Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Research Articles

Utilization of enriched hydrogen blends in the diesel engine with MgO nanoparticles for effective engine performance and emission control

The influence of hydrogen on the diesel engine has been examined in this study. In addition, the impact of MgO nanoparticles was also analysed by conducting a series of tests on samples such as Diesel (100 % diesel), DN (Diesel-50 ppm MgO), H1N (10 % Hydrogen-50 ppm MgO) and H2N (20 % Hydrogen-50 ppm MgO). Hydrogen was injected through intake manifold at the volume of 10 % and 20 %. Nanoparticles were dispersed using the ultrasonication techniques to accrue stable suspension. The experiments were conducted between 6 N-m to 24 N-m loads on a four-stroke single cylinder engine. The parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and heat release rate (HRR) were assessed. In addition to the performance and combustion, the environmental impact of the test blends was also analysed by examining the exhaust with a gas analyser. From the series of tests, it was evident that hydrogen enrichment in the test blends reported lower levels of emissions compared to neat diesel. The formation of the hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen of oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) was reduced due to the drop in the carbon atoms and enriched oxygen content in the combustion chamber. With regard to the performance, the hydrogen enriched nanoparticle blends reported peak BTE (37 %) and HRR (75 J/deg) than the other test blends. By assessing all the results, the addition of hydrogen is a potential option to reduce the environmental impact created by the fossil fuel without forfeiting the engine efficiency.

Optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics with cerium oxide nanoparticles mixed waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

The study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, and direct injection diesel engine with variable compression ratio using nanoparticles blended biofuel. The cerium Oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been blended in corresponding ratios with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. Further, response surface methodology (RSM) based Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach was used to evaluate engine performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and emission characteristics (such as NOx, CO, and CO2 emission). In addition, the quadratic models were obtained to investigate the influence of input parameters on each output response with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desirability approach was used to obtain the optimal engine performance and emission characteristics. The analysis revealed that WCO blended with CeO2 nanoparticles fuel improves CI engines’ performance and reduces their hazardous emissions. The compression ratio of 14:1 at 10.29% blend composition and 50 ppm concentration level of nanoparticles with composite desirability of 0.858 was found to be the engine’s optimal operating conditions. At optimal conditions, BTE, BSFC, NOx, CO, and CO2 were 36.62%, 0.2204 kg/kW-h, 168 ppm, 0.0192%, and 1.132% respectively.

Enviro-Economic Assessment of HHO–CNG Mixture Utilization in Spark Ignition Engine for Performance and Environmental Sustainability

Road transportation has received the attention of researchers due to its higher carbon footprint. Alternative fuels present major advantages in terms of environmental sustainability. For this reason, an enviro-economic analysis of alternative fuels carries great significance. However, scarce attempts have been rendered in order to ascertain the impact of a hydroxy gas (HHO) and compressed natural gas (CNG) mixture on sustainable environmental development. The current study addresses this issue by employing an HHO–CNG mixture and gasoline in spark ignition (SI) engines for the purposes of performance and environmental pollutants measurement. Then, engine emission data were substituted for Weibull distribution in order to establish suitability for 50 and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The mixture outperformed gasoline in terms of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emission contents. On average, hydroxy gas with CNG produced 10.59% lower oxides of nitrogen (NOX) comparative to gasoline. Finally, the enviro-economic analysis also turned out to be in favor of the hydroxy gas mixture owing to a saving of 36.14% in USD/year due to 27.87% lower production of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.

Emissions Characteristics and Engine Performance from the Interaction Effect of EGR and Diesel-Ethanol Blends in Diesel Engine

