Vehicle Braking System Research Articles

Reliability Analysis of Vehicle Braking System Based on Hyperellipsoidal Dynamic Bayesian Network

Brake systems are subjected to various factors such as wear and fatigue over a long period of time. They bring a great challenge to the reliability analysis of the braking system. In this paper, the hyperellipsoid model is used and the hyperellipsoid dynamic Bayesian network model is constructed. The model synthesizes the strengths of the dynamic Bayesian network with the precise constraint capability of the superellipsoid model, offering a novel methodology for the reliability analysis of the braking system. In order to verify the validity of the super ellipsoidal dynamic Bayesian network model, this paper applies it to the reliability analysis of the braking system and compares it with the traditional interval Bayesian network. The results show that the hyperellipsoidal dynamic Bayesian network model enhances the range accuracy of the probability intervals by 54.06%. This solves the conservatism problem of interval Bayesian networks. This suggests that the method improves the accuracy of brake system reliability analysis.

Hierarchical braking accurate control of electrohydraulic composite braking system for electric vehicles.

For the electrohydraulic composite braking system, the general total braking force calculation strategy frequently ignores the resist forces, thereby cannot track the braking intention of driver perfectly. Moreover, the torque allocation process reduces the control reliability and energy recovery effect. In this research, a novel hierarchical braking accurate control (HBAC) algorithm is designed to achieve both the control accuracy and the ideal energy recovery efficiency. It includes target calculation, parameter adjustment, and organization coordination levels. In the target calculation level, the resist forces such as air, tire roll resistances are considered to calculate the demanded-braking force accurately. In the parameter adjustment level, the ideal demand-braking force is constrained by the estimated road adhesion coefficient and the vertical load transfer. At the organization coordination level, the torque allocation process is omitted by applying a compensation control of the hydraulic braking torque. The simulation results indicated outstanding braking distances by the proposed HBAC are 111.5 m, 40.8 m, and 63.2 m under the varying adhesion, dry asphalt, and wet asphalt roads, respectively. Moreover, compared with the comparative control strategy, the energy recovery efficiency of HBAC is increased by 11.74 %, 6.67 %, and 8.4 % under these road conditions. Experimental implementation corroborates the effectiveness of proposed strategy.

Comparison of Brake Cooling System on Bus: Simulation and Evaluation of Natural vs Forced Air through Machine Learning Processing

Intense braking can cause heat accumulation that can reduce the braking system’s efficiency and damage the braking system components due to changes in material structure. The high temperature in the braking system of heavy vehicles requires an air-cooling system that produces high-pressure air. This study compares the cooling process results between natural air and forced air. CFD modeling was chosen as the method to simulate the cooling process of bus drum brakes. The CFD method works by involving a network of elements in a system called a mesh. In CFD, the mesh is a component that focuses on dividing the fluid domain into small elements to analyze fluid flow, heat transfer, and dynamic phenomena. Using a cooling process, the brake system temperature gradually decreased as the wind speed increased. The examination proved that natural air could reach the highest temperature of 168.73 °C and the lowest temperature of 63.01 °C. Meanwhile, forced air could reach the highest temperature of 73.8 °C and the lowest temperature of 30.73 °C. Statistical models and machine learning were carried out to predict the accuracy of simulation from SOLIDWORKS. The values of average temperature after the cooling process are examined by employing the Gradient Boosting algorithm with the highest accuracy of prediction (R2) value of 0.999895 in natural conditions and 0.999822 in forced conditions. Overall, forced air shows better temperature reduction than natural air. By lowering the operating temperature, drum brake systems can extend their lifespan.

Review of Brake-by-Wire Technology for Low-Speed and Autonomous Vehicles

With advancements in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation, the need for responsive, stable braking systems in low-speed vehicles (LSVs) has risen, especially in complex conditions where traditional systems fall short. Brake-by-Wire (BBW) systems, known for their efficiency, energy savings, and safety, are becoming increasingly popular. This paper provides a systematic review of BBW technology for low-speed vehicles (LSV-BBW), aiming to offer valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers in related fields. This comprehensive review covers the application of BBW and its associated technologies in LSVs. First, the current state of research on BBW systems is assessed, both domestically and internationally. Next, the fundamental principles and components of LSV-BBW technology are detailed. Following this, the control strategies of the LSV-BBW system are elaborated, with a clear definition of its performance metrics and identification of the key technologies involved. By analyzing the current trends in LSV-BBW technology development, this paper highlights cutting-edge advancements in the field. Finally, the significance and application prospects of LSV-BBW technology in promoting the intelligent, safe, and efficient development of LSVs are emphasized.

