Braking System Of Electric Vehicle Research Articles

Energy recovery based on pedal situation for regenerative braking system of electric vehicle

ABSTRACTEnergy recovery is a key technology to improve energy efficiency and extend driving range of electric vehicle. It is still a challenging issue to maximise energy recovery. We present an energy recovery mode (mode A) which recovers braking energy under all situations that accelerator pedal (AP) is lifted, brake pedal (BP) is depressed, as well as AP and BP are released completely; and propose a control strategy of regenerative braking based on driver's intention identified by a fuzzy recognition method. Other two modes: (1) recovery braking energy only the BP is depressed (mode B), (2) no energy recovery, have been studied to compare with mode A. Simulations are carried out on different adhesion conditions. Recovered energy and driving range are also obtained under FTP75 driving cycle. Road test is implemented to validate simulation results. Results show that mode A can improve energy recovery by almost 15.8% compared with mode B, and extend driving range by almost 8.81% compared with mode B and 20.39% with the mode of no energy recovery; the control strategy of regenerative braking can balance energy recovery and braking stability. The proposed energy recovery mode provides a possibility to achieve a single-pedal design of the electric vehicle.

Research on regenerative braking energy recovery system of electric vehicles

Regenerative braking energy recovery is a remarkable feature of new energy vehicles. This paper introduced a method to realize energy recovery by using variable voltage system as motor drive system, which can realize the braking energy regeneration of large-scale change of speed. At the same time, the test of regenerative braking energy recovery was performed to analyze the regenerative performance of new energy vehicles. The effectiveness of regenerative braking system for electric vehicles is verified, which provides the new way to further improve the regenerative braking performance of new energy vehicles.

A novel control strategy of regenerative braking system for electric vehicles under safety critical driving situations

This paper mainly focuses on control strategy of the regenerative braking system of an electric vehicle under safety critical driving situations. With the aims of guaranteeing the electric vehicle stability in various types of tire-road adhesion conditions, based on the characteristics of an electrified powertrain, a novel control strategy of regenerative braking system is proposed for electric vehicles during anti-lock braking procedures. Firstly, the main construction of the case-study electric car with regenerative braking system is introduced. Next, based on the phase plane theory, the optimal brake torque is calculated for ABS control of an electric vehicle. Then, an allocation control, wherein the required optimal brake torque is divided into two parts that are disposed respectively by the friction and regenerative brakes, is discussed. In addition, two parameters for evaluating regeneration braking energy efficiency contribution while in the deceleration braking process are defined. Furthermore, a novel regenerative braking control strategy named “serial control strategy” is proposed. Finally, the road tests are implemented in four types of tire-road adhesion conditions under safety-critical driving situations. The test results validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.

PID-Sliding Surface Based Sliding Mode Controller for Anti-Lock Braking System of Electric Vehicle

Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is a crucial part in electric vehicle. It is an uncertain and nonlinear system. In this paper a Sliding Mode Control (SMC) technique with PID sliding surface is used to maintain the slip ratio, at 0.2 of ABS system. The mathematical representation of a quarter vehicle model that emphasizes essential characteristics of the whole vehicle was implemented in this research. The model was developed using Simulink and the proposed SMC technique was tested and validated. In addition, the sliding mode enforcement was ensured via stability analysis. The simulation results have shown good agreement and acceptable response of the ABS system

Optimum design of a regenerative braking system for electric vehicles based on fuzzy control strategy

A regenerative braking system (RBS) can prolong the driving distance of electric vehicles by converting mechanical energy into electric energy. In this paper, an RBS based on fuzzy control strategy is proposed. By analyzing the characteristics of all factors, under the assurance of safety and stability during braking conditions, a fuzzy control model was established in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and verified by using simulation software Advisor2002. In order to recover more energy, the control model was optimized by the Taguchi method, and a new fuzzy control model was established and simulated. The simulation results show that by using the optimized fuzzy control system, more braking energy can be recovered and that the energy recovery efficiency can be increased. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Modeling and Simulation of Regenerative Braking Performance of Electric Vehicles Based on Decoupling Strategy

In order to enhance energy recovering efficiency of regenerative braking system of electric vehicles (EV), coupling mechanism and decoupling method between braking system and charging system were studied. First, coupling-relation mathematical model between braking system and charging system of EV were built. On this basis, decoupling method was studied and mathematical model of decoupling was built as well. Furthermore, simulation model of EV was built, based on redeveloping the simulation software of ADVISOR. Finally, simulation of regenerative brake of EV was carried out under different working conditions. The results indicated that energy-recovering efficiency of EV based on decoupling strategy was better.