Recently, most of the researchers focused on provide lower greenhouse gas emissions that emitted from diesel engines by using renewable fuels to be good alternative to the conventional diesel fuel. Ethanol can be derived from renewable sources such as sugar cane, corn, timber and dates. In the current study, the ethanol fuel used in the tests was derived from the dates. The effects of using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) diesel-ethanol blend (E10) with on engine performance and emissions characteristics have been studied in diesel engine under various engine loads. This study focused the use of oxygen in the bio-ethanol composition to compensate for the decrease occurred by the addition of EGR, which improves the engine performance and reduces its emissions. In this experiment, the ratios of EGR were 10%, 20% and 30% as well as 10% ratio of ethanol was blended into the diesel fuel blend under fixed engine speed. A traditional (without additional systems to reduce emissions) four cylinders direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used for all tests. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased with increasing the EGR ratio by 10%, 20% and 30% by 18.7%, 22.4% and 37.4%, respectively. The thermal efficiency decreased under variable conditions of engine load for different ethanol blends. Furthermore, the emissions of NOX decreased when fuelled B10 into the engine in comparison with diesel under low engine load. Significant reduction in the NOx emissions were found when applied EGR in the tests than to the absence EGR for E10 blend and diesel. The NOx reduction rate was 12.3%, 30.6% and 43.4% when EGR rate was 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. In addition, the concentrations of HC and CO emissions decreased more by 8.23% and 6.4%, respectively, when using E10 in comparison with the diesel for various engine loads. It is indicated that the oxygen reduction by EGR effect was compensated from ethanol blend combustion. The results showed that the combination use of E10 and EGR leads to significant reduction in engine emissions accompanied with partial reduction in the engine performance.

Performance and Emission of Diesel Engine Fuelled by Commercial Bio-Diesel Fuels in Indonesia

Abstract The performance and emission of a small diesel engine fuelled by commercial diesel fuel in Indonesia are present in this paper. Various commercial diesel fuels in Indonesia are produced and marketed by Pertamina. As the largest oil company in Indonesia, Pertamina has developed various diesel fuels, namely Solar, Biosolar (B30), Dexlite, and Pertadex. This study explains in more detail the performance, fuel consumption, and emission produced by the four types of fuels, and they were investigated experimentally using a single-cylinder diesel engine at various engine speeds, from 1,000 rpm to 4,500 rpm. The result shows the engine fuelled by Pertadex generates the highest power and torque, while the lowest is generated by the Biosolar fuelled engine. The maximum torque and power generated by the Pertadex fuelled engine are about 25.5 Nm and 7200 W, respectively. The engine fuelled by Pertadex has the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.3037 kg·kW·h, compared to the engines fuelled by the Dexlite, Solar, and Biosolar fuels, with values around 0.3127, 0.3215, and 0.3338 kg·kW·h, respectively. At the same time, the measurement of gas emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, and HC was conducted simultaneously.

Influence of Renewable Fuels and Nanoparticles Additives on Engine Performance and Soot Nanoparticles Characteristics

The fuel combustion in diesel engines can be improved by adding nanomaterials to the fuel which result in an reduction in pollutant emissions and enhance the quality of fuel combustion. The engine performance and soot nanoparticles characteristics were evaluated in this study with adding nanoparticles of copper oxide (CuO2) to the rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and diesel under variable engine speeds. The addition of CuO2 to the RME significantly improve brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and decline the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 23.6% and 7.6%, respectively, compared to the neat RME and diesel fuel. The inclusion CuO2 nanoparticles into the RME and diesel led to decrease the concentration and number of particulate matter (PM)by 33% and 17% in comparison with neat RME and diesel without nano additives, respectively. Moreover, PM is significantly decreased by 31.5% during the RME combustion in comparison with neat RME and diesel under various engine speeds. It was also obtained that the number of emitted particles (npo) reduced by 23.5% with adding nanoparticles to the RME in comparison with diesel, while the diameter of soot nanoparticles (dpo) increased by 8.6% in comparison with diesel. Furthermore, the addition CuO2 to the RME decreased the size and number of particles more than to the diesel fuel.

Discernment of synergism in co-pyrolysis of HDPE and PP waste plastics for production of pyro-oil: Mechanistic investigation with economic analysis and health risk assessment

