Branch Line Research Articles

HOOK RATE RAWAI DASAR LAYANGAN (RDL) STUDI PRODUKTIVITAS RAWAI DASAR YANG DIMODIFIKASI DI PERAIRAN SELAT LEMBEH BITUNG SULUT

The research objectives were (1) to examine the difference of productivity level of the catch (hook rate) between the flying bottom longline (RDL) and the conventional bottom longline. (2) record the type and amount of catch. The flying bottom longline (RDL) in this study is a modified construction design of bottom long line, by shortening the branch line and reducing its distance on the main line. The fishing method was changed by spreading the main line on the bottom of the sea. Thus each branch line and hooks will float to the mid surface by taking advantage of the movement of the ocean currents. The research was conducted in August-October 2020 in the waters of the Lembeh Strait, Bitung City, North Sulawesi. The research method used was 6 fishing trips trials. The results of this study indicate that the normality and homogeneity test of the hook rate data distribution is obtained 0.635 for residual value of data normality and a 0.732 of residual value of homogenity, so the data is normally distributed and homogeneous The hook rate on the flying bottom longline (RDL) operated at a depth of 10 m with fresh squid fish bait illustrates that the flying bottom longline hook rate (RDL) is higher than the conventional bottom longline (Rdk). The same thing happened at a depth of 20 m. The hook rate of the flying bottom line (RDL) was higher than that of the conventional bottom line (RDK). The effect of fresh squid bait shows a significant difference in the amount of catch between RDL and RDK. There is a significant difference between RDL and RDK when using decapterus bait. There is no significant difference between the depths of 10 meters and 20 meters on the amount of fish catch. The number of fish species caught using the flying bottom longline (RDL) is eleven species of demersal fish. Total catch using conventional bottom longlines (RDK) is eight species of demersal fish. Keywords: bait; branch line, flying bottom longline; main line, productivity

Research on reliability evaluation of complex distribution network considering N-1 verification

With the rapid development of power system, the distribution network structure is gradually mature and the connection situation is more complex. The traditional distribution network reliability calculation method can not accurately calculate the reliability index of complex distribution network. Based on the traditional simple power supply reliability evaluation method of radial distribution network, this paper completely considers the influence of circuit breaker, tie switch, branch line, standby transformer and other equipment, and puts forward an improved network equivalence method model. The model first treats the complex distribution system in layers, and then gradually equates it into a simple radial distribution network to calculate the reliability of the system. At the same time, this paper analyzes the distribution network with multi connection structure in a provincial capital city. The results show that this model simplifies the complexity of distribution system reliability calculation, improves the accuracy and speed of reliability calculation, and more truly reflects the reliability of actual distribution system.

Trapezoid-shaped resonators to design compact branch line coupler with harmonic suppression

This article proposes a new branch-line coupler design using two trapezoid-shaped resonators, applied in side and center. The standard 35 and 50 Ohms λ/4 transmission lines (TLs) are attained through the variations of the resonator’s TLs width. Since there are not explicit formulas for the suggested trapezoidal shape resonator, the design procedure will include the derivation of new formulas to configure the LC equivalent circuit. The proposed branch-line coupler, operating at 0.95 GHz, has achieved 79% of size reduction if compared to the conventional designs. Furthermore, the suggested design has successfully diminished the first six harmonics with a suppression level of (41, 29, 29, 28, 20, and 20) dB, respectively. The bandwidth is from 800 MHz to 1 GHz and The fractional bandwidth is 22.2%.

Rewriting the Journey of the Mantua-Peschiera Railway: A Moving Experience

The research presented in this article is embedded in the context of the on-going doctoral thesis titled The Mantua-Peschiera Railway: A Case Study for the Historical Analysis and Design Methodology of a Regeneration Project. The research focuses on the decommissioned railway that once connected the city of Mantua to Peschiera del Garda in the north of Italy and questions its possible future. Nowadays, the railway is not perceived as it was, because, without any specific or recognizable appearence, its few remains, such as the passenger stations, are in ruins. The historical data helped to reshape the original project of the line and its deep interdependence with its environment showing peculiar and original characters as a branch line. The author's research aims to create a possible scenario in which the former railway guarantees a continuous connection between the object and its territory within its new function as a Cultural Route.

