Bran Supplementation Research Articles

Determination of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in wheat and oat based bran supplements sold in the Spanish market

The aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxins produced by fungal species which can contaminate, alone or simultaneously, cereal-based raw materials. Usually, the higher mycotoxins concentrations in cereals are found in the external layers of the grain (bran). Nowadays bran is increasingly consumed for its high fibre concentration. The objectives of this study were determining the concentration of these mycotoxins in bran samples intended for direct human consumption and to study the influence of some characteristics of the samples that may affect the mycotoxins content, there are not studies about fibre for direct human consumption. 67 bran samples from shops and supermarkets from two different Spanish cities were analyzed, being 37 samples of wheat bran and the remaining of oat bran. The results showed a major presence of DON in the analyzed samples, with levels above the EU legislation in some samples. Presence of DON was more frequent in wheat samples, compared to oats ones (p<0.05). Extruded or toasted samples, subjected to a heat treatment during processing, presented a significantly lower concentration of OTA, and differences between the organically and conventionally produced samples were also detected in OTA, which showed higher levels in the organic samples. Co-occurrence was frequently found between the Fusarium mycotoxins (ZEA and DON).Due to the high levels of DON in the analyzed samples, a calculation of DON intake has been made and it has been demonstrated that bran can account for an important percentage of DON exposure in the total diet.

Measuring and Addressing Texture Challenges in Healthy Baked Products

There is a continuing trend toward development of baked products with a healthy nutritional profile. However, to succeed in the market, it is essential that sensory properties of baked products not be compromised. Texture is an important aspect of this. Instrumental measurements are important tools for product developers that can complement sensory panel assessments and enable quantification of the effects of process variations. A range of testing protocols and instruments suitable for different product types is available. Compression between flat plates is appropriate for testing compressible products such as breads and cakes: initial loading provides information on firmness, and subsequent unloading and recompression measure properties such as cohesiveness. Examples are presented from trials evaluating salt content and bran supplementation in bread and for a gluten-free cake development project. Brittle products such as biscuits (cookies and crackers) can be tested using protocols such as three point be...

Influence of Added Enzymes and Bran Particle Size on Bread Quality and Iron Availability

ABSTRACTThe aim of this investigation was to study the influence of different bran proportions and particle sizes, addition of fungal phytase, and α‐amylase addition on bread quality and phytate levels, and how these treatments affect availability of iron to intestinal epithelial (Caco‐2) cells. Potential mineral contributions to dietary reference intakes and phytate‐to‐mineral molar ratios were also evaluated. Wheat bran supplementation significantly affected bread quality. Smaller bran particle size affected crumb firmness negatively, whereas the use of α‐amylase, in some cases in combination with phytase, could improve technological bread quality. The use of phytase in the formulation significantly reduced the level of phytates, and phytate hydrolysis also led to smaller bran particle size. Increasing the bran proportion used in the bread formulation increased the iron concentration in bread samples by 18.9%. Phytase addition proved to be a useful strategy to improve iron dialyzability; however, incomplete dephytinization still had an inhibitory effect on iron uptake, with the exception of samples formulated with 10% bran. The inhibitory effect of phytate could be predicted from the values of the phytate‐to‐iron ratios. Reduction of particle size did not improve iron availability or uptake by Caco‐2 cells.

Depression of rumen ammonia and blood urea by quebracho tannin-containing supplements fed after high-nitrogen diets with no evidence of self-regulation of tannin intake by sheep

