Branches Of Animal Husbandry Research Articles

Influence of cellulolytic preparation on the productive qualities of snails of the Helix Aspersa Maxima species

Heliciculture is a branch of animal husbandry that deals with cultivation and using edible terrestrial snails for food and cosmetic purposes. This type of animal husbandry has an advantage over others in terms of simplicity of technology, as snails do not require complex technical equipment and care. In addition, they are unpretentious in feeding and resistant to diseases. Heliceculture has signifcant potential for development in Ukraine, as there is already considerable demand for snails in the food and cosmetics market. This industry is also developing rapidly and becoming increasingly popular among farmers and businessmen worldwide. At the same time, achieving success in snail farming requires specifc knowledge and skills. For example, it is essential to choose a suitable cultivation method, ensure optimal keeping and feeding conditions, and adhere to the standards of product storage and processing. It is also worth considering the specifcs of the legislation regulating the breeding and circulation of snails and the possible risks associated with pollution and animal diseases. An essential aspect of the development of helicopter culture is research and development to improve the quality and quantity of products, as well as the technology for reproduction and keeping snails. Such research should help improve efciency and make the industry more competitive. Exploring opportunities to improve the efciency of nutrient use in snail feed can signifcantly increase the proftability of production. Enzyme preparations are widely used in heliceculture to enhance the digestion of complex compounds, reduce the negative impact of anti-nutrients, and improve feed conversion. The use of such products in heliculture is reasonable and can have a positive impact on production efciency. The direction of complex feeding in heliceculture has not been studied much, and the influence of this cellulolytic drug on the productive qualities of Helix Aspersa Maxima species snails has yet to be clarifed. The results obtained during the study can substantiate the positive aspects of using special preparations to increase snail cultivation efciency and the use of nutrients in the diet. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of cellulosolytic enzyme preparation «AGROCELL» on the productivity of snails of the species Helix Aspersa Maxima. The results of the work showed that the addition of the enzyme preparation «AGROCELL» to the diet increases the absolute increase in live weight of snails by 1.2 g and the chain weight by 0.1-1.1 g. Key words: snails, industry, enzyme preparation, productivity, feeding, technology, cultivation.

Red deer (Cervus elaphus). Some biological and production aspects of maintenance – an overview

Reindeer breeding, as a branch of animal husbandry, is gaining more and more popularity in Ukraine. A network of aviaries and farm complexes is developing. At the same time, the conditions of keeping deer require modern approaches to the formation of criteria for assessing the welfare of deer, the development of new or improvement of existing animal feeding or feeding systems, monitoring of their diseases, and preventive measures. As a result of our analysis of published scientific sources of literature, the research of domestic and foreign scientists was directed at solving these problems. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of digestion in deer and the critical role of intestinal microbiota in promoting digestion and absorption in the host's body. It is concluded that to ensure high productivity throughout the year, it is necessary to feed deer with optimal content of metabolic energy (ME), protein, and trace elements in the rations, taking into account the physiological needs of the animals or the stage of the production cycle, the age of the animals, their sex and the season of the year. In general, adult deer (230‒250 kg) requires an average of 19, 35, 42, and 28 MJME/day in autumn, winter, spring, and summer, respectively, according to a constant level of crude protein (21.1 ± 4.0, 14.7 ± 1). ,0, 11.1 ± 1.1, and 6.5 ± 0.8 (in spring, summer, autumn, and winter). provision, especially in the first year of life. The difference in the need for deer in macroelements is significant. It is well-founded that 0.4 % Calcium and 0.3 % Phosphorus are present in the rations of this animal species. corresponds to 0.75 and 0.40 %. Young animals need 0.6 % Calcium and 0.4 % Phosphorus in their diet. The recommended level of minerals and vitamins for deer of different age groups is poorly reported. for animals, vitamin A – 4500 IU/kg, vitamin D3 – 1100 IU/kg, and vitamin E – 90 IU/kg. At the same time, for young deer, the need for these limiting vitamins is higher on average by 10‒40 %. Animals should receive a sufficient amount of trace elements with feed (Selenium – 0.25 mg/kg, Cobalt – 0.3 mg/kg, Copper – 15 mg/kg, Ferrum – 250 mg/kg, Manganese – 100 mg/kg, Iodine – 1 mg/kg, Zinc – 75 mg/kg).