New evaluation methodology of regenerative braking contribution to energy efficiency improvement of electric vehicles

Comprehensive research is conducted on the design and control of a regenerative braking system for electric vehicles. The mechanism and evaluation methods of contribution brought by regenerative braking to improve electric vehicle’s energy efficiency are discussed and analyzed by the energy flow. Methodologies for calculating the contribution made by regenerative brake are proposed. Additionally a new regenerative braking control strategy called “serial 2 control strategy” is introduced. Moreover, two control strategies called “parallel control strategy” and “serial 1 control strategy” are proposed as the comparative control strategy. Furthermore, two different contribution ratio evaluation parameters according to the deceleration braking process are proposed. Finally, road tests are carried out under China typical city regenerative driving cycle standard with three different control strategies. The serial 2 control strategy offers considerably higher regeneration efficiency than the parallel strategy and serial 1 strategy.

Effects of design parameters on cavitation in a solenoid valve for an electric vehicle braking system and design optimization

Keeping pace with the current rapid development of clean energy, hybrid cars and electric vehicles are receiving extensive attention. In electronic control brake systems, which are essential to these vehicles, a solenoid valve is used to control the hydraulic pressure, which boosts the driver’s braking force. However, strong cavitation occurs at the narrow gap between the ball and seat of a solenoid valve due to sudden decreases in pressure, leading to severe damage to the valve. In this study, we numerically investigate cavitation in a solenoid valve to discover geometric parameters that affect cavitation, and we develop an optimal design to minimize the cavitation using an optimization technique. As a result, we propose two design guides for the solenoid valve subject to cavitation: the ratio of the narrowest gap area to the inlet area and the narrow gap length. We also find that preventing a sudden reduction of a flow passage is important to reducing cavitation. Finally, using an evolutionary algorithm for optimization we minimize cavitation. The optimal design results in a maximum vapor volume fraction of 0.051, compared to 0.74 for the reference model.

Research of Sensor Fault Detection and Diagnosis for EMB System Based on CSA-SVM Model

Electro Mechanical Brake (EMB) is a high efficiency pure electric vehicle braking system which is based on the technology of Electronic, machinery, communication network. Because of the expensive cost and immature key technology in safety and reliability, the products cannot be mass-produced on the market at present. Electronic control of the EMB system needs a variety of sensors information feedback, therefore, how to correctly detect and diagnose the faults of the sensors is one of the important problems for the development of pure electric vehicles. Based on three-loop control architecture model of EMB system, the sensor fault detection model is established on the basis of Support Vector Regression (SVR), and the sensor fault diagnosis model is established on the basis of Support Vector Classification (SVC). In order to further improve the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for fault classification accuracy and fault detection reliability, the parameters of SVM can be optimized by using Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA) and the modified CSA-SVM model is established. Simulated result of experiment indicates that the proposed CSA - SVM fault detection rate is increased than the traditional SVM by 62.5% and the fault classification accuracy is increased by 10% which laids a solid foundation of fault-tolerant control technology for the EMB system.

Research on motor rotational speed measurement in regenerative braking system of electric vehicle

Rotational speed signals acquisition and processing techniques are widely used in rotational machinery. In order to realized precise and real-time control of motor drive and regenerative braking process, rotational speed measurement techniques are needed in electric vehicles. Obtaining accurate motor rotational speed signal will contribute to the regenerative braking force control steadily and realized higher energy recovery rate. This paper aims to develop a method that provides instantaneous speed information in the form of motor rotation. It addresses principles of motor rotational speed measurement in the regenerative braking systems of electric vehicle firstly. The paper then presents ideal and actual Hall position sensor signals characteristics, the relation between the motor rotational speed and the Hall position sensor signals is revealed. Finally, Hall position sensor signals conditioning and processing circuit and program for motor rotational speed measurement have been carried out based on measurement error analysis.