In Situ Operando Indicator of Dry Friction Squeal

In various applications, dry friction could induce vibrations. A well-known example is frictional braking systems in ground transportation vehicles involving a sliding contact between a rotating and a stationary part. In such scenarios, the emission of high-intensity noise, commonly known as squeal, can present human health risks based on the noise’s intensity, frequency, and occurrences. Despite the importance of squeal in the context of advancing urbanization, the parameters determining its occurrence remain uncertain due to the complexity of the involved phenomena. This study aims to identify a relevant operando indicator for predicting squeal occurrences. To this end, a pin-on-disc test rig was developed to replicate various contact conditions found in road profiles and investigate resulting squealing. Each test involves a multimodal instrumentation, complemented by surface observations. It is illustrated that the enhanced thermal indicator identified is relevant because it is sensitive to the thermomechanical and tribological phenomena involved in squealing.

Research on Direct-Drive Brake Actuator and Its Control Method for Electric Vehicles

<div>With the rapid development of electric vehicles, the need for improved reliability and safety performance of electric vehicle braking systems has become paramount. In response to this demand, a novel direct-drive brake-by-wire actuator based on linear motors was designed to address these challenges. This article presents the structure and principles of the proposed braking actuator. Leveraging the traditional electromechanical brake systems as a foundation, the prototype was modified and fabricated. Additionally, the control and drive system for the braking actuator was established using the TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. Moreover, the current-position dual closed-loop control algorithm was devised to regulate the braking force accurately. Experimental results demonstrate that the direct-drive brake-by-wire actuator exhibits rapid responsiveness and precise braking force modulation, showcasing promising prospects in the field of electric vehicle braking.</div>

Sifat Mekanik Komposit Serat Eceng Gondok dengan Filler Cu-Zn dan MgO untuk Kampas Rem Sepeda Motor

Brake linings are an important component in the vehicle braking system, but the use of hazardous materials such as asbestos causes environmental pollution. This research aims to analyze the effect of water hyacinth fiber content in composites with Cu-Zn and MgO fillers on brake lining wear and hardness, as a more environmentally friendly alternative. The experimental method was used with variations in the composition of water hyacinth fiber: brass powder: magnesium oxide powder: epoxy resin of 10%:40%:20%:30%, 15%:40%:20%:25%, 20%:40%: 20%:20%, and 25%:40%:20%:15%. The manufacturing process involves a compaction pressure of 2 tons for 10 minutes and sintering at a temperature of 200°C for 30 minutes. Vickers hardness testing refers to the ASTM E384 standard and wear testing refers to the ASTM G99-95a standard. The results showed that the highest hardness was obtained with a composition of 10% water hyacinth fiber (245.26 Kgf/mm2), with a composition of 15% water hyacinth fiber (240.88 Kgf/mm2), with a composition of 20% water hyacinth fiber (215.84 Kgf /mm2), and a water hyacinth fiber composition of 25% (194.48 Kgf/mm2). The lowest wear test results were at a composition of 10% water hyacinth fiber (0.00212 mm²/kg), at a composition of 15% water hyacinth fiber (0.00242 mm²/kg), at a composition of 20% water hyacinth fiber (0.00295 mm²/kg), and with a composition of 25% water hyacinth fiber (0.0031 mm²/kg). This shows that increasing the percentage of water hyacinth fiber can reduce the hardness value and increase brake lining wear.