Analysis of the relationship between the frequency of erythrocytes with micronuclei, semen quality and reproductive indicators in artificial insemination of foxes

Relevance. Reproductive biotechnologies are widely used in various branches of animal husbandry. Their scientifically based application shows high results in obtaining offspring. In fur-bearing cellular animal husbandry, reproductive biotechnology methods also give certain results. At the same time, in order to increase and predict the success in reproduction of fur-bearing animals, it is necessary to control the selection and selection of parental individuals, in particular male sperm donors during artificial insemination.Methods. The studies were performed in February — May 2023. The object of the study were ejaculate samples, peripheral blood smears of 16 silver-black fox males, as well as the corresponding results of artificial insemination (AI). To evaluate ejaculates, the following were studied: sperm concentration — by photometry, their percentage distribution by type of movement — on the ISAS system, sperm morphology — by microscopy. In peripheral blood smears, the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was determined using a micronucleus test (MTA). The results of the IO were evaluated by the number and percentage of pregnant and missing females, the number of live and dead puppies born.Results. The results showed that with the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei above 2%, the sperm content in ejaculates was from 45 to 54.5% with non-accessible movement (type c), and from 22.7 to 44.2% stationary (type d). Also, abnormal sperm forms prevailed in the ejaculates of these males (63–83%), while 66–100% of missing females were noted. At the same time, males with MINTS of less than 1.5% demonstrated good ejaculate quality and high efficiency of artificial insemination.

Development and validation of a test system for determining the polymorphism in the DGKH and PPP1R1C genes associated with body weight of sheep

Relevance. National sheep breeding is lagging behind other branches of animal husbandry considering using of modern DNA technologies. The search for new genes — potential candidates associated with economically significant traits — is relevant for a more complete disclosure of the genetic potential of sheep. An earlier genome-wide association study showed that the DGKH and PPP1R1C genes had a certain effect on body weight of sheep at birth and at the age of 90 days. In this regard, a more detailed study of polymorphism in the DGKH and PPP1R1C genes can deepen understanding of growth and development processes in domestic sheep, so we have chosen these genes as targets for the experiment.Methods. Primers and probes were selected for amplification of a fragment with targeted SNPs in the DGKH and PPP1R1C genes with a length of 68 nucleotide pairs based on the reference DNA sequence on the 10th (NC_056063.1) and the 2nd chromosome (NC_056055.1) sheep represented in NCBI. To determine polymorphism, real-time PCR-based test systems were developed. Genotypes were determined using a multiparametric graph. The test systems were tested on 147 sheep of the southern meat breed.Results. The developed test systems for promising DGKH and PPP1R1C genes allowed to clearly determine sheep genotypes based on using the PCR-RT. All three genotypes (T/T, C/T, and C/C) were identified in the DGKH gene. No homozygous genotype (T/T) was identified in the PPP1R1C gene in the studied population. The test systems are suitable for routine DNA analysis in molecular genetic laboratories.

Genetic characteristics of Poltavske sriblo rabbits by myostatin and progesterone receptor gene and selection indices

