Braking Device Research Articles

DRIVING ASSISTANCE FOR PARAPLEGIC PEOPLE « BRAKE ON HANDWHEEL COUPLED TO THE STEERING-BY-WIRE SYSTEM »

This paper deals with a new solution for driving assistance, dedicated to the paraplegic people. This one consists to the development of a new braking device, coupled to the steering-by-wire system. This work represents a part of activities of a competitiveness pole in France, named MOVEO; it deals with the problematic of the Handicap and Mobility. The originality of this device is in the braking tool, which is the handwheel. The braking action is obtained by exerting a press force on the handwheel. For safety reasons, the movement of the handwheel will be released only when we actuate a braking start module using the inches. This device will allow the driver to brake and to accelerate while keeping the hands on the handwheel; this offers the advantage of an important gain in braking time and driving will become more flexible and more comfortable. A modeling of the dynamic's behavior of the driver bust was carried out, and a study on the operation mode and the applications of the x-by-wire technology in the automotive and its steering system.

A Study on Load Analysis and Durability Test Condition of Automobile Brake Pedal

Automobile pedal which is loaded by driver’s input is transmitting load to throttle cable, braking device and clutch device and controlling automobile. Measuring working condition and applying equivalent damage are needed for reliability of developing pedal. The measuring working condition is requiring more investigation with various respects because of widely ranged drivers, road condition and environmental condition. Additionally, when equivalent damage is applied, there are not suitable for test condition if equivalent damage is too high level to apply or unused region. In this study, load history is measured with 95percentile customer. Measured load history is converted to stress history about critical area of pedal by FEM. There are drawn up histogram of pedal cycles and load from stress history with rain flow cycle counting method, calculated relative damage of extended stress history with Palmgren-Miner rule. From the results, calculated total relative damage is applied to calculation method of test time and load. Calculation method for test condition is carried out with three methods which are enforcing with total stress by rain flow cycle counting, representative load and blocked load. Accelerated durability test condition of pedal using with relative damage and acceleration factors are proposed.

Design and Implementation of a Rodent Voluntary Wheel-Running Exercise Facility Incorporating Dynamically Controllable Torque Load

The design and implementation of a rodent voluntary wheel-running exercise facility for use in the study of changes in muscle structure and composition arising from different exercise regimes are discussed. The novel feature of this personal-computer-based system is its capability of dynamically adjusting torque load on the wheel independently of rotational speed and with zero impact on the rodent's environment in terms of noise, heat, or vibration. Emphasis in this paper is given to the unique set of requirements of this application that lead to the choice of an electromagnetic braking device, specifically the hysteresis brake, and its incorporation into a complete system for use in the research arena

Study of the aerodynamic characteristics of cone-sphere models in a hypersonic flow

The aerodynamic characteristics of cone-sphere models are studied at Mach numbers M = 6, 8.4, and 12 to 13 over a wide Reynolds number range. Models of a braking device (sphere) were connected with a load (frustum of a cone) by means of shrouds. The dependences of the aerodynamic coefficients C x and C y on the angle of attack α were obtained for different relative dimensions of the load and the braking device, shroud lengths, and Mach and Reynolds numbers. The effect of the above-mentioned parameters on the aerodynamic characteristics of the models is analyzed. The C x (ReD) dependences of load-parachutemodels in a symmetric flow are determined over the wide Mach and Reynolds number ranges 6 ≤ M ≤ 13 and 3 · 103 ≤ ReD ≤ 3 · 106.

211 MR流体を用いたモーター用無励磁作動型電磁ブレーキの研究開発(2)(OS2-3 機能性流体工学の先端融合化,OS2 機能性流体工学の先端融合化,オーガナイズドセッション)

In this research, an MR brake using magneto-rheological (MR) fluid has been developed to be applied to an induction motor as a high-performance braking device, instead of conventional electromagnetic mechanical brakes. The conventional brakes have some problems such as the fall of braking performance and the generation of acoustic noise in long time use. These problems will be resolved by using the MR brake. There are two types of motor brakes. Excitation-operation type MR brake has the advantage that the braking torque can be changed in proportional to the applied electric current, but the electric power consumption for holding the motor for a long time increases. Therefore, non-excitation-operation type MR brake that has a holding function in the state of non-excitation has been developed in this study. The characteristics of the generated torque, temperature, and braking performances of the developed non-excitation-operation type brake utilizing MR fluid have been investigated to examine the feasibility to apply it as an induction motor braking device.

NON-CONTACT WORKING AND NON-INTERFERING SAFETY SYSTEM FOR SLIDING TABLE SAWS

Modern sliding table saws are equipped with several passive safety devices. Also a variety of guide lines are available in order to operate such dangerous machines correctly. However, alone in Germany several hundred severe injuries or limb amputations occur each year. Thus an active safety system is developed in order to protect the machine user. For this purpose, a multi-sensor system consisting of infrared and capacitive sensors was developed and is applied to the sliding table saws. Furthermore part of the safety system are actuators, namely a warning system and a rapid saw blade braking device. Several successful tests with a prototype were conducted.

