particularly in applications requiring effective Electromagnetic (EM) wave attenuation. This research offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution, contributing significantly to the field of materials science by enhancing electromagnetic compatibility in various technological applications.

Polyoxometalate‐Based Single‐Atom Catalyst with Precise Structure and Extremely Exposed Active Site for Efficient H2 Evolution

Single‐atom catalysts with precise structure and extremely high catalytic efficiency remain a fervent focus in the fields of materials chemistry and catalytic science. Herein, a nickel‐substituted polyoxometalate (POM) {NiSb6O4(H2O)3[β‐Ni(hmta)SbW8O31]3}15‐ (NiPOM) with one extremely exposed nickel site [NiO3(H2O)3] was synthesized using the conventional aqueous method. The uniform dispersion of single nickel center with well‐defined structure was facilely achieved by anchoring nanosized NiPOM on graphene oxide (GO). The resulting NiPOM/GO can couple with CdS photoabsorber for the construction of low‐cost and ultra‐efficient hydrogen evolution system. The H2 yield can reach to 2753.27 mmol gPOM‐1 h‐1, which represents a record value among all the POM‐based photocatalytic systems. Remarkablely, an extremely high hydrogen yield of 3647.28 mmol gPOM‐1 h‐1 was achieved with simultaneous photooxidation of commercial waste plastic, representing the first POM‐based photocatalytic system for H2 evolution and waste plastic conversion. This work highlights a straightforward strategy for constructing extremely exposed single‐metal site with precise microenvironment by facilely manipulating nanosized molecular cluster to control individual atom.

Summary of Varieties and Diversities of Nanomaterials Used in Food Safety and Quality

In all fields of life sciences, the trends toward sustainability, enhanced product safety, and high standards of quality are significant. The food industry uses intelligent packaging to meet these needs. These systems can continuously monitor a product's quality status and notify the customer of any changes. Conventional methods can only satisfy the needs of regular laboratory food analysis. Thus, in the cases of major food safety concerns, quick, economical, and time-saving analysis techniques, including portable, on-site, and home testing kits, are desperately needed. Nonetheless, there is a chance that nanoparticles could be harmful to people's health. Nanotechnology, for instance, can be applied to food processing to improve food's overall quality, including taste, flavor, and bioavailability. It can also help products last longer on the shelf. Moreover, nanotechnology is often applied to food packaging to deliver innovative packaging and serve as an antimicrobial agent. It can offer fresh approaches to thwart fraud and serve as a valuable weapon in our toolbox to prevent bioterrorism. As a result, it is advised to set up a sufficient regulatory framework to control any dangers related to applications of nanotechnology. This review addresses the classification and safety issues involved in the application of nanotechnology in food safety and packaging.

Polyoxometalate‐Based Single‐Atom Catalyst with Precise Structure and Extremely Exposed Active Site for Efficient H2 Evolution

Single‐atom catalysts with precise structure and extremely high catalytic efficiency remain a fervent focus in the fields of materials chemistry and catalytic science. Herein, a nickel‐substituted polyoxometalate (POM) {NiSb6O4(H2O)3[β‐Ni(hmta)SbW8O31]3}15‐ (NiPOM) with one extremely exposed nickel site [NiO3(H2O)3] was synthesized using the conventional aqueous method. The uniform dispersion of single nickel center with well‐defined structure was facilely achieved by anchoring nanosized NiPOM on graphene oxide (GO). The resulting NiPOM/GO can couple with CdS photoabsorber for the construction of low‐cost and ultra‐efficient hydrogen evolution system. The H2 yield can reach to 2753.27 mmol gPOM‐1 h‐1, which represents a record value among all the POM‐based photocatalytic systems. Remarkablely, an extremely high hydrogen yield of 3647.28 mmol gPOM‐1 h‐1 was achieved with simultaneous photooxidation of commercial waste plastic, representing the first POM‐based photocatalytic system for H2 evolution and waste plastic conversion. This work highlights a straightforward strategy for constructing extremely exposed single‐metal site with precise microenvironment by facilely manipulating nanosized molecular cluster to control individual atom.

