Product Branching Research Articles

Research on the Market Development of Cultural Peripheral Products: A Case Study of Animation Derivative Products

Today, animation and comic derivative products are one of the most popular branches of cultural and creative peripheral products. With the rapid development of the foreign animation industry, animation derivative products have made much profit for people. At the same period, it also becomes one of the vital research topics. Researchers found rich progress in derivative products. However, the issue of improving the development of Chinese animation and comics is still a lack of unified explanation and cognition. Therefore, this thesis aims to research the item of animation and comic derivative products market development through literature analysis and case study. The research found that the changes in consumers’ purchase intention, imperfect industrial chains, narrow audience groups, and difficult animation propagation are the main factors leading to the dilemma of animation derivative products. Therefore, Chinese animation should perfect the animation and comic industry chain by promoting content, derivative products’ marketing approaches, and breaking down single industrial barriers and limitations.

Potassium Fertilizer Application Rates for Fertigated Edamame Grown on Low-K Soils

Edamame, a legume consumed fresh as a vegetable, is highly nutritious, particularly protein-rich, and holds significant economic value. However, its cultivation faces challenges, especially on dry land, due to water scarcity and limited nutrient availability, particularly potassium (K). This study, which investigated the impact of potassium fertilization rate on edamame cultivation, underscores the need for further research. The study utilized a single factor, potassium fertilization rate, arranged in a completely randomized block design. Potassium rates consist of 0% X, 50% X, 100% X, 150% X, and 200% X, where X represents the recommended potassium fertilization rate according to the dry soil test device (DSTD) guidelines. Each treatment was replicated five times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% significance level, and any significant effects were further examined using orthogonal polynomial and regression analysis. The results indicated that potassium fertilizer rates did not significantly affect edamame height, pod weight per plot, and marketable yield. However, the study identified the optimal potassium fertilizer rate, which was between 83%X and 119%X, equivalent to 83–119 kg.ha⁻¹ of KCl (50–72 kg.ha⁻¹ of K₂O). This range positively increased total branch yield, productive branches, number of flowers, pod weight per plant, number of pods per plant, and plant dry weight, producing a quadratic response pattern. The study recommends further research to optimize potassium fertilizer doses based on DSTD recommendations, particularly at a low K nutrient status, to maximize marketable yields through fertigation.

Search for production of a single vectorlike quark decaying to tH or tZ in the all-hadronic final state in pp collisions at s=13 TeV

A search for electroweak production of a single vectorlike T quark in association with a bottom (b) quark in the all-hadronic decay channel is presented. This search uses proton-proton collision data at s=13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC during 2016–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1. The T quark is assumed to have charge 2/3 and decay to a top (t) quark and a Higgs (H) or Z boson. Hadronic decays of the t quark and the H or Z boson are reconstructed from the kinematic properties of jets, including those containing b hadrons. No deviation from the standard model prediction is observed in the reconstructed tH and tZ invariant mass distributions. The 95% confidence level upper limits on the product of the production cross section and branching fraction of a T quark produced in association with a b quark and decaying via tH or tZ range from 1260 to 68 fb for T quark masses of 600–1200 GeV. © 2024 CERN, for the CMS Collaboration 2024 CERN

Commercial and industrial centers of the Samara region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century

The article considers the formation process of the commercial and industrial centers of the Samara region in the post-reform era. Despite there are scientific works that cover the topic of the formation and development of commercial and industrial entrepreneurship in the Samara province, the issue presented in the article can be considered as one of the unstudied. The scientific literature is not yet clearly defined the main factors that influenced this process. These factors include natural and climatic conditions, pace of establishment and development of agricultural production and other branches of farming industry, modernization of transport and financial infrastructure. The source base of the article is presented by administrative documentation, guidance and statistical materials, sources of personal nature, and fiction. The most significant sources include the documentary publications that contain a large amount of historical information, for example, «Lists of populated areas» for 1859, 1889, 1900, 1910. They contain valuable information about the geographical location of trade and industry facilities. On the basis of these and other materials, comparative-historical, analytical, methods of periodization and systematization, conclusions were formulated about the stages of the formation and development of shopping and industrial centers, their geographical placement, as well as that the modernization of transport and financial infrastructure gave a powerful impetus to the development of trading -Industrial activities of both the provincial capital and county centers, as well as a number of settlements, which at the end of the XIX-early XX centuries were shopping and industrial centers.