Research of Sensor Fault-Tolerant Control Based on CSA-SVR Algorithm for EMB Actuator System

The electro mechanical brake (EMB) system is a efficient pure electric vehicle braking system in where technologies in the fields of electronics, mechanics, and vehicle communication network were considered at the same time. Because that offered information to the electronic control of the EMB system is taken from several detectors, during developments of the pure electric vehicle, unsolved difficulties in EMB system are the accurate fault detection as well as the timely process of a fault tolerant control. In this paper, the fault detection and the fault tolerant control on the mathematical models of a current, a speed, and a pressure detector loaded on the EMB actuator system will be studied. Based on the three-loop control architecture model of the EMB actuator, these models of detectors are constructed by the method of the dynamics analysis of the actuating agency respectively. On the purpose of improving the accuracy of fault detection, the clonal selection - support vector regression algorithm (CSA-SVR) is proposed, which is a combination of CSA and SVR calculation methods. Through CSA-SVR algorithm, optimized parameters of support vector machine (SVM) and improved accuracy of fault detection are obtained. The adaptive fault tolerant control architectural model mentioned which is designed using CSA-SVR algorithm in this paper shows effective function in fault detection, isolation from fault, and fault estimation.

A study of novel regenerative braking system based on supercapacitor for electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors

Taking supercapacitor and battery pack as the energy storage unit, a novel type of regenerative braking system for electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors is presented, and a braking energy regeneration control strategy is set up. Then, a co-simulation test based on CRUISE and Simulink is conducted. The results of simulation show that the novel type of system can ensure the safety of battery pack and significantly improve the rate of energy regeneration.

Hierarchical Control Strategy for the Cooperative Braking System of Electric Vehicle.

This paper provides a hierarchical control strategy for cooperative braking system of an electric vehicle with separated driven axles. Two layers are defined: the top layer is used to optimize the braking stability based on two sliding mode control strategies, namely, the interaxle control mode and signal-axle control strategies; the interaxle control strategy generates the ideal braking force distribution in general braking condition, and the single-axle control strategy can ensure braking safety in emergency braking condition; the bottom layer is used to maximize the regenerative braking energy recovery efficiency with a reallocated braking torque strategy; the reallocated braking torque strategy can recovery braking energy as much as possible in the premise of meeting battery charging power. The simulation results show that the proposed hierarchical control strategy is reasonable and can adapt to different typical road surfaces and load cases; the vehicle braking stability and safety can be guaranteed; furthermore, the regenerative braking energy recovery efficiency can be improved.

An FPGA based Regenerative Braking System of Electric Vehicle Driven by BLDC Motor

BLDC motor is a rotating synchronous machine. BLDC motors are electronically commutated. This paper discusses digital pulse width modulation control implemented in FPGA for a BLDC drive in both motoring and generating modes of operation with Regenerative Braking System (RBS). Regenerative braking can improve energy usage efficiency and can prolong the driving distance of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The proposed system includes BLDC motor control utilizing the traditional PID control, and the distribution of braking force adopts fuzzy logic control. RBS has the ability to recover energy and ensure the safety of braking. The implementation of digital pulse width modulation control using FPGA results in a considerable reduction of size and the cost of the system.

An FPGA based Regenerative Braking System of Electric Vehicle Driven by BLDC Motor

BLDC motor is a rotating synchronous machine. BLDC motors are electronically commutated. This paper discusses digital pulse width modulation control implemented in FPGA for a BLDC drive in both motoring and generating modes of operation with Regenerative Braking System (RBS). Regenerative braking can improve energy usage efficiency and can prolong the driving distance of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The proposed system includes BLDC motor control utilizing the traditional PID control, and the distribution of braking force adopts fuzzy logic control. RBS has the ability to recover energy and ensure the safety of braking. The implementation of digital pulse width modulation control using FPGA results in a considerable reduction of size and the cost of the system.