The aim of this study was to assess whether sheep enhance nitrogen use in response to tannin supplementation, and if they increase preference for tannin-rich supplements when consuming diets high in rumen-degradable protein. In Experiment 1 twenty four Corriedale crossbred wethers (10 months of age; 41±2.1kg) were randomly divided into two groups (n=12/group). Group 1 received a high-protein basal diet of high rumen-degradable protein (“HP”), whereas the other group received a low-protein basal diet of low rumen-degradable protein (“LP”). During Period 1 (12 days) half of the animals from each group received a wheat bran supplement containing 11% quebracho tannins (T) and the other half had the same supplement but without tannins (NT). Wethers fed supplements T or NT during Period 1 received NT or T, respectively, during Period 2. Rumen fluid and jugular blood samples were collected on the last day of each period to determine ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, respectively. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1, except that a new set of wethers was used (11 months of age; 41±2.4kg), oat straw replaced wheat bran, and only BUN was determined. After Period 2 of Experiment 2, all animals had a simultaneous offer of T and NT and preference for T was estimated for 3 days. In Experiment 1, wethers in HP consumed greater (P<0.05) amounts of basal diet than wethers in the LP during Period 1. Wethers exposed to HP displayed lower values of BUN and ruminal ammonia nitrogen when consuming T than when ingesting NT (Periods 1 and 2, respectively; P<0.01). In Experiment 2, wethers under the HP diet and supplemented with T consumed the greatest amounts of basal diet (Period 1; P<0.05). Intake of tannin was higher in LP than in HP (P<0.05) and wethers exposed to HP displayed lower values of BUN when consuming T than when ingesting NT (Period 2; P<0.05). Preference for and intake of the tannin-containing food tended (P=0.11) to be greater for wethers exposed to HP than for wethers under LP during the last day of testing. Tannin supplements have the potential to reduce rumen ammonia nitrogen and BUN in sheep, even when fed after ingestion of high-N diets and in the form of low-quality supplements.

유색미 겨 아라비녹실레인과 운동트레이닝이 Lipopolysaccharide 처치된 흰쥐의 면역인자 및 염증억제에 미치는 영향

Arabinoxylan (Ara) rice bran has been shown to be a potent biological response modifier as manifested by stimulation of different arms of the immune system. We examined the effects of Ara rice bran and exercise on the immune function and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rats. As the results, tumor necrosis factor-α as representative inflammatory cytokines showed a significantly lower in Ara supplement group, thus the Ara rice bran had a higher inhibitory activity than the both exercise and control group. However, 4 weeks of exercise training significantly increased inflammatory reactions rather than treatment with Ara in LPS-treated rats. The Ara rice bran acted to decrease the inflammatory reaction. These results suggest that the supplement of Ara rice bran is likely contribute to inflammation response and the Ara rice bran can be used as a possible safe alternative to the immunotherapeutic modalities.

Effects of partial replacement of barley with sugar beet pulp on pre- and post-partum performance of Zel ewes

Sixteen Zel ewes (BW = 37 ± 3.10 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of partial replacement of barley grain with beet pulp (BP), during late pregnancy and early lactation, on litter weight, lamb’s daily gain, milk yield and milk composition. Dietary treatments were initiated approximately three weeks prior to expected lambing dates, and continued for three weeks post-partum. Treatments consisted of 1) a basal diet + 330 g/kg of barley grain (BBG), and 2) a basal diet + 195 g/kg of barley + 135 g/kg BP (BBP). The basal diet contained 444, 117, 101 and 8 g/kg of wheat straw, wheat bran, canola meal and mineral-vitamin mix supplement, respectively. Both diets were offered as a total mixed ration twice daily. Partial replacement of BP increased feed intake. Diets did not affect milk compositions but feeding BBP increased milk yield (1084 vs. 737 g/d), litter weight (3453 vs. 2735 g) and lambs’ daily gain (218 vs. 156 g/d). The lambs’ live weight at 14 d (5992 vs. 4749 g) and 21 d (7553 vs. 5854 g) was affected by maternal nutrition and a higher BBP. The results of this study indicate that late gestation and early lactation ewes can be supplemented with BP without detrimental effects on milk production or milk composition, and feeding ewes with BP during this period resulted in increased litter weight and growth of lambs.

Flaxseed supplementation improved insulin resistance in obese glucose intolerant people: a randomized crossover design

BackgroundObesity leads to an increase in inflammation and insulin resistance. This study determined antioxidant activity of flaxseed and its role in inflammation and insulin resistance in obese glucose intolerant people.MethodsUsing a randomized crossover design, nine obese glucose intolerant people consumed 40 g ground flaxseed or 40 g wheat bran daily for 12 weeks with a 4-week washout period. Plasma inflammation biomarkers (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6), glucose, insulin, and thiobaribituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured before and after of each supplementation.ResultsFlaxseed supplementation decreased TBARS (p = 0.0215) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.0382). Flaxseed or wheat bran supplementation did not change plasma inflammatory biomarkers. A positive relationship was found between TBARS and HOMA-IR (r = 0.62, p = 0.0003).ConclusionsThe results of the study weakly support that decreased insulin resistance might have been secondary to antioxidant activity of flaxseed. However, the mechanism(s) of decreased insulin resistance by flaxseed should be further determined using flaxseed lignan.