Background. Rabbit breeding is a branch of animal husbandry that produces cheap and high-quality meat products in a short period of time. Productive, maternal, reproductive and technological characteristics determine the economic efficiency of rabbit breeding under the conditions of full realization of the genetic potential of animals and a good fodder base. The main factor in the development of rabbit breeding is the increase in the number of animals, which is supported by improved maintenance, veterinary support and breeding practices. Materials and Methods. The experiment was conducted on a population of rabbits (200 heads) of the Poltavske sriblo breed. After weaning at 45 days of age, the young were separated by sex and kept 3–4 animals in a cage. 3-month-old males were placed in individual cages until they reached the age of breeding use – 150–160 days. Rabbits were fed granulated compound feed: concentrated fodder, grass meal, feed additives of animal origin, minerals and premixes. Blood was taken from the ear vein. DNA was isolated using a standard commercial kit “DNA-sorb B” with some modifications. Wright’s F-statistic, including several F-coefficients of inbreeding, was used to assess the genetic differentiation of populations. Testing of the population according to the studied genes for Hardy–Weinberg genetic equilibrium was carried out using the Pearson χ2 test. To determine Poltavske sriblo rabbits’ breeding value, indices were calculated based on economic and beneficial traits, including genetic and economic values of individual traits. As a genetic parameter, the heredity coefficient of rabbits was used, and the economic one was the cost of the products produced. Results. The results of the peculiarities of Poltavske sriblo rabbits genetic structure analysis by the distribution of allelic variants of the myostatin gene and progesterone receptor in the context of genealogical lines are presented. It was found that the grea­test frequency of the C allele by the myostatin gene was in the descendants of the male Cooper (0.551). The frequency of the T allele in this sample of animals was 0.449, respectively. For Snowball’s line rabbits, higher values of the G allele by progesterone receptor gene (0.488) were noted due to the advantage of homozygous animals. The highest value of the effective number of alleles by the myostatin gene was characteristic of Cooper’s rabbit line (0.500), and the lowest – of Bach’s lines (0.215) and Barry’s lines (0.230). According to the progesterone receptor gene, the highest values of Ne were for the Cooper (0.500), Snowball (0.507), and Mini (0.511) rabbits, and the lowest values were for Fox (0.307). The influence of the rabbit genotype on the manifestation of economic and beneficial traits – average daily growth and fertility – has also been established. The use of the breeding value evaluation of the Poltavske sriblo breed rabbits according to the selection and genetic index according to the productivity of daughters, made it possible to single out the main males among the group, as fertilizers. Male fertilizers included Snowball, Long, and Mini. Conclusions. The obtained data can be used for selective and breeding practices in rabbit breeding with the aim of selecting breeders for the improvement of the meat productivity and reproductive ability of rabbits.

Анализ лабораторной диагностики хламидиоза животных и птицы в Российской Федерации за 2019–2021 гг.

Chlamydia infection causes significant economic damage to various branches of animal husbandry and poultry farming. In the system of veterinary and sanitary measures, it is important to detect the pathogen as early and reliably as possible in various forms of the disease. For this purpose, a number of laboratory methods of direct and indirect diagnosis of chlamydia have been developed over the past years. The article analyzes the results of laboratory tests for chlamydia in state veterinary laboratories for 2019–2021, as well as cases of positive results in the study of biological and pathological materials from animals, including birds. During the analyzed period, 2 750 726 samples of material from animals, including birds, were received by state veterinary laboratories for research on chlamydia, of which 2 645 605 (96,7 %) samples were examined by serological methods, specific antibodies were detected in 0,4 % of blood serum from animals (except birds). Positive results of serological tests require mandatory confirmation by methods of direct detection of chlamydia, their antigens, nucleic acids in biological material. The genetic material of chlamydia during polymerase chain reaction studies was detected in 1 % of samples of biological and pathological material from animals, including birds.

General characteristics of the incidence of rabbits with helminthiasis in private subsidiary farms of Primorsky Krai

The development of rabbit breeding in Russia has unstable dynamics.In dif- ferent years, there has been both rapid development and a decline in this branch of animal husbandry. Despite the fact that the cultivation of rabbits is economically profitable, in the event of diseases, there is a mass death of animals, often reaching up to 100%. Infectious and invasive diseases occupy the first place in the private sector in terms of the frequency of occurrence. Worm infestations often do not have pronounced signs, but they can serve as a source of disease among farm animals and humans. In our work, we considered the most common helminthic diseases of rabbits in the Primorsky Territory.