Performance Evaluation of an Anti-Lock Braking System for Electric Vehicles with a Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller

Traditional friction braking torque and motor braking torque can be used in braking for electric vehicles (EVs). A sliding mode controller (SMC) based on the exponential reaching law for the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is developed to maintain the optimal slip value. Parameter optimizing is applied to the reaching law by fuzzy logic control (FLC). A regenerative braking algorithm, in which the motor torque is taken full advantage of, is adopted to distribute the braking force between the motor braking and the hydraulic braking. Simulations were carried out with Matlab/Simulink. By comparing with a conventional Bang-bang ABS controller, braking stability and passenger comfort is improved with the proposed SMC controller, and the chatting phenomenon is reduced effectively with the parameter optimizing by FLC. With the increasing proportion of the motor braking torque, the tracking of the slip ratio is more rapid and accurate. Furthermore, the braking distance is shortened and the conversion energy is enhanced.

Regenerative Braking System of Electric Vehicle Driven by Brushless DC Motor

Regenerative braking can improve energy usage efficiency and can prolong the driving distance of electric vehicles (EVs). A creative regenerative braking system (RBS) is presented in this paper. The RBS is adapted to brushless dc (BLDC) motor, and it emphasizes on the distribution of the braking force, as well as BLDC motor control. In this paper, BLDC motor control utilizes the traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, and the distribution of braking force adopts fuzzy logic control. Because the fuzzy reasoning is slower than PID control, the braking torque can be real-time controlled by PID control. In comparison to other solutions, the new solution has better performance in regard to realization, robustness, and efficiency. Then, this paper presents the simulation results by analyzing the battery state of charge, braking force, and dc bus current under the environment of MATLAB and Simulink. The simulation results show that the fuzzy logic and PID control can realize the regenerative braking and can prolong the driving distance of EVs under the condition of ensuring braking quality. At last, it is verified that the proposed method is realizable for practical implementation.

Research on Integrated System Control Strategy of Regenerative Braking and Anti-Lock Braking System for Electric Vehicle

Based on ABS System,a regenerative and pneumatic baking system was proposed,which can adjust pneumatic braking force precisely through ABS valve in order to guarantee the distribution of braking force. A control strategy using logic threshold was made,considering ECE regulation,control logic of ABS system,braking torque of motor and charging-discharging characteristic of battery. A co-simulation model was built with the platform of Simulink-AMESim and the simulation was performed under different braking intensity and driving cycles. The results indicate that the vehicle can achieve good braking regeneration effect with ensuring braking stability .Ratio of energy recycling can achieve 16.26% in London bus driving cycles.

EBD Control Research on Nonuniformity Roads for Electric Vehicles on Energy Regenerative and Feedback Friction Integrated Braking

The energy regenerative and feedback friction integrated braking system for electric vehicles is projected, and the integrated system dynamic model is set up. Offer the EBD control strategy on nonuniformity roads based on ABS system. Based on the Matlab/Simulink, establish the dynamic simulation system of integrated braking system and EBD control for the electric vehicles; Based on the Chery A3 car, simulate and analyze the integrated braking system EBD control performances on the condition of driving straight on nonuniformity roads. The study results indicate that the energy regenerative and feedback friction integrated braking system for electric vehicles has good EBD performance, and has high regenerative braking efficiency, braking performance and braking stability.

EBD Control Research on Bisectional Roads for Electric Vehicles on Energy Regenerative and Feedback Friction Integrated Braking

Project the integrated braking system for electric vehicles based on in-wheel motor and friction brake. Set up the integrated system dynamic model based on energy regenerative and feedback friction integrated braking. Come up with EBD control strategy on bisectional roads based on ABS system. Establish the dynamics simulation system and EBD control simulation system for the electric vehicles with the integrated braking system based on Matlab/Simulink. Simulate and analyze EBD control performance of the integrated braking system on bisectional road straight condition aimed at Chery A3 sedan. The study results indicate that the EBD control performance of electric vehicle with the integrated braking system has a high braking energy recovery ratio, braking efficiency and braking stability.