Entry descent and landing systems for small planetary missions: Parametric comparison of parachutes and inflatable systems for the proposed Vanguard Mars mission

Here, the feasibility of a post-Beagle2 robotic Mars mission of modest size, mass and cost with a high scientific return is assessed. Based on a triad of robotics comprising a lander, a rover and three penetrating moles, the mission is astrobiology focussed, but also provides a platform for technology demonstration. The study is investigating two Entry, Descent and Landing Systems (EDLS) for the 120 kg—mission based on the conventional heatshield/parachute duo and on the use of inflatable technologies as demonstrated by the IRDT/IRDT2 projects. Moreover, to make use of existing aerodynamic databases, both EDLS are considered with two geometries: the Mars pathfinder (MPF) and Huygens/Beagle2 (B2) configurations. A versatile EDL model has been developed to provide a preliminary sizing for the different EDL systems such as heatshield, parachute, and inflatables for small to medium planetary missions. With a landed mass of 65 kg, a preliminary mass is derived for each system of the mission to provide a terminal velocity compatible with the use of airbags. On both conventional and inflatable options, the MPF configuration performs slightly better mass-wise since its cone half-angle is flatter at 70 ∘ . Overall, the inflatable braking device (IBD) option performs better than the conventional one and would provide in this particular case a decrease in mass of the EDLS of about 15–18% that can be redistributed to the payload.

Study of the Effect of the Depth of the Cavity of a Braking Device on the Aerodynamic Drag of a Model in Transonic and Supersonic Flow

The flowfield and the aerodynamic drag of a model consisting of a pair of bodies (leading body a cylinder and trailing body a hollow cylinder) connected by a cylindrical bar along the axis of symmetry is experimentally investigated at Mach numbers ranging from 0.6 to 1.7. In the course of the experiments, the trailing body cavity depth and the connecting bar length were varied.

Development of Hydraulic Friction Brake for Railway Rolling Stock (Part II: Dynamic Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Hydraulic Brake System Using Poppet-Type Brake Pressure Control Valve)

A novel hydraulic brake pressure control (BPC) valve for the railway rolling stock was proposed in the part I of this study. As a second report, this paper is concerned with the dynamic analysis and the performance evaluation of the hydraulic brake system using the BPC valve. In order to analyze the behavior of the BPC valve, a simplified transfer function and a nonlinear model of the valve are derived respectively. By use of simple linear model, it is achieved to determine the initial values of essential parameter simply. In addition, it is also achieved to investigate overall dynamic performance of brake system and to evaluate the effect of design parameters through the numerical analysis using detailed nonlinear model. The validity of mathematical models is confirmed by experiments. Finally, the performance of the hydraulic brake system using newly manufactured BPC valve is confirmed with an actual braking device of the E2 series Shinkansen railway.

Trajectory Control for a Spacecraft with an Inflatable Braking Device in the Martian Atmosphere

The possibility of using an inflatable braking device for controlled descent in the Martian atmosphere of large-capacity cargoes is analyzed. The most complicated version of the trajectory control problem is considered, namely, the injection of a spacecraft at hyperbolic velocity into a parking orbit after braking in the atmosphere.

Control method for brake vapor lock in automobiles

Our basic idea for brake vapor lock is founded on our previously published theories, in which the phenomenon is caused by the bubble growth in the braking equipment. The restraining method for the vapor lock is to shift the fluid inlet point for disk brake, to the point of the air bleed screw. In this report, we confirmed the effect of this method after braking tests using a passenger car. For example, the brake fluid pressure in the braking device could be gained, even if the fluid temperature rises over the fluid boiling point.

Static Characteristics and Design of Rotating Regulator with ERF.

As a new type of engineering applications with using ER fluid, we propose rotating regulator that has also a role of braking device. Experimental study of static characteristics is conducted on. Experimental data of torque at a given angular velocity are arranged with taking into account the apparent viscosity for the purpose of convenient engineering designing. The static characteristics of current density and electric power as well as the apparent viscosity depend on the electric field strength and the gap of electrodes in the device. Time response of these characteristics to the applying electric field are also clarified.

膝十字靭帯損傷患者における装具の膝関節制動効果について

Functional knee-braces are widely used to protect injured or reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments, despite the fact that few scientific data support their efficacy. We studied the effect of the tibial strap of the Don-Joy brace used for 17 knees with cruciate ligament insufficiency. Injuries included the following: 12 knees, PCL 5 knees. The F-scan force distribution measuring system was used for the evaluation, and involved inserting a sensor-sheet between the strap and the tibia. We then testod for the transition of forces in the gait cycle compared with normal gait. The strap forces increased in the stance phase during normal gait, although the transitional forces were small. We found that the functional knee-brace acted as a braking device for anterior posterior laxity of the tibia, but it did not go far enough. There is a current trend toward early postoperative mobilization and intensive rehabilitation after reconstruction of the cruciate ligament with a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. In this situation the usefulness of braces must not be over inflated.