The problem of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in Ukraine and the world

Basically, antibiotic resistance develops due to the incorrect use of antibiotics in various branches of animal husbandry, both during the treatment or prevention of diseases, and due to their long-term use as growth stimulants. As a result, costs for the treatment of farm animals and companion animals are increasing. Antibiotic resistance among microorganisms is a threat to every person, every patient, medical and veterinary worker. Also, this is a big challenge for the field of health care, veterinary medicine and agriculture as a whole. It is very difficult to solve the problem of resistance, because it is not one-sided. Medicines that were effective a few years ago are losing their positions today, and their use is being forced to be limited. According to data from the World Health Organization, the rapid increase in the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs threatens the scientific gains made by scientists during the last 50-70 years. The formation of antibiotic resistance is due to the genetic properties of microorganisms, as a result of their acquisition of new genetic information, or due to a change in the level of expression of the bacterial cell's own genes. An important factor in the fight against the spread of antibiotic resistance is the pharmacodynamic substantiation of the dosing regimens of antibacterial drugs and their use for specific microorganisms.There are guiding documents that control and recommend the reliability of determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, in particular - methodological recommendations of the European organization EUCAST, the data and material of which are periodically (annually) updated. These documents are developed primarily for routine use in clinical laboratories that do not cover technical procedures for identifying resistance mechanisms at the molecular level. However, a significant part of the given data, research on determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, is performed in national reference laboratories. There is a change in the sensitivity of the micro-flora to antibiotics, which is not covered by the screening of multi-resistant microorganisms, or the direct detection of resistance in clinical samples. Therefore, the study of the problem remains relevant and expedient. Key words: microorganisms, resistance, antibiotics, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, control, disease, spread, problem, treatment, animals.

Monitoring of the epizootic situation regarding trichurosis of sheep in the Poltava region

Sheep breeding is a branch of animal husbandry that is unique in terms of the variety and specificity of products. Sheep can utilize feed resources that are almost inaccessible to other types of farm animals. One of the factors in increasing the efficiency of sheep breeding is ensuring the well-being of farms concerning invasive diseases, particularly trichurosis. Successful control of trichurosis in sheep farms is the most effective for monitoring and forecasting the development of the epizootic situation depending on the climate-geographical zone. The work aimed to monitor the epizootic situation regarding sheep trichurosis in the Poltava region. According to the analysis of the statistical data of the reporting documentation of the Main Department of the State Production and Consumer Service in the Poltava region for 2018–2022, it was established that the share of helminthiasis among diseases of infectious etiology of sheep reaches 99.6 %. At the same time, among helminthiasis, nematodes have the highest specific weight – 69.0 %, and trematodes were less common – 31.0 %. Strongyloidiasis (68.05 %) was diagnosed most frequently among helminth infections during the studied period. A smaller percentage was strongylidosis of digestive organs (17.16 %) and trichurosis (11.24 %). Dictyocaulosis was rarely diagnosed among livestock (3.55 %). The average extent of trichurosis infestation of sheep during the investigated period in the territory of the Poltava region was 7.51 %, ranging from 5.83 to 9.26 %. Indicators of the extent of trichurosis invasion ranged from 5.45 to 33.33 % by area. According to the results of coproovoscopy, the highest values of sheep infestation with Trichuris were found in the farms of Karliv and Mashiv regions – 33.33 and 20.0 %, respectively. Less often, trichurosis was diagnosed in sheep farms of Dykanskyi (8.0 %), Reshetylivskyi (6.67 %), and Kotelevskyi (5.45 %) districts. The obtained data from monitoring studies prove the relevance of the further and more in-depth analysis of the spread of trichurosis infestation among sheep in the territory of the Poltava region, taking into account the age and seasonal dynamics of the disease, as well as the peculiarities of its course as part of mixed infestations.

Results of Clinical Examination of Karakul Sheep in Navoi Region

This article presents the results of clinical and laboratory studies on the clinical examination of sooty Karakul sheep. Karakul farming is one of the main branches of animal husbandry, and today some 6 million Karakul sheep are raised in the desert and semi-desert pastures of the Republic. The productivity of most rangelands in these areas is low, and this figure is largely dependent on atmospheric precipitation. In addition, the global problem of global warming is causing a sharp drop in atmospheric precipitation. Pasture degradation is occurring due to inappropriate use of pastures and uncontrolled grazing of livestock. These factors, in turn, have a negative impact on the rapid development of pastoralism, as well as lead to many disorders of metabolism among astrakhan herds, including the emergence of ketonuria of cattle.