Thermal Fault-Tolerant Asymmetric Dual-Winding Motors in Integrated Electric Braking System for Autonomous Vehicles

A conventional dual-winding (DW) motor has two internal windings consisting of a master part and a slave part, each connected to a different electronic control unit (ECU) to realize a redundant system. However, existing DW motors have a problem related to heat generation in both the healthy mode and the faulty mode of the motor operation. In the healthy mode, unexpected overloads can cause both windings to burn out simultaneously due to equal heat distribution. If the current sensor fails to measure correctly, the motor may exceed the designed current density of 4.7 [Arms/mm2] under air-cooling conditions, further increasing burnout risk. External factors such as excessive load cycles or extreme heat conditions can further exacerbate this issue. In the faulty mode, the motor requires double the current to generate maximum torque, leading to rapid temperature increases and a high risk of overheating. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the design of a thermal fault-tolerant asymmetric dual-winding (ADW) motor, which improves heat management in both healthy and faulty modes for autonomous vehicles. A lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) with a piecewise stator-housing model (PSMs) was employed to evaluate the coil temperature during faulty operation. An optimal design approach, incorporating kriging modeling, Design of Experiments (DOE), and a genetic algorithm (GA), was also utilized. The results confirm that the proposed ADW motor design effectively reduces the risk of simultaneous burnout in the healthy mode and overheating in the faulty mode, offering a robust solution for autonomous vehicle applications.

Research on the characteristics of a pneumatic proportional valve

Abstract The execution of autonomous driving in heavy-duty trucks necessitates stringent regulation of their braking torque output. Hydraulic retarder serves as a widely auxiliary braking system in heavy-duty vehicles, with the pneumatic proportional valve functioning as the core component of its control system, regulating the output response and control precision of the braking torque of the hydraulic retarder. To improve the accuracy of brake torque control for hydraulic retarders, it is critical to conduct thorough research on the control system, especially the pneumatic proportional valve. Therefore, A detailed analysis of the working mechanism of pneumatic proportional valves was conducted, encompassing the construction of mathematical and simulation models. The efficacy of the simulation model was confirmed via experimental validation. When the control pressure increases, the simulation results are close to the experimental results, with a maximum discrepancy of 18%; when the control pressure decreases, the simulation results show a similar trend to the experimental results. The research can aid in formulating control methodologies for pneumatic proportional valves and offer theoretical guidelines for future exploration into boosting the precision of hydraulic retarder braking torque control.

A Study on the Design of Hydraulic Auxiliary Braking System for Commercial Vehicles

A Study on the Design of Hydraulic Auxiliary Braking System for Commercial Vehicles

Real-time testing of AI enabled automatic emergency braking system for ADAS vehicle using 3D point cloud and precise depth information

At the forefront of automobile safety technology, Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) represents a major advancement in collision avoidance systems. The cutting-edge technology provides an additional layer of security at pivotal times, making it a vital part of the changing landscape of vehicle safety. This research introduces an effective system for automatic emergency braking in ADAS-equipped or Autonomous vehicles using a combination of 3d lidar and stereo vision camera for a swift and robust system in the vehicle that is faster than human drivers in cases of unexpected emergencies. Utilizing the power of clustering algorithms on 3d point clouds and state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms on an RGB image mapped to a depth frame from the stereo vision camera, the system as a whole provides a comprehensive system adding to the safety of the vehicle and the passengers. Further, the efficiency of the system is studied based on various parameters. The data from an external inertial measurement unit is also utilized to derive results that support the claims of the study. The system has been developed and implemented on a passenger car that has been modified into an electric vehicle and further tested in real-world traffic conditions in autonomous driving mode. The findings of the study were having exceptionally good precision in split-second decision-making in emergency maneuvers.

Study of Air in a Vehicle Brake System by TOPSIS and EDAS Combining with FAHP

Study of Air in a Vehicle Brake System by TOPSIS and EDAS Combining with FAHP

Energy recovery and storage systems in vehicle braking systems

The paper focuses on the most frequently used systems for storing energy recovered during vehicle braking are presented in this paper. Various solutions relying mainly on electrochemical batteries were analysed. The attention is also concentrated on systems that enable storing large amounts of energy using supercapacitors, and kinetic energy accumulators as the alternative approach.

Laboratory Tests on the Possibility of Using Flax Fibers as a Plant-Origin Reinforcement Component in Composite Friction Materials for Vehicle Braking Systems.

