Branch Of Loop Research Articles

Hydride formation thermodynamics and hysteresis in individual Pd nanocrystals withdifferent size and shape.

Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles may depend on their size and shape and are traditionally assessed in ensemble-level experiments, which accordingly may be plagued by averaging effects. These effects can be eliminated in single-nanoparticle experiments. Using plasmonic nanospectroscopy, we present a comprehensive study of hydride formation thermodynamics in individual Pd nanocrystals of different size and shape, and find corresponding enthalpies and entropies to be nearly size- and shape-independent. The hysteresis observed is significantly wider than in bulk, with details depending on the specifics of individual nanoparticles. Generally, the absorption branch of the hysteresis loop is size-dependent in the sub-30 nm regime, whereas desorption is size- and shape-independent. The former is consistent with a coherent phase transition during hydride formation, influenced kinetically by the specifics of nucleation, whereas the latter implies that hydride decomposition either occurs incoherently or via different kinetic pathways.

Measurement of dynamic magnetization induced by a pulsed field: Proposal for a new rock magnetism method

This study proposes a new method for measuring transient magnetization of natural samples induced by a pulsed field with duration of 11 ms using a pulse magnetizer. An experimental system was constructed, consisting of a pair of differential sensing coils connected with a high-speed digital oscilloscope for data acquisition. The data were transferred to a computer to obtain an initial magnetization curve and a descending branch of a hysteresis loop in a rapidly changing positive field. This system was tested with synthetic samples (permalloy ribbon, aluminum plate, and nickel powder) as well as two volcanic rock samples. Results from the synthetic samples showed considerable differences from those measured by a quasi-static method using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). These differences were principally due to the time-dependent magnetic properties or to electromagnetic effects, such as magnetic viscosity, eddy current loss, or magnetic relaxation. Results from the natural samples showed that the transient magnetization–field curves were largely comparable to the corresponding portions of the hysteresis loops. However, the relative magnetization (scaled to the saturation magnetization) at the end of a pulse was greater than that measured by a VSM. This discrepancy, together with the occurrence of rapid exponential decay after a pulse, indicates magnetic relaxations that could be interpreted in terms of domain wall displacement. These results suggest that with further developments, the proposed technique can become a useful tool for characterizing magnetic particles contained in a variety of natural materials.

Low-Cost Control Flow Protection via Available Redundancies in the Microprocessor Pipeline

Miniaturization of very large scale integration circuits, higher frequencies and reduction of supply voltages make embedded systems more susceptible to soft errors (or transient errors). Soft errors affect the processor's pipeline and hence its data and control flows. Specifically, errors in control flows can change program's execution sequence, which might be catastrophic for safety-critical applications. Several state-of-the-art techniques are available for control flow error checking (CFEC). Software-based techniques suffer from increased code size overhead and can have a negative impact on energy consumption. On the other hand, hardware-based schemes incur high hardware and area costs. In this paper, a low-cost CFEC scheme is proposed that exploits available redundancies in the processor's pipeline; a branch target buffer stores the target addresses of taken branches, a short backward branch detector stores short loop branch targets and an arithmetic logic unit generates branch target addresses using the low-order branch displacement bits of branch instructions. The proposed CFEC scheme uses these redundancies to detect and recover from control flow errors in the pipeline with low energy overhead of 0.9% and performance overhead of 0.8%, while its error coverage ranges from 86% to 99%.

The theorem about the transformer excitation current waveform mapping into the dynamic hysteresis loop branch for the sinusoidal magnetic flux case