Prerequisites for the development of regional animal husbandry

The Chelyabinsk region is a major industrial and agricultural center of the country. It has over 3,5 million people and ranks 3rd out of eight regions of the Urals and 9th in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to consider the prerequisites for the development of various branches of animal husbandry in the Chelyabinsk region. The authors consider the problem from different perspectives such as natural and climatic conditions, market demand for food, evaluation of raw materials and final products from the technologies used. It is determined that the development of livestock industries in the region is determined by both natural and economic and social problems of agriculture. For example, currently the leading breed of the dairy industry in the region is Black-and-White breed. Without belittling the merits of this breed, we believe the possible spread of other breeds, it all depends on the preferences of livestock owners, because many breeds have unique productive traits. The development of sheep breeding in the region is very important, because the population of the region is multinational in its composition. It is also home to about half a million residents, in whose consumption culture horsemeat occupies an important place. In drove breeding of horses they are able to graze on natural pastures from May to October. Horse breeding can produce not only horse meat, but also koumiss, a fermented milk product obtained from mare’s milk. The demand for horse meat, koumiss, as well as mutton is high in this region. The authors come to the conclusion that the further increase in livestock production is linked to the prospects of development not of large agricultural holdings, but of peasant farms and personal subsidiary farms. In solving these problems, a huge organizational and economic role belongs to regional and local authorities.

General clinical blood analysis of zaanen goats

Goat breeding is currently becoming an increasingly popular and popular branch of animal husbandry. Goat milk producers are trying to cover the need of residents of megacities for a dietary, hypoallergenic product. There are only two large dairy goat farms in the Leningrad Region, and the rest are small private farms that produce and sell dairy products. One of the most common breeds of dairy goats is Zaanenskaya. The aim of the work was to conduct a clinical blood test of young goats of the Zaanen breed. During the research, it was found that the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes did not exceed the reference values. At the same time, the hemoglobin content in the blood of the studied animals was 50.3% lower than the average physiological indicators. Such a picture may indicate a violation of hemoglobin synthesis, which in turn provokes the development of hypochromic anemia.

Application of Humic Substances in Agricultural Industry

Increasing agricultural productivity and, in particular, the productivity of livestock is one of the primary tasks in the present stage of development of society. This involves rational feeding and the use of biologically active substances, including humic preparations that activate the digestive and metabolic processes in the animal, promoting the transformation of feed nutrients in assimilable form, raising daily milk production and weight gain, and can play an important role in solving this urgent problem. The applications of humic substances in animal husbandry are diverse, but their use as feed additives is not developed sufficiently, and in the EU countries it is not sanctioned. Researchers in different countries have shown that humic substances in animals operate on the cellular and subcellular level, as they do in plants. Low molecular weight fractions HS enter the cell and are involved in metabolic processes, contributing to the optimization of inorganic ion passage through the intestinal wall, thereby promoting the absorption of minerals necessary for normal functioning of the organism. That is how the stimulating influence of humic substances on separate systems and on the organism as a whole is manifested. Humic substances formed from various natural materials are currently being tested in various branches of animal husbandry (cattle, pig breeding, poultry farming, fish farming, fur farming), and all the information received presents convincing evidence of the high efficiency of the humates. Such materials as peat and brown coal, vegetable waste, and vermicompost can act as a source of humic substances. However, in each case, more research is needed, specifying the dosage and schedule of their use.

2000 Yıllardan Günümüze Türkiye Arıcılığının Değerlendirilmesi

Beekeeping; It is a branch of agriculture that provides cheap and easy employment opportunities, is not dependent on land, is a sole source of livelihood for families with landless or little land and has no harmful effects on the environment and nature. Our current geographical location is among the countries suitable for beekeeping in our country with the coexistence of four seasons. Beekeeping has become widespread in our country with the increasing interest in natural life and natural products, with developing technologies day by day. When the data from the 2000s to the present are examined, it is noteworthy that the number of hives has increased every year. In the last twenty (2000-2020) years, there has been an increase of 11.29% in the number of old hives, and an increase of 95.62% in the number of new hives. At the same time, it was determined that there was an increase of 70.36% in honey production and a decrease of 16.83% in bee wax production. In this review article, the current situation of beekeeping, which is the branch of animal husbandry in Turkey, together with 20 years of data has been examined.