Broadband Rotational Spectroscopy in Uniform Supersonic Flows: Chirped Pulse/Uniform Flow for Reaction Dynamics and Low Temperature Kinetics.

ConspectusThe study of gas-phase chemical reactions at very low temperatures first became possible with the development and implementation of the CRESU (French acronym for Reaction Kinetics in Uniform Supersonic Flows) technique. CRESU relies on a uniform supersonic flow produced by expansion of a gas through a Laval (convergent-divergent) nozzle to produce a wall-less reactor at temperatures from 10 to 200 K and densities of 1016-1018 cm-3 for the study of low temperature kinetics, with particular application to astrochemistry. In recent years, we have combined uniform flows with revolutionary advances in broadband rotational spectroscopy to yield an instrument that affords near-universal detection for novel applications in photodissociation, reaction dynamics, and kinetics. This combination of uniform supersonic flows with chirped-pulse Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy (Chirped-Pulse/Uniform Flow, CPUF) permits detection of any species with a modest dipole moment, thermalized to the uniform temperature of the gas flow, with isomer, conformer, and vibrational state specificity. In addition, the use of broadband, high-resolution, and time-dependent (microsecond time scale) micro- and mm-wave spectroscopy makes it an ideal tool for characterizing both transient and stable molecules, as well as studying their spectroscopy and dynamics.In this Account, we review recent advances made using the CPUF technique, including studies of photodissociation, radical-radical reaction dynamics, and low temperature kinetics. These studies highlight both the strength of universal and multiplexed detection and the challenges of coupling it to a high-density collisional environment. Product branching and product evolution as a function of time have been measured for astrochemically relevant systems, relying on the detailed characterization of these flow conditions via experiments and fluid dynamics simulations. In the photodissociation of isoxazole, an unusual heterocyclic molecule with a very low-energy conical intersection, we have identified 7 products in 5 reaction channels and determined the product branching, pointing to both direct and indirect pathways. We have also approached the same system from separated NO and C3H3 reactants to explore a broader range of the potential energy surface, demonstrating the power of multichannel branching measurements for complex radical-radical reactions. We determined the product branching in the C3H2 isomers in the photodissociation of the propargyl radical and identified the importance of a hydrogen atom catalyzed isomerization to the lowest energy cyclic form. This then motivated a study of direct D-H exchange reaction in radicals, in which we demonstrate that it is an important and overlooked pathway for deuterium fractionation in astrochemical environments. Recently, we have shown the measurement of low temperature kinetics inside an extended Laval nozzle, after which a shock-free secondary expansion to low temperature and density affords an ideal environment for detection by rotational spectroscopy. These results highlight the power and potential of the CPUF approach, and future prospects will also be discussed in light of these developments.

Determination of hydrostatic pressure on the plane surface of an arbitrary non-simmetrical form by the three-command method K123

Competitive struggle in the conditions of wide access to unlimited amounts of information and computerization of all branches of production and services imposes strict requirements on specialized knowledge, practical skills and general mathematical culture of future engineers. The online program of modern multivariate engineering calculation of the problem of determining the force of hydrostatic pressure on an element of a flat asymmetric surface with a curvilinear face is presented - https://www.k123.org.ua/jeh5.html. Algorithms are implemented according to the author's method of three commands K123 (c) Yu.D. Kopanytsia (hereinafter the K123 method). A client-server solution based on CGI technology with a web form for inputting source data has been implemented. The results of the online calculation were performed according to the new analytical dependencies obtained on the basis of the author's method K123. In parallel, the numerical algorithms of the author's method of three K123 commands and the conclusions of the corresponding calculations in tabular form were implemented. Realized generation of graphics by the server program based on the coordinates of the points obtained by iterative calculations according to the algorithms of the numerical implementation of the K123 method. The relative error of iterative calculations and the estimation of the accuracy of the result are automatically determined based on the proposed exact analytical dependencies.