Effect of feeding crop residues of different cereals and legumes on weight gain of Yankassa rams

Crop residues from maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are important livestock feed in the West African savannas particularly during the long dry season. The residues from cereal crops are relatively in abundance, but of low nutritive value compared to the leguminous crop residues, which are normally in short supply. This experiment was conducted to determine the most efficient combinations of feeding crop residues of major cereals and legumes with and without bran supplement to ‘Yankassa’ rams in confinement over a 70-day period and their effect on weight gains. Feeding the residues of cereals alone resulted in a mean weight loss of 14% for sorghum, 16% for maize and 11% for millet, while feeding the residues of cowpea or groundnut alone resulted in the weight gain of about 13 and 12%, respectively. Supplementing the cereals residues with about 300 g of legume residues per ram per day resulted in slight gain in weight. Addition of 300 g wheat bran and 300 g legume residues to the cereals in the daily diets of each ram resulted in about 19% mean weight gain. Thus, bran showed a small but significant additive effect on weight gain. From the 1.5 kg cereals or legumes residues offered per ram per day, the rams ate about 50% of cereals and 82% of the legumes. Thus, the cereals residues are not only less nutritious, but also less consumable compared to the legumes.

Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil during the transition period on milk production, plasma metabolites and postpartum anoestrus interval in grazing dairy cows

Inclusion of fish oil (FO) in the diet of dairy cows could improve the energy status and milk yield and reduce the interval from calving to first postpartum ovulation, but the effects may differ depending on the specific period of supplementation. To test these hypotheses, 28 pregnant Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design: prepartum oral drench of FO (0 or 140 g/cow.day) for 21 days before calving, and/or postpartum oral drench of FO (0 or 190 g/cow.day) for 21 days after calving. Prepartum, heifers grazed in native pastures with supplements of wheat silage and wheat bran, while postpartum, cows grazed on improved pastures with addition of concentrates and corn silage. No interaction between prepartum and postpartum FO was detected for any variable analysed. Prepartum and postpartum total DM intake, milk yield, protein yield and percentage were not different among treatments. Milk fat percentage (3.83 versus 3.34 ± 0.10%) and yield (0.88 versus 0.73 ± 0.04 kg/day) decreased with postpartum FO but were not affected by prepartum FO. Prepartum and postpartum body condition score and plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol were not different among treatments, but urea concentration was higher in cows drenched with FO during prepartum (5.91 versus 4.64 ± 0.35 mM). Proportion of cows that ovulated the dominant follicle of the first postpartum wave and days to first postpartum ovulation, as determined by ovarian ultrasonography, were not affected by drenching with FO, but size of the dominant follicle in the first wave was decreased when FO was drenched only during the pre- or postpartum period compared with drenching in both periods. Dietary supplementation with FO during the postpartum period affected milk fat synthesis but more research is needed to establish its effects on resumption of ovarian activity in grazing dairy cows.

Evaluation of agricultural wastes and food supplements usage on growth characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus

As agricultural wastes are easily accessible and quite free sources, re-use of them could be considered as a break through in production management, especially if it sustains the production efficiency as standard materials do. In this study, we evaluated combination usage of substrates including wood chips, boll, Sugar Beet Pellet Pulp (SBPP) and palm fiber along with wheat bran, rice bran, soya cake powder, Soya Cake Powder + Rice Bran (SCPRB) and carrot pulp as supplements. Substrates with no supplement were regarded as control groups. Results revealed that boll, SBPP and palm fiber, which could be abundantly in Iran, had better growth period, fruiting body weight, yield and biological efficiency than wood chips. Moreover, SCRBP had the highest yield, biological efficiency and fruiting body weight among all substrates. We also assessed combination effects of substrates and complements. The least growth period (30.3 d) belonged to sugar beet pulp enriched with soya cake powder. The lowest fruiting body weight (12.4 g) was produced in boll substrate with no supplement, though maximum fruiting body number (34.3) belonged to this group. The highest fruiting body weight (41.5 g) was achieved when the enriched palm fiber by rice bran supplement was used. In addition, the highest yield and biological efficiency was found on boll substrate enriched with a mixture of soya cake powder and rice bran supplements (794.3 and 158.9 g, respectively). Key words: Oyster mushroom, yield, biological efficiency, substrate, protein.