Compact wideband five‐port reflectometer based on symmetrical waveguide ring junction for synthetic microwave imaging applications

SummaryA compact and symmetrical five‐port reflectometer (FPR) for microwave imaging application is introduced in this paper. The proposed FPR shows a wide operational impedance matching bandwidth in the frequency span of 1.55–5.31 GHz (about 109.6%). It consists of three layers with a compact size of 42.4 × 42.4 × 3.2 mm3 and comprises five symmetric branch lines which were designed and optimized as a star junction topology and placed at the middle layer to realize an equivalent value of 70 dB for reflection coefficients at a center operating frequency of 2 GHz. Moreover, the measured results indicate that the FPR prototype has realized accuracies of approximately ± 120° in phase, 0.04 and 0.5 magnitudes of reflections and transmission coefficients, respectively, which are relative in parallel to the simulated and theoretical results. The proposed FPR proves higher efficacious capabilities to be used in microwave imaging for biomedical application systems.

저압계통 연계력을 고려한 지상변압기 용량증가에 따른 이용률 분석에 관한 연구

Underground power system has been mostly configured in a type of transformers connected to branch lines. However, Configuration type of transformer connected to main line with open or looped low voltage(LV) network is now being applied to underground system to improve operating complexity and customer’s reliability. In this paper, when a transformer connection type is changed and already installed transformers are used, utilization factors of the transformers are analyzed. We divided 13 sections and two capacities of transformers. If there is a fault at 1 transformer, it is analyzed how the other’s utilization factor can be changed using monte carlo simulation. Futhermore, the growth of load is applied to analyze the utilization factors of transformers. thus, the trends of utilization factors are presented according to years.

The Impact of Workload on Operational Risk: Evidence from a Commercial Bank

Operational risk has been among the three most significant types of risks in the financial services industry, and its management is mandated by Basel II regulations. To inform better labor decisions, this paper studies how workload affects banks’ operational risk event occurrence. To achieve this goal, we use a unique data set from a commercial bank in China that contains 1,441 operational risk events over 16 months. We find that workload has a U-shaped impact on operational risk error rate. More specifically, the error rate of operational risk events decreases first, as workload increases, and then increases. Furthermore, when workload is low, employees tend to make performance-seeking risks; however, when workload is high, employees tend to exhibit quality degradation due to cognitive multitasking. Based on the causal relationship between workload and operational risk events from the empirical analysis, we discuss staffing policies among branches aimed at reducing operational risk losses. We find that employing a flexible staffing rule can significantly reduce the number of operational risk events by 3.2%–10% under different scenarios. In addition, this significant performance improvement can be achieved by adding even a little bit of flexibility to the process by allowing employees to either switch their business lines in the same branch or switch branches within the same business lines on a quarterly basis. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

Highly compact and harmonic suppressed branch line balun using artificial transmission lines

In this article, a compact and harmonic suppressed microstrip branch line balun is designed using artificial transmission line (ATL) units. The stopband response of open-stubs present in the ATL units has been utilized to suppress the spurious passbands. Design guidelines are given with graphs and equations based on the lossless transmission line model and an even-odd mode technique. To demonstrate the proposed design theory, an experimental prototype branch line balun operating at 0.9 GHz, having 10% relative circuit area and up to 5th harmonic suppression is presented.

방사상 배전계통에서의 Fuse-Saving Scheme을 고려한 적응형 Recloser에 관한 연구

The distribution system provides power to a large area, so the supply distance is short, but the system structure is complicated by many branch lines. In addition, changes in the system structure are frequent due to changes in load or restoration and facility inspection. Nevertheless, high quality and reliable power supply are important to customers because the distribution system is located adjacent to them. Protective coordination is very important for a reliable power supply. The distribution system, which is mostly temporary, uses protective coordination using Recloser and Fuse extensively. However, in terms of adaptive protective coordination, it is not easy for Fuse to change its capacity according to changes in the environment of the distribution system. Therefore, we propose to consider adaptive protective coordination with a relatively easy-to-setting Recloser. In this paper, we study adaptive Recloser setting considering the Fuse-saving scheme, focusing on protective coordination between Recloser and Fuse in the distribution system.