The perinuclear microtubule system in the green algaAcetabularia: anchor or motility device?

Migrating secondary nuclei inAcetabularia are tightly associated with actin bundles and possess a comet-like tail composed of microtubules. When secondary nuclei begin to settle in preparation for cyst morphogenesis, the tails expand into radially symmetrical arrays of microtubules. Concomitantly, nuclei become gradually dissociated from the actin bundles and eventually stop moving, even though the actin bundles remain intact and persist through this stage. If, however, the radial perinuclear microtubule arrays are destroyed by inhibitors, the nuclei reassociate with the actin bundles and regain their motile activity. Because this movement is sensitive to Cytochalasin D, we propose that actin is required for nuclear movements, whereas microtubules most likely function as a trailing anchor that begins to act as a braking device above a certain threshold in the number and length of perinuclear microtubules.

A study on the friction characteristics and durability of band brakes

A band brake is often used as a braking device in an automatic transmission because it fits around the clutch drum and does not require additional space. Its friction characteristics vary depending on the oil film between the brake band and the drum. Less friction force occurs under lower pressure and greater lubrication. In this study, the relationship between friction performance and the number of grooves in a brake lining was investigated experimentally and analytically. It was found that a reduction in the friction area resulted in a higher brake lining surface temperature. This relationship is thought to affect the durability of friction materials.

The Effect of a Braking Device in Reducing the Ground Impact Forces Inherent in Plyometric Training

As a consequence of performing plyometric type exercises, such as depth jumps, impact forces placed on the musculoskeletal system during landing can lead to a potential for injury. A reduction of impact forces upon landing could therefore contribute to reduce the risk of injury. Twenty subjects performed a series of loaded jumps for maximal height, with and without a brake mechanism designed to reduce impact force during landing. The braked jumps were performed on the Plyometric Power System (PPS) with its braking mechanism set at 75% of body weight during the downward phase. The non-braked condition involved jumps with no braking. Vertical ground reaction force data, sampled for 5.5 s at 550 Hz from a Kistler forceplate, were collected for each jump condition. The following parameters were then calculated: peak vertical force, time to peak force, passive impact impulse and maximum concentric force. The brake served to significantly (p < 0.01) reduce peak impact force by 155% and passive impact impulse by 200%. No significant differences were found for peak concentric force production. The braking mechanism of the PPS significantly reduced ground impact forces without impeding concentric force production. The reduction in eccentric loading, using the braking mechanism, may reduce the incidence of injury associated with landings from high intensity plyometric exercises.

Analysis of Band Brake Engagement Behavior in Automatic Transmission.

Frictional characteristics of a band brake which is often used as a braking device in automatic transmission were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The oil film thickness between the band and the drum was visualized at the onset of band brake engagement. Calculations were made on the relationship between the oil film distribution and the oil temperature, oil flow rate, load pressure of the brake lining and other parameters. It was found that the initial coefficient of friction of the band brake depended on the mean oil film thickness.

ラインホーラ用負荷試験機の試作

A line braking device applying a load to a line hauler was built in the laboratoly. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of a line braking device. The results showed that the line braking device applied a load to the line hauler firmly, safely, and continuously. It was possible to reproduce the actual loading situation, approximately except for the rapid fluctuation in the tension. Thus the initial objective was satisfied. A testing set for line haulers including the line braking device could be widely introduced to study and training using fishery machine for lines.

Magneto-optical tachometer using plastic optical fibre

A magneto-optical tachometer using plastic optical fibre is described. This was specially designed for an automotive ABS braking device (antilock braking system). It uses a plate of polycrystalline CdMnTe developed by the authors as sensor element. Due to its compact design and its constitutive materials it is suitable for withstanding all the environmental hazards present in the car. The tachometer can measure wheel speed from 0 to 300 km h-1 with a signal variation less than 11 dB throughout the whole range.

Electromagnetic deceleration of metallic spheres

The author reports the results of an approximate model of the potential of static magnetic fields, producible by permanent magnets, to decelerate spherical metal samples by eddy currents induced in the materials. It is assumed that the velocity of the sample is low enough that the magnetic field diffusion time is significantly less than the time required for the samples to pass through a half cycle of the magnetic field. Thus, the interaction between the sample and the field will be fully resistive, and the sample's kinetic energy will be converted directly into heat by joule heating. The mode incorporates the effects of magnetic field strength and system geometry, and it predicts that a useful braking device can be constructed. The results of the theoretical analysis are also compared against preliminary tests using a laboratory model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>