Effect of oat bran on time to exhaustion, glycogen content and serum cytokine profile following exhaustive exercise

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oat bran supplementation on time to exhaustion, glycogen stores and cytokines in rats submitted to training. The animals were divided into 3 groups: sedentary control group (C), an exercise group that received a control chow (EX) and an exercise group that received a chow supplemented with oat bran (EX-O). Exercised groups were submitted to an eight weeks swimming training protocol. In the last training session, the animals performed exercise to exhaustion, (e.g. incapable to continue the exercise). After the euthanasia of the animals, blood, muscle and hepatic tissue were collected. Plasma cytokines and corticosterone were evaluated. Glycogen concentrations was measured in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, and liver. Glycogen synthetase-α gene expression was evaluated in the soleus muscle. Statistical analysis was performed using a factorial ANOVA. Time to exhaustion of the EX-O group was 20% higher (515 ± 3 minutes) when compared with EX group (425 ± 3 minutes) (p = 0.034). For hepatic glycogen, the EX-O group had a 67% higher concentrations when compared with EX (p = 0.022). In the soleus muscle, EX-O group presented a 59.4% higher glycogen concentrations when compared with EX group (p = 0.021). TNF-α was decreased, IL-6, IL-10 and corticosterone increased after exercise, and EX-O presented lower levels of IL-6, IL-10 and corticosterone levels in comparison with EX group. It was concluded that the chow rich in oat bran increase muscle and hepatic glycogen concentrations. The higher glycogen storage may improve endurance performance during training and competitions, and a lower post-exercise inflammatory response can accelerate recovery.

Influence of cereal bran supplement on cadmium effects in growing rats

Strategies to diminish cadmium (Cd) absorption are highly desirable especially where Cd exposure due to environmental contamination is still inevitable. Cd toxicity may be influenced by dietary components, such as fiber and minerals. Multimixtures are low-cost cereal bran supplements used in Brazil and in other countries to counteract malnutrition in low-income populations. This study was aimed at evaluating whether multimixture would reduce Cd effects in young rats. Animals received a diet with or without the multimixture plus 0, 5, or 25 mg Cd/kg (control, Cd-5, and Cd-25 groups) during 30 days. The Cd-5 groups were similar to control groups in all parameters analyzed, except in the higher renal Cd concentration. However, the Cd-25 groups had lower biological growth parameters and renal delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity, besides higher renal Cd concentration and plasma alanine aminotransferase activity compared to the controls. The multimixture did not prevent Cd effects in the Cd-25 group, but caused a small reduction in renal Cd concentration in the Cd-5 group. Although this multimixture was ineffective to prevent Cd effects at the higher concentration, it seemed to reduce Cd accumulation at the lower Cd dietary concentration, which is similar to levels of human exposure in some polluted areas.

Preferences for sheep or goats in Indonesia

This paper aims to explore farmers’ preferences for sheep or goats based on feeding practices, animal and flock performances and economic benefits of sheep and goats in different agro-ecological zones in Central Java, Indonesia. In total, 150 smallholder farmers were selected from three agro-ecological zones: the lowlands, the middle zone, and the uplands. Feeding and performance parameters were estimated through weekly farm visits and farm records, from September 2001 to August 2003. In the lowlands, small ruminants were fed mainly with field grass and crop residues, whereas in the middle zone and uplands feeds fed were mainly field grass and leaves. Sheep were given more opportunities to graze than goats, however, grazing was not a major component in the diets. In the lowlands and the middle zone the differences in feed intakes, ADG and reproductive performances between sheep and goats were small. In all zones, does had significantly larger litters than ewes. In the uplands, goats had a significantly higher DMI, grew slightly faster, and had a higher weaning rate than sheep. Consequently, in the uplands, the total economic benefits from goat flocks were 25% higher than from sheep flocks. The major differences in agro-ecological conditions that affect the choice for sheep or goats were the availability of cassava peels in the lowlands, favouring a choice for sheep, and the abundance of leaves in the middle zone and uplands, which favours keeping goats. The promotion of goats by the government, the family tradition of keeping sheep or goats, the preference for sacrificing sheep for religious festivities, and the high initial investment needed to buy goat breeding stock could be other important motives to keep sheep or goats. Sheep fattening based on rice bran supplementation could be a feasible innovation in the lowlands. In the middle zone and uplands goat breeding could make a positive contribution to rural livelihoods.