PENGEMBANGAN CABAI KATOKKON (Capsicum annuum L. var. sinensis) DI LUAR HABITAT ASLINYA

This research aims to develop Katokkon chilies outside their natural habitat with different environmental conditions. Increase soil fertility levels in areas with low fertility levels by adding manure and NPK fertilizer. The study used a two-factor randomized block design (RBD): NPK fertilizer and cow manure. NPK fertilizer consisted of 2 grams, 4 grams, 6 grams per 10 kg of soil, and control (without NPK fertilizer). Cow manure treatment consisted of 0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 1.5 kg per 10 kg of soil and without cow manure (control). Each treatment was repeated 3 times and consisted of 3 plants for each observation unit. The research results show that developing katokkon chili plants outside their natural habitat is still possible. Providing 0.5 kg of cow manure had the best effect on the parameters of plant height, fruit weight, and production of Katokkon chili plants. Adding 2 g NPK fertilizer provided the best growth in terms of plant height, fruit weight, and production parameters. However, the addition of 6 g NPK fertilizer affected the productive branch parameters of Katokkon chili plants. There was a real interaction between 0.5 kg cow manure and the addition of 2 g NPK fertilizer on the parameters of plant height, fruit weight per plant, and production of Katokkon chili plants

Measurement of the production cross section of a Higgs boson with large transverse momentum in its decays to a pair of τ leptons in proton-proton collisions at [formula omitted]

A measurement of the production cross section of a Higgs boson with transverse momentum greater than 250GeV is presented where the Higgs boson decays to a pair of τ leptons. It is based on proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138fb−1. Because of the large transverse momentum of the Higgs boson the τ leptons from its decays are boosted and produced spatially close, with their decay products overlapping. Therefore, a dedicated algorithm was developed to reconstruct and identify them. The observed (expected) significance of the measured signal with respect to the standard model background-only hypothesis is 3.5 (2.2) standard deviations. The product of the production cross section and branching fraction is measured to be 1.64−0.54+0.68 times the standard model expectation. The fiducial differential production cross section is also measured as functions of the Higgs boson and leading jet transverse momenta. This measurement extends the probed large-transverse-momentum region in the ττ final state beyond 600GeV.

Effect of Various Biochar Materials and Levels of Chicken Manure Fertilizer on Soil Chemical, Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L Merrill)

This study aims to determine the effect of various biochar materials and doses of chicken manure fertilizer on soil chemical properties, growth and yield of soybean. The research method used a 2 factorial Randomised Group Design. The first factor was the treatment of various biochar materials consisting of 4 levels, namely: B0 without treatment, B1 (corn cob biochar 1.5 kg/m2, B2 (jengkol bark biochar 1.5 kg/m2), B3 (rice husk biochar 1.5 kg/m2). Factor II was chicken manure (P) consisting of P0 (0 kg/m2), P1 (0.5 kg/m2), P2 (1 kg/m2 and P3 (1.5 kg/m2). The application of various biochar materials and chicken cohe fertilizer gave a real response to soil pH, organic C, total N, available P and K available. The results showed that the application of biochar to the growth and yield of soybean plants gave a significant effect on the parameters of stem diameter, number of productive branches, number of pods, dry weight of seeds/m2, seed production/ha. The application of jengkol skin biochar gave the highest effect on stem diameter (1.750 cm), number of productive branches (5.06 branches), number of pods (181.60 pods), dry weight of seeds/m2 (442.98 grams). The application of chicken manure fertilizer on the growth and yield of soybean plants gives a significant effect on stem diameter, number of productive branches, number of pods, dry weight of seeds/plot. The dose of chicken manure fertilizer 1.5 kg/m2 showed the highest effect on stem diameter (1.79 cm), number of productive branches (5.19 branches), number of pods (184.22 pods), dry weight of seeds/m2 (398.50 g). The interaction of biochar and chicken manure fertilizer did not give significant effect on all treatments. Keywords: Biomass, Biochar, Chicken Manure, Soybean