Quantitative characterization of granite failure intensity under dynamic disturbance from energy standpoint

Abstract Quantitative evaluation of rock dynamic disaster intensity is a challenging and difficult task in the field of earth science. In this article, the dynamic compression tests of granite under different impact velocities are carried out, and the energy evolution characteristics of the dynamic failure process of granite are analyzed. The dynamic fracture characteristics of granite were studied by using computed tomography and section scanning equipment. The results show that the energy dissipation and energy accumulation mechanism of granite under dynamic loading are fundamentally changed with the increase of impact disturbance strength, which leads to the transformation of the failure mode from the tension-type sheet crack under low-speed impact to the complex network crack coupled by tension and shear under high-speed impact. At the same time, the greater the impact velocity, the larger the macroscopic crack density, the more uneven the particle distribution on the fracture section, the greater the roughness, and the higher the rock mass fracture degree. In accordance with the results, the energy distribution ratio is proposed to quantitatively characterize the coupling effect of energy dissipation and energy accumulation in the dynamic failure process of granite and to reflect its dynamic failure intensity. The higher the energy distribution ratio, the stronger the energy coupling effect and the more intense the dynamic failure of the rock mass.

Apremilast Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Formulation Optimization using QbD and Comprehensive In vitro-In silico Assessment

Aim: The study aims to develop a 3rd generation amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of Apremilast (APST) employing the Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology, followed by a thorough assessment including in silico pharmacokinetics. Background: APST, classified as a BCS-Class IV molecule due to its low solubility and permea-bility, exhibits highly variable oral bioavailability across different species. Objective: In this study, a 3rd generation ASD of APST was developed using the DoE approach. Methods: The miscibility of APST within polymers was assessed using solubility parameters and Flory Huggin equations. Phase solubility studies were conducted to identify the most suitable polymer-surfactant combination for maximizing drug solubility. The produced solid dispersions were characterized using FTIR, DSC, XRD, DVS, and SEM. Results: The combination of APST and Soluplus® in a 1:5 ratio resulted in the highest improve-ment in solubility and dissolution, with vitamin E TGPS being identified as the most efficient sur-factant. Stability studies were carried out, and findings revealed that the ASD remained stable un-der accelerated conditions for up to 3 months, suggesting its suitability for scaling up for industri-al applications. In silico predictions of the pharmacokinetics of APST following oral administra-tion of solid dispersion formulations were determined by PBBM using GastroPlus™. Conclusion: The simulation of oral absorption profiles for APST showed a significant improve-ment in both Cmax and AUC for the solid dispersion formulations compared to plain drugs. This study makes a significant contribution to the field of pharmaceutical science by addressing the formulation complexities inherent in poorly water-soluble compounds like APST.

Przyroda w perspektywie kulturoznawczej jako obszar badań

Issues related to the environment, its protection, climate change, etc., has been increasingly entering the field of humanities and social sciences. The article examines the theoretical framework for building a research program for cultural studies for environment, a subfield of cultural sciences relating to issues of nature. The context of consideration oscillates around the development of economic-cultural, and cultural-political issues with themes related to nature and its protection. The text indicates that culturally operationalized knowledge of nature can have both research and implementation translations, becoming the basis for building strategies or theoretical foundations for reflection in the fields of conservation practices.

Causal representation learning through higher-level information extraction

The large gap between the generalization level of state-of-the-art machine learning and human learning systems calls for the development of artificial intelligence (AI) models that are truly inspired by human cognition. In tasks related to image analysis, searching for pixel-level regularities has reached a power of information extraction still far from what humans capture with image-based observations. This leads to poor generalization when even small shifts occur at the level of the observations. We explore a perspective on this problem that is directed to learning the generative process with causality-related foundations, using models capable of combining symbolic manipulation, probabilistic reasoning and pattern recognition abilities. We briefly review and explore connections of research from machine learning, cognitive science and related fields of human behavior to support our perspective for the direction to more robust and human-like artificial learning systems.