Selection and breeding work in northern reindeer husbandry (to change the development paradigm)

Purpose: Assessment of the current state of breeding and tribal work in northern reindeer herding.Due to the specifics of the content and incomplete dignification, breeding and tribal work in reindeer herding differs from other branches of animal husbandry. In the extreme natural conditions of the area, the interaction of the "genotype environment" has a significant impact on the realization of the genetic potential of the individual. The main selection feature of deer, determining all types of productivity - a living mass, an extremely variable phenotypic parameter, fluctuating in different years, by seasons of the year, by farms, which reduces the accuracy of the assessment of population-genetic parameters. In comparison with other pets, the role of natural selection in the microevolution of the reindeer is more substantial. The breeds of reindems relate to the aboriginal and so far do not have ingenust structures included in the state register of breeding achievements admitted to use. Methods for conducting reindeer tests for distinctness, homogeneity and stability, approved by the Government of the Silvering 24.11.2015, for No. 26-12-06, allows you to identify new types and raise breeding and tribal work in reindeer breeding to a higher level. Its main directions are the study, preservation and management of reindeer genetic resources in order to improve existing and creating new competitive types using high-performance genotyping technologies, accurate phenotyping, bio-information and digital technologies.Creation of methodological platforms and development of technologies that contribute to an increase in the implementation of the genetic potential of breeding forms of animals with improved parameters of economic and useful signs. Development of technologies for a lifetime management of meat quality to obtain high quality and safe food. Formation of a new paradigm of the selection process of creating highly productive forms, characterized by high quality indicators. Transformation of the paradigm "reindeer herding" in the conditions of a digital economy and global changes.

Использование активной угольной кормовой добавки в рационах поросят

The practice of many branches of animal husbandry has accumulated some experience in the use of various feed additives by extensive mechanisms of their action. In pig farming, there are many studies on the use of natural adsorbents in pig diets, such as natural zeolites and others. One of such preparations is an active coal feed additive (ACUD), which is a highly dispersed porous material with a unique ability to sorb significant amounts of substances of various chemical nature. To study the effect of ACUD on productive qualities, body measurements and biochemical parameters of piglets' blood during rearing and fattening, scientific and economic experiments were conducted on 3 groups of weaned piglets formed according to the principle of groups of analogues, 10 heads each. The experiment was conducted for 150 days. Studies have found that the addition of AUCD to the diets of young pigs had a positive effect on the dynamics of the live weight of piglets during their rearing and fattening. Studies have found that the live weight of piglets of the 2nd experimental group was higher than in the control group by 4.24% and 2.3% compared to animals of the 1st experimental group. Comparison of measurements by groups showed that different dosages of the supplement had a negligible effect on the proportions of the physique of the experimental calves. Biochemical blood parameters of piglets of experimental groups were within acceptable physiological norms.

Развитие животноводства в условиях санкций и эмбарго

The need for the development of animal husbandry in Russia at the present stage is of particular importance for ensuring national food security in the conditions of sanctions and embargoes. The article reveals the role and place of various branches of animal husbandry in the formation of food resources, in the implementation of indicators of the Doctrine of food security of Russia. The place of livestock industries in the formation of food has been determined. The trend of the development of animal husbandry in Russia is investigated, the necessity of its state support is argued, the role of personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) farms in increasing the production of livestock products, in the rational use of potential and increasing the competitiveness of domestic producers of livestock products is revealed. Proposals for the development of animal husbandry have been developed.

Physicochemical Parameters of Yak Meat during Massaging and Salt Pickling.