Theoretical investigation on degradation of CH[triple bond, length as m-dash]CCH2OH by NO3 radicals in the atmosphere.

A detailed computational investigation is executed on the reaction between NO3 and CH[triple bond, length as m-dash]CCH2OH at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. Addition/elimination and H-abstraction mechanisms are found for the NO3 + CH[triple bond, length as m-dash]CCH2OH reaction, and they could compete with each other. The most feasible addition/elimination pathway through a series of central-C addition, 1,4-H migration to generate intermediates IM1 (CHCONO2CH2OH) and IM3 (CH2CONO2CH2O), and then IM3 directly decompose into product P2 (CH2CONO2CHO + H). The dominant H-abstraction pathway is abstracting the H atom of the -CH2- group to generate h-P1 (CHCCHOH + HNO3). RRKM-TST theory was used to compute the kinetics and product branching ratios of the NO3 + CH[triple bond, length as m-dash]CCH2OH reaction at 200-3000 K. The rate constants at 298 K are consistent with the experimental values. The lifetime of CH[triple bond, length as m-dash]CCH2OH is estimated to be 59.72 days at 298 K. The implicit solvent model was used to examine the solvent effect on the total reaction. Based on the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model, the toxicity during the degradation process is increased towards fish, and decreased towards daphnia and green algae.

Mode-Specific Dynamics Studies for the Multichannel C2H2 + OH Reaction.

The C2H2 + OH reaction is a key elementary reaction in acetylene oxidation, and the products forming in different reaction channels, such as C2H and CH3 radicals, are also important for subsequent reaction processes in the combustion process. In this work, we investigated the dynamics of the C2H2 + OH reaction with specific vibrational mode excitations and analyzed the mode specificity based on quasi-classical trajectory calculations on a recently developed full-dimensional potential energy surface. It is found that exciting OH stretching mode can promote the production of H + OCCH2 and CO + CH3, while the excitation of C-H symmetric/antisymmetric stretching mode of C2H2 can facilitate the H2O + C2H channel. Based on the prediction of vibrationally adiabatic and sudden vector projection models, the mode specificity in the C2H2 + OH reaction can be attributed to the difference in the degree of coupling between the initial motion mode and the reaction coordinate of each reaction path, which ultimately leads to the changes in rate constants and the product branching ratios. These findings can offer theoretical insights to regulate the branching ratio of the multichannel C2H2 + OH reaction.

Search for diphoton decays of an axionlike particle in radiative J/ψ decays

We search for the diphoton decay of a light pseudoscalar axionlike particle, a, in radiative J/ψ decays, using 1010 J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector. We find no evidence of a signal and set upper limits at the 95% confidence level on the product branching fraction B(J/ψ→γa)×B(a→γγ) and the axionlike particle photon coupling constant gaγγ in the ranges of (3.7–48.5)×10−8 and (2.2–101.8)×10−4 GeV−1, respectively, for 0.18≤ma≤2.85 GeV/c2. These are the most stringent limits to date in this mass region. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

PEMBERIAN PUPUK HAYATI BIONEENSIS DAN MEDIA ORGANIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI CABAI MERAH BESAR (Capsicum annuum L.)