Braking systems are extremely important in any vehicle. They convert the kinetic energy of motion into thermal energy that is dissipated into the atmosphere. Different vehicle groups have different nominal and maximum speeds and masses, so the amount of thermal energy that needs to be absorbed by the friction pads and then dissipated can vary significantly. Conventional friction materials are composite materials capable of withstanding high temperatures (in the order of 500-600 °C) and high mechanical loads resulting from braking intensity and vehicle weight. In small vehicles traveling at low speeds, where both the amount of thermal energy and its density are limited, the use of slightly weaker friction materials with better ecological properties can be considered. This work proposes a prototype composite friction material using flax fibers as reinforcement instead of the commonly used aramid. A number of samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests. The samples were prepared using components of plant origin, specifically flax fibers. This component acted as reinforcement in the composite friction material, replacing aramid commonly used for this purpose. The main tribological characteristics were determined, such as the values of the coefficients of friction and the coefficients of abrasive wear rate. For this purpose, an authorial method using ball-cratering contact was used. The results were analyzed using statistical methods. It was found that the composite material using flax fibers does not differ significantly in its tribological properties from conventional solutions; so, it can be assumed that it can be used in the vehicle's braking system.

Analyzing Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite for Brake Pad Applications - A Critical Review

A brake pad is an integral component of a vehicle's braking system, designed to impart controlled friction and, ultimately, assist in slowing or stopping a vehicle. Their constituents include binder, filler, abrasive, lubricant, and reinforcing fiber. Materials for brake pads must have excellent wear resistance, increased heat dissipation, a consistent coefficient of friction, low noise and vibration, durability, compatibility, minimal environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. This paper aims to examine the various materials used in brake pad applications. They are composed of matrix, ceramic, and polymer composites, and are manufactured using various processes. In addition to mechanical and tribological testing, there are various methods for testing the mechanical and tribological properties of brake pads. Various instruments, such as SEM, TEM, AFM, and XRD, were surveyed in order to analyse the morphology and crystal structure of nanoscale brake pads. Various applications such as automobiles, railroads, and aerospace utilise brake pads. The study reveals that integrating nano-fillers into polymer composites significantly enhances the mechanical and tribological properties of automotive brake pads, offering a promising route toward more durable, efficient, and safer braking systems. Through this analysis, researchers will gain a deeper understanding of the materials used in brake pads and their adaptability for various applications.

Design And Development of Overheat Detector based on Arduino Mega On Four-Wheeled Vehicle Brake System

The aim of this research is to design a motor vehicle braking system trainer, so that it can be used as a test site for overheating detection devices in the brake system. The preparation of the design concept is divided into two designs, namely the designof the braking trainer andalso the design of the software application in the form of asimulation of an overheating detection system. The stages of sensor installation are carried outto the setting and installation of the heat detection sensoris in accordance with the systemplan that has been made, while the placement of the sensor is intended to detect heat from the front and rear braking systems. Programming is also carried out using Arduino software to program the input obtained from the sensor so that it can be displayed on the monitor display. Based on this, a prototype for detecting the brake system for four-wheeled motorized vehicles based on Arduino Mega can be produced. temperature. The four sensors used are able to provide data input and serve as a thermal reference for the conditions of the front and rear brakes, both from brake lining thermals and brake fluid thermals. This prototype also needs further developmentto be applied to real vehicles and to be able to determine the mosteffective location for the sensor so that it can provide the bestinformation to the driver.

Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Extreme Regenerative with Supercapacitor Battery and Harvesting Vibration Absorber System for Electric Vehicles Driven by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 30 kW

This research presents an approach to the hybrid energy harvesting paradigm (HEHP) based on suspended energy harvest. It uses a harvesting vibration absorber (HVA) with an SC/NMC-lithium battery hybrid energy storage paradigm (SCB-HESP) equipped regenerative braking system (SCB-HESP-RBS) for electric vehicles 2 tons in gross weight (MEVs) driven by a 30 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). During regenerative braking, the ANN mechanism controls the RBS to adjust the switching waveform of the three-phase power inverter, and the braking energy transfers to the energy storage device. Additionally, a supercapacitor (SC) equipped with HVA can absorb energy from vehicle vibrations and convert it into electrical energy. The energy-harvesting efficiency of MEV based on SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA suspended energy harvesting enhances the efficiency maximum to 50.58% and 15.36% in comparison to MEV with only-HVA and SCB-HESP-RBS, respectively. Further, the MEV with SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA has a driving distance of up to 247.34 km (22.5 cycles) when compared with SCB-HESP-RBS (214.40 km, 19.5 cycles) and only-HVA (164.25 km, 15 cycles).