Plastic waste is a major environmental challenge globally as it can hazard the soil, groundwater, marine, and land creatures. It also emits several toxic gases in open environment when heated up. The ceaseless demands for plastic materials due to wide applications generated a high volume of plastic waste which can impact sustainability development. The present study reports synergism in co-pyrolysis of mixed waste plastic for production of value-added products with economic analysis and health risk assessment. The characterization results of mass spectroscopy and NMR revealed that the product contains different types of hydrocarbons such as paraffins, aromatic, cyclic olefins, and lower hydrocarbons. The physicochemical characterization of pyro-oil showed similar fuel properties to that of commercial diesel (CD). Blending of pyro-oil obtained from HDPE:PP (20:80) improved the fuel quality that results in high brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). At the maximum load condition, ∼19.17% and 29.43% enhancement in BTE were observed with 10% and 20% PO blending, respectively. Also, ∼23.4% of fuel consumption was reduced when 20% PO blend was used with CD. The results showed that the maximum CO emission of 30.93% could be reduced by blending 10% PO. The engine performance and combustion characteristics revealed that PO blended fuels emit low percentage of CO, NOx, CO2, and HC – which essentially suggest a better life style by minimizing the health risks via reduction in greenhouse gas emission that may cause cardiovascular collapse, seizures, coma, and sometimes death. Thus, the present study will help in valorization and mitigation of generated waste plastics through energy conservation and boost the circular economy. The economic analysis based on the present investigation showed that ∼₹9.73 (0.12$) profit per litter can be achieved in the first year itself, while the profit in the 2nd and 5th year could be increased up to ₹54.43 (0.68$) and ₹67.73 (0.85$), respectively.

Effect of using spirulina algae methyl ester on the performance of a diesel engine with changing compression ratio: an experimental investigation

Diesel engine characteristics were investigated experimentally while adding different concentrations of third generation biodiesel spirulina algae methyl ester (SAME). Three volumetric blends of SAME are added to standard Iraqi diesel, namely 10% SAME, 20% SAME, and 30% SAME. The properties of the fuels were found according to the American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM). Experimental work was conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine under variable load and compression ratio. Three compression ratios are used, starting from 14.5, 15.5, and 16.5. Based on the results obtained, the presence of SAME along with diesel caused an increase in Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) while decreasing both brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT). Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased by 7.14%, 8.57%, and 10.71%, for 10% SAME, 20% SAME, and 30% SAME, respectively, compared to the original neat diesel fuel. The dramatic carbon monoxide (CO) emission reduction was at full load point. The addition of SAME from (10 to 30)% reported a decrease in CO by (6.67–20)%. NOx, as well as CO2 emission, are increased as a result of SAME addition. The compression ratio change from (14.5/1 to 16.5/1) led to increased BTE, NOx, and decreased BSFC and all carbon emissions. The experimental results are validated with other studies' findings, and minor divergence is reported.

Effect of α-aluminium oxide nano additives with Sal biodiesel blend as a potential alternative fuel for existing DI diesel engine

The increasing demand, rapid consumption, price increase, limited reserves, and environmental concern due to pollution produced by conventional fossil fuel (diesel & gasoline) are a few reasons why biofuels need to be explored. The present paper employs a systematic methodology to examine the performance of a 20% volumetric blend of Sal biodiesel (S20) blended with diesel using α-aluminium oxide (α-Al2O3) nanoparticles (NP) as additives and is compared with a diesel under like circumstances. The central composite design, Box-Behnken design (BBD) based response surface methodology, and desirability tests are used in the organized experiments on a diesel engine configuration to facilitate calibration. The created multivariate regression model yields all of the best engine inputs. Interaction effects are used to determine the most influential element by observing the interaction of two distinct input factors on a single response. According to the desirability tests, the highest estimated desirability was 0.579; the optimal input parameters found are 21°bTDC injection timing (IT), 238 bar injection pressure (IOP), 17 compression ratio (CR), and 74 ppm concentration of α-Al2O3NP, estimated the optimized response of brake thermal efficiency (BHTE) 31.18%, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) 0.2975 kg/kWh, carbon monoxide (CO) 0.0887%, hydrocarbon (HC) 31 ppm, oxide of nitrogen (NOx) 677 ppm, and smoke level 54.92%. These predicted values were validated with experimental results, and errors were within the range. The nanoparticle combination sample offers improved brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and lower BSFC rate than the S20 while testing for the optimal parametric condition. Graphical abstract [Formula: see text]

Performance optimization of a diesel engine fueled with hydrogen/biodiesel with water addition based on the response surface methodology