This research was conducted from June 2022 to September 2022 at the Green House, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muslim Indonesia. This study aims to determine the application of biofertilizer bioneensis and planting media to the growth and production of large red chili (Capsicum annuum L.), to determine the interaction between biofertilizer bioneensis and organic media on the growth and production of large red chili (Capsicum annuum L.). This study used a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with 2 (two) factors, namely the first factor, namely: Bio-fertilizer bioneensis with 3 levels. The second factor is: planting media with 3 levels. There were 9 treatment combinations, each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 27 experimental units. Observational data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Honest Significant Difference Test (BNJ). The parameters observed were plant height, number of branches, flowering age, number of fruit, fruit weight and fruit production. The results showed that the use of biofertilizer bioneensis alone had no significant effect on all observation parameters. productive branches, number of fruit, fruit weight, and amount of production The interaction of the application of biofertilizer bioneensis and organic media on large red chili plants did not significantly affect all observation parameters.

Biochemical indicators, quality and safety of domestic and wild pig slaughter products

Animal husbandry is one of the important branches of agricultural production, which plays an important role in the formation of food security of Ukraine and providing the population with important types of food. The correct methodical approach to the inspection of organs and tissues of slaughtered animals allows to avoid errors in the diagnosis of various diseases, in the sanitary assessment of slaughter products, to prevent meat losses and the release of food products that are dangerous for humans. Analyzing the requirements of the modern market and the priority directions for the development of trade relations between the countries of the European Union for our country, it should be noted that the responsibility for the export and import of products of animal origin and the control of the production of high-quality and safe products is entrusted to the specialist of the state veterinary service. Organoleptic analysis of slaughter products is an important component of inspection. In addition, it should be noted that determining the degree of freshness of meat for a long time was carried out only with the help of the organoleptic method. It has been proven that organoleptic indicators provide comprehensive information for determining the good quality of meat. The quality of meat or its nutritional value refers to the chemical composition of the fleshy part, which includes muscle, fat and connective tissue. The chemical composition, energy value, digestibility, taste, culinary and other properties of meat depend on the ratio of these tissues. The quality of meat is influenced by the breed of animals, sex, age, fatness, the nature of fattening, conditions of transportation and pre-slaughter aging, methods of stunning, degree of exsanguination, etc. The article presents materials related to the inspection of animal slaughter products in the Zhytomyr region (agro-food market in the city of Olevsk). The study was carried out as part of the research work of the department of normal and pathological morphology, hygiene and expertise “Monitoring the content of toxic substances in drinking water, feed and their impact on the body of cattle and the quality and safety of products”, state registration number – 0120U101318. The purpose of the study is to inspect the slaughter products of domestic and wild pigs in the agro-food market of the Zhytomyr region. The task of the work was to determine the organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological indicators of slaughter products of domestic and wild pigs. The testing laboratory of veterinary and sanitary examination in the market carries out significant work on the inspection of animal slaughter products, which ensures the release of good-quality products for the population. As a result of the inspection of the slaughter products of domestic and wild pigs, it was established that all meat samples according to organoleptic parameters corresponded to the parameters of fresh high-quality meat, the reaction to peroxidase was positive, the pH of the meat ranged from 5.9 to 6.1. No trichinella was detected during trichinoscopy of pork samples. Veterinary and sanitary examination of livestock products on the markets is carried out only by veterinary medicine specialists of state laboratories or other state institutions of veterinary medicine. The laboratory carries out mandatory quality and safety control of all controlled products sold, including food products of animal origin intended for human consumption. In this regard, it is important to carry out inspection, sanitary evaluation of slaughter products of slaughter animals and determination of morphological characteristics of meat of domestic and wild pigs.