Quality Properties of White Bread with Native and Extruded Wheat Bran Supplements

The addition of wheat bran increases the nutritional value of bread, but at the same time, decreases the dough rheological properties and taste of bread. Many investigations showed that extruded bran has less negative effects on bread texture and mouth feel in comparison with native wheat bran. Besides, new articles can be found on the cholesterol-lowering effects of extruded wheat bran. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the quality parameters of bread fortified with native and extruded bran. Wheat flour T-550 was used with the supplement of 7, 14, 21 and 28% fine milled native and extruded bran. Samples with 28% of native and extruded bran were also prepared with addition of 4% of vital gluten and increased amount of yeast (3%). Bread samples were analysed for the chemical content, specific volume and textural properties. Also, sensory evaluations were carried out. The results showed that wheat bran supplement had negative effect on bread quality but addition of vital gluten and increased amount of yeast improves quality of bread even with a higher content of wheat bran.

Supplementation of Graded Levels of Wheat Bran to Intact and Castrated Afar Sheep Fed Urea Treated Tef Straw: Effects on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Body Weight and Carcass Characteristics

A feeding and digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of wheat bran (WB) supplementation on feed utilization and carcass characteristics in urea treated tef (Eragrostis tef) straw (UTTS) based feeding of Afar sheep. Sixteen intact and sixteen castrated Afar sheep with initial body weight (BW) of 15.75 ± 1.57 kg (mean ± SD) were used in a randomized complete block design with 2 sex (intact, T1-T4 and castrated, T5-T8) x 4 levels (0, control; 150 g, low; 250 g, medium; 350 g, high) of WB supplementation on a dry matter (DM) basis. Supplementation promoted higher total DM, crude protein (CP) (P

Preparation of Fiber and Mineral Enriched Defatted Rice Bran Supplemented Cookies

Preparation of Fiber and Mineral Enriched Defatted Rice Bran Supplemented Cookies

Lipid Lowering Effect of Anthocyanin-Pigmented Rice Bran in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats

Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo, an anthocyanin-pigmented rice variety, is well known to contain high levels of bioactive phytochemicals, anthocyanin, quinolone alkaloids and phenolic acids. Here, we studied the inhibitory effect of Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo bran on the absorption of dietary fat in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley male rats. For these experiments, experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal, diabetic-control and two experimental groups that were fed 1.0 g or 2.0 g/㎏ body weight/day of Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo bran supplement for 14 days. As a result, liver glycogen levels increased significantly by 65% and 32% in groups receiving 1.0 g and 2.0 g/㎏ body weight/day, respectively, compared to diabetic-control. Liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower by 8.3% and 14.5% in the groups fed 1.0 g and 2.0 g of anthocyanin-pigmented rice extracts, respectively.

Religious Festivities and Marketing of Small Ruminants in Central Java – Indonesia