Introduction: Gender and (Auto)pathography from a Transnational Perspective

‘Medical Humanities’ (MH), the critical enclave of this cluster, is an interdisciplinary area of knowledge which examines human health and illness using the tools and insights of creative arts and humanities. MH endeavors to comprehend the diverse spectrum of physical and mental ailments by drawing from literature and various forms of artistic expression. The boom of MH both in the United States and Europe is manifested by the increase of this field of studies in undergraduate and graduate programs, professional training opportunities, career paths, conferences, and articles in prestigious academic journals, such as Medical Humanities, Intima: A Journal of Narrative Medicine, Journal of Medical Humanities, Literature and Medicine, or Arts and Health, among others. By consulting Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), the preeminent abstract and citation database for peer-reviewed research literature and conducting a search for 'Medical Humanities' spanning from 1970 to 2023, the findings in the 'Documents by Year' section (totaling 21,461 entries) reveal a consistent and steady upward trajectory. Commencing with a solitary document in 1971, the inaugural year recorded, the count surged to 54 in 1980, escalated to 498 in 2010, and surged to 1,581 in 2020, culminating in 2,417 entries by 2023. Furthermore, upon delving into the 'Documents by Subject Area', the analysis indicates that a significant majority of scholarly articles concerning MH originate from authors entrenched in the Health Sciences field (including Medicine, Nursing, Psychology, Neuroscience, Health professionals, Genetics), while only 15.9 percent stem from scholars within the Arts and Humanities domain. Hence, the authors of these articles, all affiliated with a research group located in Spain, envisioned the importance of enriching this field through their humanistic perspective, stemming from their roles as university professors and literature researchers.

Twenty years of in vitro nanotoxicology: how AI could make the difference

More than two decades ago, the advent of Nanotechnology has marked the onset of a new and critical field in science and technology, highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to assess and model the potential human hazard of newly developed advanced materials in the nanoscale, the nanomaterials (NMs). Nanotechnology is, by definition, a multidisciplinary field, that integrates knowledge and techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering to manipulate matter at the nanoscale, defined as anything comprised between 1 and 100 nm. The emergence of nanotechnology has undoubtedly led to significant innovations in many fields, from medical diagnostics and targeted drug delivery systems to advanced materials and energy solutions. However, the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as the increased surface to volume ratio, which provides increased reactivity and hence the ability to penetrate biological barriers, have been also considered as potential risk factors for unforeseen toxicological effects, stimulating the scientific community to investigate to which extent this new field of applications could pose a risk to human health and the environment.

Plagiarism and piracy as types of copyright infringement in the creative industries

The article examines the concept of violations in the creative industries. It analyses thetypes of infringements that are most common in Ukraine. The main focus is on the analysis ofthe concepts of plagiarism and piracy in Ukrainian legislation and some EU countries.Accordingly, the Laws of Poland and Germany on Copyright and Related Rights do notcontain a definition of plagiarism. Since there is no legal definition of plagiarism, and the phenomenonof plagiarism is quite widespread, the only option for legislative regulation is judicialpractice. In Germany, for example, the concept of plagiarism as an infringement of copyrightapplies not only to literary works but also to works of other art forms. Therefore, byanalogy, it is concluded that plagiarism as an infringement of copyright and/or related rightsin the creative industries is committed not only in the literary or scientific field, but is alsopossible in other art forms, in particular: music, art, choreography, jewellery and costumejewellery, architecture and advertising.The situation is similar with regard to the definition of piracy. In Poland, piracy is usedmainly as a colloquial term. However, it is one of the most common crimes committed onthe Internet. In the German scientific literature, there are different interpretations of theconcept of piracy. Under the German Copyright and Related Rights Act, an author mayprohibit (revoke) the unauthorised posting of his or her work on the Internet. The SwissFederal Law on Copyright and Related Rights provides for a similar provision.However, the purpose of piracy differs from the purpose of plagiarism. In the case ofpiracy, the infringer seeks to gain material benefit and does not intend to create any identificationbetween him or her and the unlawfully used object (pirated film, computer programor database, etc.). In the case of plagiarism, the opposite is true. The infringer wantsconsumers to identify it with the misused intellectual property.Therefore, it is concluded that there is no single, comprehensive and generally accepteddefinition of plagiarism and piracy. The statutory definition of plagiarism and piracy enshrinedin part 2 of Article 53 of the Law differs significantly from the European approachesconsidered.