Induced mutagenesis for resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus and yield traits in mungbean

The M0 ѕeedѕ of mungbean variety DGGV 2 treated with different doѕeѕ of ethyl methane ѕulphonate (EMЅ) at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% concentrations were assessed for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in M2 generation during summer 2023 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Considering the yield superiority over check (Mean + 2 Standard Deviation) and highly resistant response to MYMV disease, out of 962 M2 plants 17 superior M2 plants were identified. The seed yield plant-1 in these identified mutants ranged from 21.9 to 32.0 g which is higher compared to the average yield of check DGGV 2 (11.7 g) during that season. Also, the other yield contributing traits such as number of productive branches, number of cluster plant-1, number of pods cluster-1, and number of pods plant-1 were observed to be higher in these mutants in comparison to check variety.

Salt, clay, and society: Towards a reconstruction of salt-making chaînes opératoires in the Bronze and Early Iron Age in the Kraków–Wieliczka salt-bearing region

Abstract The progress of field research and studies of archaeological sites from southern Poland (Małopolska) and experimental activities related to salt-making in the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the last two decades have created conditions for attempting to recreate the chaîne opératoire of this branch of prehistoric production. The use of ceramic containers for evaporating brine and drying and portioning salt means that we are dealing with two operational sequences (production of ceramics and salt) intertwined at some stage – from obtaining raw materials (clay and brine) to the distribution of transportable product and discarding of disposable containers. We conducted multi-aspect studies on the characteristics of materials related to each stage, including their spatial location, based on all available material from western Małopolska, in particular several large-scale benchmark sites (Podłęże 17, Brzezie 17 and Kraków-Bieżanów 11). This allowed us to identify certain differences in production sites. A comprehensive review of the source database also allowed us to establish a rather limited scope of both the degree of craft specialisation of the brewers and the scale of the centre’s influence. Nevertheless, in some periods, as in the beginning of the Urnfield period, this centre gained supra-regional importance, as evidenced by, among others, certificates of weight standardization of finished products.

Using the model of closed-loop economy in certain branches of the agro-industrial complex

From agricultural production to domestic consumption of products, the food industry produces huge amounts of waste every year, which leads to contamination of soil, water and air. Waste created upon processing agricultural raw materials and using axillary materials, such as additives, certain chemical components, fuel and so on, enhances an impact of the food chain on the environment leading to depletion of natural resources. In the last few years, production branches of economy, including the agro-industrial complex, have made attempts to maintain the balance between their impact on the environment, the use of resources, well-being of the population and economic benefits. This trend stimulates the intensive development of the theory of circular (cyclic) economy or closed-loop economy and facilitates a search for methods of its realization in the real economic system. The paper summarizes the main specific features typical of circular economy: strengthened control of supply of limited natural resources and maintenance of the stable balance of renewable resources; optimization of consumption processes by development and use of products, components and materials that correspond to the highest level of their reuse; detection and prevention of negative external effects of current production activities to increase efficiency of the economic and ecological systems. With that, despite the fact that the concept of circular economy was formulated several decades ago, its comprehensive definition is still a subject of discussions. Ambiguity of the existing definitions shows that the concept of closed-loop economy has different meaning for stakeholders. The paper examines several aspects of using elements of closed-loop economy in certain branches of the agro-industrial complex, including the meat industry. A special attention in this work is given to the introduction of modern technologies and equipment for efficient processing of waste from crop husbandry, animal husbandry and meat production to include it into the economic turnover. In addition, ecological problems arising in the course of activities of enterprises of the food and processing industries are examined and the possibilities of solving these problems by introduction of the model of circular economy have been established. Risks and barriers preventing transition of Russia to the model of circular economy have been revealed. The authors propose measures and directions of scientific research aimed at the development and introduction of elements of closed-loop economy in the meat sub-complex, including related branches of the agro-industrial complex.