Yak meat can facilitate the development of new branches of animal husbandry and the meat industry. To improve the functional and technological properties of raw meat materials and improve the quality of premade products, a promising direction is the creation of new technological solutions based on the targeted use of natural food additives in the process of salt pickling. To study the physicochemical parameters of yak meat (longissimus dorsi muscles) in the process of salt pickling and continuous massaging in a cyclic mode. The pH, moisture, fat, protein, and sodium chloride content was taken as the basis for the study of physicochemical parameters. To determine the effect of massage, various methods were implemented, such as analysis, observation, accelerated method, etc. The protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method on a Kjel-Foss-16200 device. The study found that in fibers containing a large amount of glycine, the salting takes place faster. This process occurs due to the high permeability of the membranes. It has been determined that the longer the muscles, the faster the distribution process is. It was found that when massaging for up to 60 min, an increase in muscle fibers occurs along with the homogenisation of the protein mass. If the process is continued for up to 120 min, then the membrane begins to collapse in the meat, and the sarcolemma ruptures. Based on the study, it was found that the most optimal massaging time is 90 min, which helps to reduce the production cycle. Yak meat can facilitate the development of new branches of the meat industry. Highly efficient meat processing technologies are the main factor contributing to the increase in the competitiveness of meat products. The use of protein-vegetable compositions in brines makes it possible to improve organoleptic characteristics.

Horse breeding in the Urals in 1922–1941

This work aims to study the history of one of the most important branches of animal husbandry of the pre-war period horse breeding. The processes taking place in horse breeding largely influenced the results of the development of the entire national economy of the country in the 2030s of the 20th century and the Ural economic region in particular. Normalization of the situation in horse breeding in the late 30s increased the countrys military and economic capabilities in 19411945. After the end of the Civil War in the USSR the total number of horses by 1923 fell by almost 2 times compared to the level of livestock available in the Russian Empire before the outbreak of the First World War. On some territories of the Urals these indicators fell to a larger size. The economic security of the state was put at risk, since horse-drawn transport in the early 20s had virtually no alternative dominance in the countrys economy. Thanks to the measures taken, by 1929 the number of animals managed to return to the pre-revolutionary level up to almost 35 million heads. But the processes of industrialization and collectivization that began, which changed the structure of both the countrys agriculture and the entire economy as a whole, contributed to a sharp displacement of horsepower and a reduction in livestock. If in 1929 the agricultural sector of the USSR was horse-drawn by 96,2% of the energy capacity, by the end of the 30s this figure did not exceed 23%. Therefore, the number of horses from 1930 to 1935 fell from 34,5 million heads to a little more than 14 million. Nevertheless, the leadership of the Soviet Union, realizing the ruinousness of such a policy, took a number of effective measures that allowed during 19351940 to stop the decline in the number of animals and achieve a significant increase in the number of livestock, which by the beginning of 1941 reached 21 million heads. These processes were also characteristic of the regions of the Urals, which during the Great Patriotic War became the most important source of horses for the Red Army and the national economy.

Comparative assessment of economically valuable traits of semi-coarse hair and coarse-hair sheep in Republic of Tuva

In Republic of Tuva sheep breeding is a leading branch of animal husbandry. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the number of sheep is 980 thousand heads at the 1st of January 2021. Among them the percentage of Tuva-Saraja coarse-hair hybrids is more than 60%. The purpose of the work is to study economically valuable traits of Tuva-Saraja sheep of a new type in comparison with Tuva coarse-hair short-fat tailed sheep. For comparative assessment of live weight, dirty wool clip and length of wool according to the method of random sample, out of the herd there were selected 30 heads of ram lambs yearlings and 30 heads of ewe lambs yearlings of Tuva-Saraja semi-coarse-hair sheep of new type and Tuva coarse-hair short-fat tailed sheep. The results of research have shown, that rams and ewes yearlings of Tuva-Saraja semi-coarse-hair breed of new type significantly differ in size and wool productivity. They predominate over the lambs of the same age of Tuva coarse-hair short-fat tailed in live weight by 3.2-3.4 kg (9,7-10.2 %) statistically more, than Tuva coarse-hair short-fat tailed of the same age. The longest wool was recorded in rams yearlings of new type, with underwool of 7.8 cm that exceeded the length of underwool of Tuva ram lambs yearlings by 1.3 cm or 20.0 %, the top hair was 14.4 cm and exceeded the same index in analogues by 3,4 cm or 30.9 %. Tuva coarse-hair ewe lambs yearlings gave way to the semi-coarse-hair ewes of new type in the length of underwool and top hair. Thus, the rams and ewes yearlings semi-coarse-hair ewes of new type considerably differ in live weight, dirty wool clip and length of wool in comparison with Tuva coarse-hair short-fat tailed of the same age.