Stripline forward‐wave directional coupler based on double multi‐via mushroom and short‐circuited branch line

A stripline forward-wave directional coupler is proposed using periodical double multi-via mushroom structures and short-circuited branch lines in this paper. By adding the short-circuited branch lines to the coupled lines and the patch of the upper or lower mushroom structure, the operating bandwidth is enhanced for the unit cell design. The even/odd mode phase difference of one unit cell is located within 20 ~ 30° from 6.1 to 6.7 GHz with an acceptable even/odd mode Bloch impedance mismatching. Finally, a prototype is fabricated by multi-layer printed circuit broad technology and measured. The agreement is achieved between the simulated and measured results.

A 28-GHz Switched-Beam Antenna with Integrated Butler Matrix and Switch for 5G Applications.

This work presents a 28-GHz Butler matrix based switched-beam antenna for fifth-generation (5G) wireless applications. It integrates a 1 × 4 microstrip antenna, a 4 × 4 Butler matrix, and a single-pole four-throw (SP4T) absorptive switch in a single planar printed circuit board and is housed in a metal enclosure. Co-integration of a packaged switch chip with the Butler matrix based switched-beam antenna greatly enhances the form factor and integration level of the entire system. A wideband two-section branch line coupler is employed to minimize the phase and magnitude errors and variations of the Butler matrix. The aluminum metal enclosure stabilizes the electrical performances, reduces the sidelobes, and improves the structural stability. The fabricated antenna with the metal enclosure assembled has a dimension of 37 × 50 × 6.2 mm3. With an RF input signal fed to the antenna’s input port through a single Ka-band connector, and the switching states chosen by 2-bit dc control voltages, the antenna successfully demonstrates four directional switched beams. The beam switching operations are verified through the over-the-air far-field measurements. The measured results show that the four beam steering directions are −43°, −17°, +10°, +34° with side lobe levels < −5.3 dB at 28 GHz. The antenna also shows reasonably wideband radiation patterns over 27–29 GHz band. The 10-dB impedance bandwidth is 25.4–27.6 GHz, while a slightly relaxed 8-dB bandwidth is 25.2–29.6 GHz. Compared to previous works, this four-directional switched-beam antenna successfully exhibits the advantages of high integration level and satisfactory performances for the 28-GHz 5G wireless applications.

Influence of low-voltage electrical switching and protecting devices and parameters of electrical equipment on electricity losses in workshop power supply networks

THE PURPOSE. To develop an algorithm for estimating electricity losses, taking into account the influencing factors in the main circuits of shop power supply. To study the influence of the main parameters of electrical equipment on the equivalent resistance of the distribution busbar. METHODS. We use element-by-element methods for calculating active power losses using equivalent resistance on the example of a section of the main circuit of the shop network. Factors affecting the equivalent busbar resistance, such as the root-mean-square load factor, the load graph shape factor, the resistance of the contact connections of switching devices, and the ambient temperature, are investigated. RESULTS. The values of the resistances of the branch lines from the busbar are calculated taking into account the heating of the conductors and the resistances of the circuit breakers and magnetic starters installed on the line during the element-by-element calculation. The relations in the value of the equivalent resistance of the busbar to the values of the resistances of the contact connections of low-voltage electrical devices installed on the branch lines from the busbar, the values of the resistances of the branch lines taking into account heating, the value of the resistance of the busbar and the values of the resistance due to the heating of the busbar are revealed. CONCLUSIONS. The share of each of the studied parameters in the value of the equivalent resistance of the busbar is determined. The value of the relative error in determining the equivalent resistance of the busbar depending on the number of connected electric receivers and taking into account the studied parameters is calculated. The estimation of the value of the electricity losses of the section of the main scheme of the shop network was carried out in accordance with the daily schedule of the load of consumers.