Analysis and Characterization of Composites for their potential use in Disc Brake Pad

Brake pads are crucial for vehicle safety, converting kinetic energy to halt motion. They come in types like organic, semi-metallic, ceramic, and metallic. Beyond automotive, brake pads find application in industries such as aerospace, railways, manufacturing, and wind energy for controlled deceleration and safety. This study is primarily concerned with the quality and appropriateness of ceramic brake pads for automotive applications, which are an essential aspect of braking systems for vehicles. The performance characteristics of ceramic brake pads are well established, and this study explores the variables affecting their quality. Under high pressure, brake pad samples are prepared in the study using Powder Metallurgy (PM), which guarantees superior mechanical qualities by removing interface bonding problems. The samples are then sintered at 2850. Hardness, temperature resistance, wear resistance, and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis are all included in the evaluation to ascertain the make-up and distribution of the materials in the brake pad. EDS sheds light on the degree of sintering and the presence of reinforcements. Heat resistance is evaluated using controlled thermal testing, while wear resistance and hardness are determined through Rockwell hardness testing and wear tests, respectively. These measurements are validated for use in automotive disc braking systems for vehicles and motorcycles. The findings are more reliable thanks to statistical analysis done with MINITAB. The study highlights research gaps in environmentally friendly materials, emerging technology impacts, and long-term brake pad durability.

Variable Universe Fuzzy-Proportional-Integral-Differential-Based Braking Force Control of Electro-Mechanical Brakes for Mine Underground Electric Trackless Rubber-Tired Vehicles.

Currently, the main solution for braking systems for underground electric trackless rubber-tired vehicles (UETRVs) is traditional hydraulic braking systems, which have the disadvantages of hydraulic pressure crawling, the risk of oil leakage and a high maintenance cost. An electro-mechanical-braking (EMB) system, as a type of novel brake-by-wire (BBW) system, can eliminate the above shortcomings and play a significant role in enhancing the intelligence level of the braking system in order to meet the motion control requirements of unmanned UETRVs. Among these requirements, the accurate control of clamping force is a key technology in controlling performance and the practical implementation of EMB systems. In order to achieve an adaptive clamping force control performance of an EMB system, an optimized fuzzy proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller is proposed, where the improved fuzzy algorithm is utilized to adaptively adjust the gain parameters of classic PID. In order to compensate for the deficiency of single-close-loop control and adjusting the brake gap automatically, a cascaded three-closed-loop control architecture with force/position switch technology is established, where a contact point detection method utilizing motor rotor angle displacement is proposed via experiments. The results of the simulation and experiments indicate that the clamping force response of the proposed multi-close-loop Variable Universe Fuzzy-PID (VUF-PID) controller is faster than the multi-closed-loop Fuzzy-PID and cascaded three-close-loop PID controllers. In addition, the chattering of braking force can be suppressed by 17%. This EMB system may rapidly and automatically finish the operation of the overall braking process, including gap elimination, clamping force tracking and gap recovery, which can obviously enhance the precision of the longitudinal motion control of UETRVs. It can thus serve as a BBW actuator of mine autonomous driving electric vehicles, especially in the stage of braking control.

A Multi-Source Braking Force Control Method for Electric Vehicles Considering Energy Economy

Advancements in electric vehicle technology have promoted the development trend of smart and low-carbon environmental protection. The design and optimization of electric vehicle braking systems faces multiple challenges, including the reasonable allocation and control of braking torque to improve energy economy and braking performance. In this paper, a multi-source braking force system and its control strategy are proposed with the aim of enhancing braking strength, safety, and energy economy during the braking process. Firstly, an ENMPC (explicit nonlinear model predictive control)-based braking force control strategy is proposed to replace the traditional ABS strategy in order to improve braking strength and safety while providing a foundation for the participation of the drive motor in ABS (anti-lock braking system) regulation. Secondly, a grey wolf algorithm is used to rationally allocate mechanical and electrical braking forces, with power consumption as the fitness function, to obtain the optimal allocation method and provide potential for EMB (electro–mechanical brake) optimization. Finally, simulation tests verify that the proposed method can improve braking strength, safety, and energy economy for different road conditions, and compared to other methods, it shows good performance.