This paper analyses aspects of the approximation theory application on the certain subsets of the measured samples of the transformer excitation current and the sinusoidal magnetic flux. The presented analysis is performed for single-phase transformer case, Epstein frame case and toroidal core case. In the paper the theorem of direct mapping the transformer excitation current in the stationary regime is proposed. The excitation current is mapped to the dynamic hysteresis loop branch (in further text DHLB) by an appropriate cosine transformation. This theorem provides the necessary and satisfactory conditions for above described mapping. The theorem highlights that the transformer excitation current under the sinusoidal magnetic flux has qualitatively equivalent information about magnetic core properties as the DHLB. Furthermore, the theorem establishes direct relationship between the number of the transformer excitation current harmonics and their coefficients with the degree of the DHLB interpolation polynomial and its coefficients. The DHLB interpolation polynomial is calculated over the measured subsets of samples representing Chebyshev nodes of the first and the second kind. These nonequidistant Chebyshev nodes provides uniform convergence of the interpolation polynomial to the experimentally obtained DHLB with an excellent approximation accuracy and are applicable on the approximation of the static hysteresis loops and the DC magnetization curves as well.

Explore the Mystery of the Origin of the Double Helix and the Biomembrane

In nature, the most possible reason that helix is chosen as the basic structure of life molecule is based on its simplest chiral three-dimensional structure. The process of the conversion from chemical molecules to double helical molecules is completed by the topology effect which belongs to the simplest way to form helix, and no external power is needed; moreover, the energy of double helix has fixed drive direction [1]. The dual-branch loop helix (II)—the transition state of double helix has many uses, for example, it can be turned to double helix, and it may be broken into two fragments of a and b which can construct more complicated structures. So the dual- branch loop helix (II) can provide special "building block" of assembling biomembrane and other life molecules.

Asymmetric Avalanche Behavior in a Zeeman-Limited Superconductor

We have performed transport and tunneling density of states measurements of ultra-thin Al films through the first-order parallel critical field transition. The transition is intrinsically hysteretic and exhibits avalanche-like jumps in both resistivity and tunneling density states. Tunneling measurements on films with sheet resistances of a few hundred ohms show large avalanche-like collapses of the condensate on the superheating branch of the critical field hysteresis loop. In contrast, the transition back into the superconducting phase (i.e., along the supercooling branch) is always continuous.

Asymmetric avalanches in the condensate of a Zeeman-limited superconductor

We report the non-equilibrium behavior of disordered superconducting Al films in high Zeeman fields. We have measured the tunneling density of states of the films through the first-order Zeeman critical field transition. We find that films with sheet resistances of a few hundred ohms exhibit large avalanche-like collapses of the condensate on the superheating branch of the critical field hysteresis loop. In contrast, the transition back into the superconducting phase (i.e., along the supercooling branch) is always continuous. The fact that the condensate follows an unstable trajectory to the normal state suggests that the order parameter in the hysteretic regime is not homogeneous.

Magnetization jumps in nanostructured Nd–Fe–B alloy at low temperatures

Abstract Magnetic properties of the nanostructured isotropic alloy on the base of Nd 2 Fe 14 B type phase were investigated at low temperatures. The evaluated average grain size of this phase was much smaller than its critical single domain diameter. Hence the magnetization and demagnetization processes were expected to be performed by coherent magnetization rotation. For such coercivity type system magnetization jumps were revealed on the demagnetization hysteresis loop branch in the vicinity of the coercive force at temperatures below 4 K. It was shown that magnetization jumps have a stochastic behavior and their number strongly depends on the temperature and the mass of measured samples. High temperature spikes corresponding to magnetization discontinuities were observed. All these results allowed to propose that magnetization jumps in nanostructured magnetics with magnetization rotation reversal processes comply with the local heating model.

Large cohort microarray analysis reveals multiple distinct subclasses of preeclampsia

s / Placenta 35 (2014) A1eA112 A9 are to be used for specimen-specific multiphysics models, to obtain a quantitative analysis of the placental oxygen transport mechanism. Results: CLSM images are imported into 3DSlicer, an open source program package for visualization and medical image computing. The 2D stack is manipulated using semi-automatic algorithms and the geometries of interest are extracted and reconstructed. Due to the complexity of the geometries and the quality of the images, manual manipulation is needed to remove noise and artifacts. An example of the final result is shown in Figure 1. Once the spatial arrangement of the capillary bed inside the terminal villi is obtained, significant information becomes available, such as: local changes in the trophoblastic membrane, surface area, volume, type of capillary loop and capillary branches. Conclusion: Engineering techniques have the potential of providing new insights into the spatial arrangement of terminal villi and their transport efficiency. Once the understanding of the normal structure is achieved, one can investigate the broad range of pathological villous geometries and their effect on the development of the fetus. Figure 1. (a) Fluorescent confocal laser scanning microscopic stack of human terminal villi (red) and capillary bed (green). (b) 3D reconstruction of the geometries. NI.5. LARGE COHORT MICROARRAY ANALYSIS REVEALS MULTIPLE DISTINCT SUBCLASSES OF PREECLAMPSIA Katherine Leavey , Shannon Bainbridge , Brian Cox a University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,