Compact Size, and Highly Sensitive, Microwave Sensor for Non-Invasive Measurement of Blood Glucose Level

None-invasive blood glucose measurement enables effective diagnosis and treatment of diabetic patients. The existing microwave sensors suffer from low sensitivity and large size. This article presents a highly sensitive and compact size non-invasive microwave sensor for real-time blood glucose measurements. We have developed a new sensing technique using directly connected Branch Line Coupler and Split Ring Resonators. This technique significantly improves the sensitivity by mitigating the limited coupling between transmission lines and resonators. In addition, using Split Ring Resonators reduces the sensor size due to capacitive and inductive effects, which are loaded to the Branch Line Coupler. The proposed sensing function is based on shifting the transmission notch frequency in coupled arm of the Branch Line Coupler, which is caused by loading the Split Ring Resonators with varying glucose concentration. A prototype sensor is fabricated and successfully tested using several glucose concentrations in deionized water. Experimental results demonstrate 0.72 MHz/mgdL <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> measurement sensitivity, which is higher in comparison with available sensors in PCB technology. The prototype sensor size is 3.5×3.5×0.16 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> .

Design of the Monitoring System for Power Distribution Area by Clean Energy Intelligent Integration Terminals

Power distribution area is an important part of low-voltage distribution network. Because of its wide distribution and complex environment, it often causes large area blackout or even worse. As the core equipment in the automation construction of low-voltage distribution network, the monitoring and management level of distribution network will be directly affected by the performance of intelligent transformer terminal. The traditional intelligent transformer terminal and concentrator belong to the two departments of operation and distribution, and there are some problems, such as non-sharing of data, duplication of functions, increasing the workload of operation and maintenance. In view of the above defects, this paper puts forward the concept of intelligent integration terminals, which has the functions of intelligent transformer terminal and concentrator. Based on this terminal, a set of power distribution area condition monitoring system is designed, which can realize the function of low-voltage distribution station area condition information monitoring, low-voltage line topology identification and branch line loss analysis. While the construction cost of power distribution area is reduced, the intelligent management level of the low-voltage distribution network can also be comprehensively improved.

Automatic routing of medium voltage distribution network based on load complementary characteristics and power supply unit division

In view of the problems of large network scale and low equipment utilization efficiency caused by the lack of consideration of load complementary characteristics in the current distribution network planning, a new practical automatic routing method of medium voltage distribution network considering load complementary characteristics and power supply unit division is proposed. Firstly, based on the existing conclusions of load clustering and gridding planning, the concepts of feeder block and power supply unit of medium voltage distribution network are redefined, and the framework of medium voltage distribution network planning considering the power supply unit division is proposed. Secondly, the evaluation indexes of feeder block division and power supply unit division considering the load complementary characteristics are proposed, and a centerline swing distance weighted clustering algorithm is proposed, which is used to realize the feeder block division. Thirdly, considering the annual comprehensive cost of line planning and the outage loss cost based on reliability index, the medium voltage distribution network planning model is established based on the power supply unit division. The automatic routing method is proposed based on ant colony algorithm, which is used to realize the combinatorial solution of the trunk line and branch line. Finally, an example is given to verify the scientificity and practicability of the model and method proposed in this paper.

Coupled-line co-directional coupler with inherent harmonic suppression and its wideband implementation

In the study, a novel implementation of the coupled-line co-directional (CL-COD) coupler is proposed for the first time, and the wideband realizations are also demonstrated. The CL-COD coupler, which is composed of inductor loaded parallel coupled line and a pair of open-circuited stubs, has the advantages of smaller size and inherent harmonics suppression compared with the traditional λ/4 branch line coupler. Design equations of the single-section CL-COD coupler are derived by the even-odd mode decomposition analysis and a prototype is designed for validation. The experimental results indicate that compared with the traditional single-section λ/4 branch line coupler, the designed single-section CL-COD coupler shows a size reduction of 64.1%, a bandwidth enhancement of 13%, and a second harmonic suppression of more than 20 dB. By cascading multi-sections of the CL-COD couplers, wideband CL-COD coupler with harmonics suppression is also realized. A computer-aided program is applied for solving the circuit parameters of the multi-section cascaded CL-COD coupler. Besides, the two- and three-section cascaded 3-dB CL-COD couplers are designed for guidance. Finally, a 3-dB three-section cascaded CL-COD coupler is fabricated and measured. Compared with the traditional three-section cascaded λ/4 branch line coupler, the prototype shows a size reduction of 61.9% with an additional second order harmonic suppression.