Cu Based Dilute Alloys for Tuning the C2+ Selectivity of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising technology for replacing fossil fuel feedstocks in the chemical industry but further improvements in catalyst selectivity need to be made. So far, only copper-based catalysts have shown efficient conversion of CO2 into the desired multi-carbon (C2+) products. This work explores Cu-based dilute alloys to systematically tune the energy landscape of CO2 electrolysis toward C2+ products. Selection of the dilute alloy components is guided by grand canonical density functional theory simulations using the calculated binding energies of the reaction intermediates CO*, CHO*, and OCCO* dimer as descriptors for the selectivity toward C2+ products. A physical vapor deposition catalyst testing platform is employed to isolate the effect of alloy composition on the C2+/C1 product branching ratio without interference from catalyst morphology or catalyst integration. Six dilute alloy catalysts are prepared and tested with respect to their C2+/C1 product ratio using different electrolyzer environments including selected tests in a 100-cm2 electrolyzer. Consistent with theory, CuAl, CuB, CuGa and especially CuSc show increased selectivity toward C2+ products by making CO dimerization energetically more favorable on the dominant Cu facets, demonstrating the power of using the dilute alloy approach to tune the selectivity of CO2 electrolysis.

Assessing Potential of Import Substitution in Industry Based on Multi-Criteria Rating of Alternatives by Integral Indicator of Efficiency

The article provides a mathematic model of assessing the potential of import substitution at big industrial enterprises and in branches of production. The practical use of the model is carried out in conditions of Russian highly technological enterprise passing-over to home material and technical base of components in order to ensure technological independence. Assessment of import substitution potential is based on building the optimum plan of settling the transport task and level of suppliers’ product deficit by goods nomenclature in the optimum plan of settling the open transport task of product completing. The task is studied in view of manufacturing traction electric motors used in producing military equipment as well as products of civil and dual purpose in cooperation with contracting parties (suppliers) of components. In this case concrete variants of completing electric motors can influence both quality and price of the final product. In the mathematic model all components are estimated by cost and rated by usefulness hierarchy. For electric motors the equal contribution of forces to component cost was found.

Effects Provided by Sugar Substitutes upon the Quality Indicators of Model Systems of Sweetened Condensed Milk in Storage

Sweetened condensed milk (SCM) is a product widely used by both consumers and other food production branches. However, it contains a lot of sucrose. This study aimed to examine the effects provided by sugar substitutes, such as trehalose, isomaltulose, and polydextrose, upon the SCM sensory profile and valuable quality indicators, such as water activity, viscosity, acidity, crystals size, and Maillard reaction potential (browning index, color change, loss of free amino acids). The study was performed by making model systems of SCM (MSCMs) using the method of reconstitution of powdered ingredients. All the presented carbohydrate compositions in MSCMs provided Aw value typical of intermediate-moisture food, which contributes to the long-term shelf-life of the product. However, only 2 MSCMs with compositions consisted of isomaltulose, trehalose (22.55% and 22.55%); trehalose (28.19%), sucrose (5.64%), polydextrose (5.64%), isomaltulose (5.64%) showed the stability of Aw within 14-d storage period. Trehalose and polydextrose in MSCMs with mono-carbohydrate added fraction demonstrated their high structure-forming ability expressed in high values of dynamic viscosity (>30 Pa·s), provided not by crystallization. MSCMs containing trehalose in predominant amount in the carbohydrate compositions (≥50%) showed lower average crystal size (<16 μm) compared with other MSCMs with di- and tetra-carbohydrate added fractions with predominant amount of isomaltulose and polydextrose. Isomaltulose and polydextrose added to MSCMs led to pronounced browning, while trehalose and sucrose reduced this effect in MSCMs with di- and tetra-carbohydrate added fractions. Addition of 22.55% of polydextrose to carbohydrate fraction of MSCMs caused bitterness, while 5.64% didn't affect the taste. Based on the results of all the research conducted the most optimal carbohydrate compositions to produce SCM with lower calorie, sucrose contents and stable adequate values of processing and sensory properties were trehalose (22.55%) with isomaltulose (22.55%) and trehalose (28.19%) with sucrose (5.64%), polydextrose (5.64%), isomaltulose (5.64%).