Indonesia is a country where small ruminants are important in religious festivities. This study analyzes small ruminant marketing opportunities on account of the Moslem feast of sacrifice, Idul Adha, in three agroecological zones in Central Java. Small ruminant marketing is classified into three categories, namely: 1) good – the market situation associated with the religious feast of Idul Adha; 2) risky –usually occurring in August and September when farmers need cash to prepare the paddy fields and to pay school fees; and 3) normal – which is how the market situation may be described in the other parts of the year. A total of 150 farmers are visited monthly, over a period of one year, to observe their marketing strategies and the economic benefits gained from keeping small ruminants. Sheep fattening on the basis of rice bran supplementation is explored as a feasible innovation for the lowlands. Ten small ruminant markets are monitored two times corresponding to each of the three market situations. Added to this, 42 roadside sellers and 44 mosques are visited. The supply, demand, price, and weight of animals offered at the markets show a peak during Idul Adha. In the lowlands and middle zone, sheep are preferred over goats as sacrificial offerings during Idul Adha. In the uplands, goats dominate the farming system and the small ruminants' markets. The Idul Adha market requires male ruminants of one year of age with a bodyweight of above 25 kilograms. The majority of the farmers are not able to adjust the raising of their small ruminants in time for Idul Adha, because of their small flock sizes and the fact that they have to sell their animals to meet urgent cash needs, in particular at the end of the dry season and the start of the school year. Farmers possess minimal marketing information and usually complain about the prices they receive for their merchandise. The raising of these animals is only a secondary activity on these mixed farms. Value added estimates from small ruminants per hour of family labor input are 33–38 percent below the minimum wage labor rate. The proposed innovation to introduce sheep fattening in the lowlands for Idul Adha proves to be economically viable; however, the number of sheep that households can fatten is limited.

The studies on nutrient balances in crossbred cattle bulls fed chopped green sugarcane tops supplemented with some agro industrial by- products

Fifteen adult crossbred cattle bulls, 18-22 months old (mean body weight 286.33 + 9.43) were divided into 3 groups following RBD design and were fed sugarcane tops (SCT) supplemented with some agro-industrial byproducts and concentrate feeds to determine nitrogen, Ca and P in crossbred cattle bull. For this purpose, crossbred cattle bulls were fed for 30 days ad lib SCT supplemented with Wheat bran (WB), Lentil chuni (LC) and WB + LC (50:50) in Group I, II, and III respectively. The balance values were 15.28 + 2.70, 26.85 + 4.35 and 18.00 + 3.17 for nitrogen, 11.77 + 1.34, 12.94 + 2.96 and 15.38 + 1.15 for calcium, 11.74 + 0.64, 11.26 + 1.58 and 11.69 + 0.79 for phosphorus in group I, II and III, respectively. There were no significant differences among the experimental groups in Ca and P balance values but balance of nitrogen was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group II as compared to group I and III. It may indicated that the rumen fermentation was more appropriate in group III where animals were fed 50% lentil chuni and 50% wheat bran (supplementation of both protein and energy).

Efeitos da suplementação de fibras solúveis sobre as células do sistema imune após exercício exaustivo em ratos treinados

A intensidade, volume, modalidade de exercício, assim como o nível de aptidão e fatores nutricionais podem alterar a reposta imunológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação crônica de farelo de aveia (fonte de fibras solúveis) sobre as células do sistema imunológico em ratos treinados, frente a um teste de exaustão. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, ± dois meses, peso ± 200g, divididos em três grupos (n = 9, cada um): 1) controle sedentário (C); 2) treinado oito semanas submetido ao teste de exaustão (EX); e 3) treinado oito semanas submetido ao teste de exaustão com suplementação de 30% de farelo de aveia (EXA). O treinamento consistiu de 60 minutos de natação diários, cinco dias por semana durante oito semanas. As análises realizadas foram: contagem total de leucócitos, linfócitos dos linfonodos mesentéricos, macrófagos peritoneais e capacidade fagocitária de macrófagos peritoneais. Aplicou-se o teste estatístico ANOVA two way, seguido do post hoc de Tukey com p &lt; 0,05. O grupo EX apresentou leucocitose quando comparado com o controle, o que não ocorreu no grupo EXA, porém, na comparação entre os grupos exercitados EXA, mostrou menor leucocitose em relação a EX. Não houve alteração significativa nos linfócitos teciduais em nenhum dos grupos exercitados. Tanto o número de macrófagos peritoneais como a capacidade fagocitária desta célula foram maiores nos grupos exercitados. Porém, no grupo suplementado a capacidade fagocitária foi maior em relação ao grupo exaustão sem farelo de aveia. A suplementação de fibras solúveis demonstrou resultados benéficos com relação às alterações imunológicas induzidas pelo exercício extenuante, além de aumentar a capacidade fagocitária de macrófagos peritoniais em ratos treinados durante oito semanas submetidos ao teste de exaustão.