CFD study on onset of liquid entrainment through ADS-4 branch line in AP1000

The consequences of liquid entrainment through the fourth stage Automatic Depressurization System (ADS-4) of Advanced Passive nuclear power reactor (AP1000) are decreased reactor core coolant inventory and increased resistance to quick depressurization of the reactor primary coolant system. Therefore, the accurate knowledge of the Onset of Liquid Entrainment (OLE) is critical to nuclear reactor safety (NRS) assessment. In this study, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of OLE were carried out using a two-fluid Eulerian model of ANSYS Fluent CFD code along with the renormalization group (RNG) κ-ε turbulence model for each phase. In OLE phenomena, the interfacial drag has a significant effect but available choices of interfacial drag coefficient in Fluent were not suitable due to the presence of droplet clusters in entrainment. Therefore, a modified interfacial drag coefficient accounting for droplet clusters was used. The transient simulations were performed with this modified CFD model and validated against ADS-4 Depressurization and Entrainment TEst Loop (ADETEL) data. The comparison between CFD calculations and experimental data shows a good agreement. Furthermore, the effects of the liquid mass flow rates and single inlet on OLE were also investigated with the validated CFD model. To improve the understanding of OLE phenomena, the liquid volume fraction and gas velocity field distributions were also studied.

The Influence of changes in the dielectric constant on Return loss, Vswr, Isolation and Phase Difference Microstrip Hybrid Coupler For Coastal Radar Applications

This study aims to determine the effect of changes in perubahan value changes in the Hybrid coupler on the return loss, insertion loss, coupling factor and the isolation value at the 3 GHz frequency which is applied to coastal radar. the type of antenna used is a microstrip patch antenna. The material used to design the antenna is FR4 with a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm and has a value of er r = 4.3. This study designed a microstrip branch line coupler with a T-Junction that works at a frequency of 3 GHz with both loss values ​​for (Tx) and (Rx), namely 3 dB and a phase difference of 90 °. The steps taken are after obtaining the length and width values ​​from the formula, then these values ​​are simulated after obtaining the correct value of 3 GHz, then an experiment is carried out with the dielectric constant values ​​of 4.1, 4.3 and 4.6.

A Strategy for judging real-time and active reporting outage based on the power consumption information acquisition system

To optimize the energy structure, smart grids are constructed rapidly. The optimization of the power consumption information acquisition system helps to eliminate outages caused by device quality failures, and makes the processing of outages more efficient. A reasonable outage reporting strategy can detect and handle outage faults on the low-voltage side in time, reducing the safety threats to people and devices caused by continuous faults. Therefore, given all the technical means mastered and the shortcomings of the original outage analysis strategy, an outage judgment strategy is established in this paper to make outage judgments for each level. First, the outage judgment strategy of the collection devices is used to analyze the information about outages reported by the collection devices (i.e., special transformer terminals, public transformer terminals, type I concentrators, type II concentrators, and smart meters), and create corresponding outage analysis units; Second, the outage judgment strategy of the outage analysis unit is used to determine the area where outages occurred. A display interface of the master station is designed in this paper based on the function of the strategy. Combined with the results of the actual application, the outage judgment strategy analyzes and judges each outage faults. The outage area in transformer terminals, station areas, and low-voltage branch lines are determined and the corresponding alarms are sent to the emergency maintenance platform to realize power recovery.

Modeling the Lower Bound for a Marine Acoustic Waveguide with Elastic Bottom

At the present time, theory of sound propagation in a sea is based on the theory of non-ideal waveguides. In particular, plane-layered waveguide models are used as the basis for computer simulation of sound fields in inhomogeneous waveguides, where the unconsolidated sedimentary layer is of greatest interest. A characteristic feature of this layer is the presence of inhomogeneity in the physical properties and geometry of bottom, which cause local acoustic field perturbations. In the case when parameters of the waveguide are weakly dependent on distance, the use of plane-layered models proved to be fruitful. Such models are taking into account the geoacoustic properties of the bottom and the velocity profile of sound. The paper is devoted to the modelling lower bound of a waveguide with elastic bottom. It should be noted that solution for classical Pekeris waveguide contains branch line integrals, which to not allow us the method of particular domains to modelling waveguides with more complex structure of bottom. Thus we will consider a waveguide on a rigid basement, where sufficiently large elastic bottom layer with attenuation will adequately describe bottom properties. The solution for such waveguide does not presented in literature and may be a basis for modelling sound propagation in the waveguides with stepped elastic bottom.