Effect of misaligned unidirectional and uniaxial anisotropies on angular dependence of exchange bias

We report a numerical study of the angular dependences of low-temperature exchange bias field (ADEB) and coercivity in the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers with misaligned unidirectional and uniaxial anisotropies. Through choosing a proper antiferromagnet the conventional symmetry in the ADEB may be broken, while the novel behaviors are also dependent on the angle between induced unidirectional and intrinsic uniaxial anisotropies. Finally, we draw conclusions that the two anisotropies with a small misalignment together determine the asymmetric ADEB properties around the easy axis. In contrast, after the magnetically hysteretic measurement rotating through the hard axis, a large misalignment between the anisotropies may change the magnetization reversal mode at the decreasing branch of loop, besides weakening the positive loop shift. Thus the strength of exchange bias field is suppressed while the coercivity is enhanced. • Role of the unidirectional anisotropy induced by cooling field direction is studied. • The ADEB behaviors are used to reveal the influence of anisotropies. • Coercive fields with unidirectional anisotropy are related to the measuring directions. • Novel behaviors of magnetization reversal modes with measuring directions are found.

An applied anatomical study on the external laryngeal nerve loop and the superior thyroid artery in the neck surgical region.

This study was conducted to investigate the topographic relationship between the external laryngeal nerve (ELN) loop and the superior thyroid artery (STA), in order to provide the anatomical foundations for protecting the ELN during surgery. In the present study, 48 adult human cadavers were dissected and analyzed. For the 21 (21.9%) low-position ELN loops observed, the neurovascular relationship between the STA and the nerve was classified into four types: (1) the artery overlapped the nerve; (2) the artery passed through the ELN loop; (3) the muscular branch of the ELN loop and the laryngeal branch of the STA coursed together; and (4) the branches of the STA and the ELN loop were interlaced. Our study suggested that the patterns of ELN loops are so complicated that they have not been statistically defined in any previous study, which should be kept in mind when attempting to protect the nerve from injury. Also, because of the variable morphology of the ELN loop and its complicated topographic relationship to the STA, the vessels should be individually isolated and then ligated during thyroidectomy. When ligating the laryngeal branch of the STA during larynx surgery, special attention should be paid to avoiding damage to the muscular branch of the ELN/ELN loop.

Rotatable anisotropy driven training effects in exchange biased Co/CoO films

The training effect for exchange bias in field-cooled Co/CoO bilayers films is investigated. Previous experiments on the same system have shown that, starting from the ascending branch of the first hysteresis loop, coherent magnetization rotation is the dominant reversal mechanism. This is confirmed by the performed numerical simulations, which also indicate that the training is predominantly caused by changes of the rotatable anisotropy parameters of uncompensated spins at the Co/CoO interface. Moreover, in contrast with what is commonly assumed, the exchange coupling between the rotatable spins and the ferromagnetic layer is stronger than the coupling between the ferromagnet and the spins responsible for the bias. Thus, uncompensated spins strongly coupled to the ferromagnet contribute to the coercivity rather than to the bias, whatever the strength of their magnetic anisotropy.

On the existence of a hysteresis loop in open and closed end pores

We have studied the adsorption of argon at 87 K in slit pores of finite length with a smooth graphitic potential, open at both ends or closed at one end. Simulations were carried out using conventional GCMC (grand canonical Monte Carlo) or kMC (kinetic Monte Carlo) in the canonical ensemble with extremely long Markov chain, of at least 2 × 108 configurations; selected simulations with much longer Markov chains do not show any change in the results. When the pore width is in the micropore range (0.65 nm), type I isotherms are obtained for both pore models and for both simulation methods. However, wider pores (1, 2 and 3 nm in width) all exhibit hysteresis loops in the GCMC simulations, while in the canonical ensemble simulations, the isotherms pass through a sigmoid van der Waals type loop in the transition region. This loop locates the true equilibrium transition. For the pores with one closed end, this transition is close to, or coincides with, the adsorption branch of the GCMC hysteresis loop, but for the open-ended pores, it is more closely associated with the desorption branch. In a separate study of adsorption hysteresis in an infinitely long slit pore, using both simulation techniques, the van der Waals loop follows the adsorption branch of the GCMC isotherm to the transition, then reverts to a long vertical section that falls midway between the two hysteresis branches and finally moves to the desorption transition close to the evaporation pressure. An examination of molecular distributions inside the pores reveals two coexisting phases in the canonical simulations, whereas in the grand canonical simulations, the molecules are uniformly distributed along the length of the pores.

STUDY OF TWO SUCCESSIVE THREE-RIBBON SOLAR FLARES ON 2012 JULY 6

This Letter reports two rarely observed three-ribbon flares (M1.9 and C9.2) on 2012 July 6 in NOAA AR 11515, which we found with Halpha observations of 0.1" resolution from the New Solar Telescope and CaII H images from Hinode. The flaring site is characterized with an intriguing "fish-bone-like" morphology evidenced by both Halpha images and a nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) extrapolation, where two semi-parallel rows of low-lying, sheared loops connect an elongated, parasitic negative field with the sandwiching positive fields. The NLFFF model also shows that the two rows of loops are asymmetric in height and have opposite twists, and are enveloped by large-scale field lines including open fields. The two flares occurred in succession in half an hour and are located at the two ends of the flaring region. The three ribbons of each flare run parallel to the PIL, with the outer two lying in the positive field and the central one in the negative field. Both flares show surge-like flows in Halpha apparently toward the remote region, while the C9.2 flare is also accompanied by EUV jets possibly along the open field lines. Interestingly, the 12-25 keV hard X-ray sources of the C9.2 flare first line up with the central ribbon then shift to concentrate on the top of the higher branch of loops. These results are discussed in favor of reconnection along the coronal null-line producing the three flare ribbons and the associated ejections.

Scaling Approach for Estimating Pore Connectivity Coefficient for Open Slit-Like Capillaries

To estimate the pore connectivity coefficient for open slit-like capillaries, the qualitative and quantitative description of adsorption hysteresis based on the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill formalism is used. A scaling-related governing equation is derived that provides a generalized description of the desorption branch of the hysteresis loop. The proposed equation is shown to be capable for an adequate description of data for several experimental systems, which leads to reliable values of the pore connectivity coefficient.

Landau expansion parameters for BaTiO3

The 6th order Taylor expansion of the free energy in terms of the order parameter has been generally accepted to describe first order structural phase transitions. In recently years, some researchers added the 8th order terms in order to explain the two branches in dielectric loops observed in the BaTiO3 single crystal. We show that the Landau free energy terminated at the 6th orders is sufficient to fit the experimental observations if the rich information in the field-induced phase transitions is explored. By using the typical characteristics of ferroelectric and dielectric double loops above the Curie temperature Tc, the temperature-dependent expansion coefficients can be determined with high accuracy.

On the hysteresis loop and equilibrium transition in slit-shaped ink-bottle pores

Bin grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to study adsorption–desorption of argon at 87.3 K in a model ink-bottle mesoporous solid in order to investigate the interplay between the pore blocking process, controlled by the evaporation through the pore mouth via the meniscus separating the adsorbate and the bulk gas surroundings, and the cavitation process, governed by the instability of the stretched fluid (with a decrease in pressure) in the cavity. The evaporation mechanism switches from pore blocking to cavitation when the size of the pore neck is decreased, and is relatively insensitive to the neck length under conditions where cavitation is the controlling mechanism. We have applied the recently-developed Mid-Density scheme to determine the equilibrium branch of the hysteresis loop, and have found that, unlike ideal simple pores of constant size and infinite length, where the equilibrium transition is vertical, the equilibrium branch of an ink-bottle pore has three distinct sub-branches within the hysteresis loop. The first sub-branch is steep but continuous and is close to the desorption branch (which is typical for a pore with two open ends); this is associated with the equilibrium state in the neck. The third sub-branch is much steeper and is close to the adsorption branch (which is typical for either a pore with one end closed or a closed pore), and is associated with the equilibrium state in the cavity. The second sub-branch, connecting the other two sub-branches, has a more gradual slope. The domains of these three sub-branches depend on the relative sizes of the cavity and the neck, and their respective lengths. Our investigation of the effects of changing neck length clearly demonstrates that cavitation depends, not only on fluid properties, as frequently stated, but also on pore geometry.

A thread partitioning approach for speculative multithreading

Speculative multithreading (SpMT) is a thread-level automatic parallelization technique, which partitions sequential programs into multithreads to be executed in parallel. This paper presents different thread partitioning strategies for nonloops and loops. For nonloops, we propose a cost estimation based on combined run-time effects of various speculation factors to predict the resulting performance of candidate threads to guide the thread partitioning. For loops, we parallelize all the profitable loops that can potentially offer additional performance benefits by multilevel spawning in loop bodies, loop iterations, and inner loops. Then we select a proper thread boundary located in the front of loop branch instruction to reduce invalid spawning threads that waste core resources. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can obtain a significant increase in speedup and Olden benchmarks reach a performance improvement of 6.62 % on average.

Biaxial anisotropy driven asymmetric kinked magnetization reversal in exchange-biased IrMn/NiFe bilayers

The significant biaxial anisotropy contribution below 50 K is evidenced and identified as a cause of asymmetric “kinked” magnetization reversal behaviour and strong single cycle training effect in ion-beam sputtered IrMn/NiFe bilayers. The minor loop measurement clearly suggests that the magnetization reversal along the descending branch of the hysteresis loop takes place in two distinct steps comprising initial magnetization rotation followed by irreversible domain processes. Our experimental observations of characteristic magnetoresistance and minor loop measurements unambiguously endorse the recent theoretical prediction of Hoffmann suggesting the critical role of the symmetry of antiferromagnetic anisotropy on the reversal asymmetry and training effect.

Efficient multimedia coprocessor with enhanced SIMD engines for exploiting ILP and DLP

Multimedia applications have become increasingly important in daily computing. These applications are composed of heterogeneous regions of code mixed with data-level parallelism (DLP) and instruction-level parallelism (ILP). A standard solution for a multimedia coprocessor resembles of single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) engines into architectures exploiting ILP at compile time, such as very long instruction word (VLIW) and transport triggered architecture (TTA). However, the ILP regions fail to scale with the increased vector length to achieve high performance in the DLP regions. Furthermore, the register-to-register nature of SIMD instructions causes current SIMD engines to have limitations in handling memory alignment, data reorganization, and control flow. Many supporting instructions such as data permutations, address generations, and loop branches, are required to aid in the execution of the real SIMD computation instructions. To mitigate these problems, we propose optimized SIMD engines that have the capabilities for combining VLIW or TTA processing with a unified scalar and long vector computations as well as efficient SIMD hardware for real computation. Our new architecture is based on TTA and is called multimedia coprocessor (MCP). This architecture includes following features: (1) a simple coprocessor structure with 8-way TTA, (2) cost-effective SIMD hardware capable of performing floating-point operations, (3) long vector capabilities built upon existing SIMD hardware and a single register file and processor data path for both scalar operands and vector elements, and (4) an optimized SIMD architecture that addresses the SIMD limitations. Our experimental evaluations show that MCP can outperform conventional SIMD techniques by an average of 39% and 12% in performance for multimedia kernels and applications, respectively.