The purpose of this research was to achieve the best performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a marine engine fueled with hydrogen (5%, 10% and 15% energy fraction), water (2, 4 and 6 wt%) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) blend fuel by the multi-objective optimization. Based on the experimental results of the engine at 50%, 75% and 100% loads, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed, and an improved chemical kinetic mechanism was developed to simulate the fuel combustion process. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the combustion and emission characteristics of the marine diesel engine. The result showed that the hydrogen and water can improve the combustion and emission characteristics of the marine engine. The best solution was to select the desirable value of 0.632, and the engine achieves the best state by fueling R + 15H + 2.5W at 74.69% load. At the point, the optimum values of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were 208.31 g/kW·h, 39.22%, 941.21 ppm, 325.86 ppm and 1073.4 ppm, respectively. For this study, adding appropriate hydrogen and water to biodiesel can achieve efficient, low carbon and clean combustion in marine engine.

Emulsification – A promising approach to improve performance and reduce exhaust emissions of a biodiesel fuelled light-duty diesel engine

The effectiveness of employing emulsions prepared with water and ethanol to reduce the inherently higher levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission with biodiesel, whilst improving or maintaining the smoke emission, is investigated in the present work. To facilitate a one-to-one comparison, the water/ethanol to biodiesel ratio for the emulsions was similar at 18% by mass. Experiments were conducted on a light-duty diesel engine at a constant speed and varying loads with diesel, biodiesel, biodiesel-water and biodiesel-ethanol emulsions. A novel surfactant, Poly Glycerol Poly Ricinoleate (PGPR), was used for preparing biodiesel-water emulsion that exhibited no phase separation for over four months. The results obtained with both emulsions were compared with neat biodiesel as the reference fuel. Ignition delay and peak pressure increased for both emulsions. The biodiesel-water emulsion resulted in advanced combustion phasing while it was retarded with ethanol emulsion. The brake thermal efficiency increased with biodiesel-water emulsion up to 7% at 6.3 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) while at 3% with ethanol emulsion. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 20% with biodiesel-water emulsion, while it remained the same as biodiesel with ethanol emulsion. The emulsions simultaneously reduced NOx and smoke emissions; the biodiesel-water emulsion was more effective, resulting in a maximum reduction of 45% and 37% in NOx and smoke emissions, respectively. The biodiesel-water emulsion also significantly reduced carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, with a maximum reduction of 54% at 6.3 bar BMEP. Overall, the emulsification of biodiesel provides considerable benefits in terms of reduced exhaust emissions and improved engine performance.

Effects of the Degree of Unsaturation of Fatty Acid Esters on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to petro-derived diesel. The cetane number indicates the degree of difficulty in the compression-ignition of liquid fuel-powered engines. The allylic position equivalent (APE), which represents the unsaturated degree of fatty acid esters, was one of the key parameters for the cetane number of biodiesel. Due to the significant attributes of APE for biodiesel properties, the impact of APE on engine performance and emission characteristics was investigated in this study. The engine characteristics could be improved by adjusting the biodiesel fuel structure accordingly. A four-stroke and four-cylinder diesel engine accompanied by an engine dynamometer and a gas analyzer were used to derive the optimum blending ratio of the two biodiesels from soybean oil and waste cooking oil. Three fuel samples composed of various proportions of those two biodiesels and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) were prepared. The amounts of saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids of the biodiesel made from waste cooking oil were significantly higher than those of the soybean-oil biodiesel by 9.92 wt. % and 28.54 wt. %, respectively. This caused a higher APE of the soybean-oil biodiesel than that of the biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The APE II biodiesel appeared to have the highest APE value (80.68) among those fuel samples. When the engine speed was increased to 1600 rpm, in comparison with the ULSD sample, the APE II biodiesel sample was observed to have lower CO and O2 emissions and engine thermal efficiency by 15.66%, 0.6%, and 9.3%, while having higher CO2 and NOx emissions, exhaust gas temperature, and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 2.56%, 13.8%, 8.9 °C, and 16.67%, respectively. Hence, the engine performance and emission characteristics could be enhanced by adequately adjusting the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid esters represented by the APE of biodiesel.

Effects of Reactive Species Produced by Electrolysis of Water Mist and Air through Non-Thermal Plasma on the Performance and Exhaust Gas of Gasoline Engines.

Countries are paying increasing attention to environmental issues and are moving towards the goal of energy saving and carbon reduction. This research presents a method to analyse the effects of the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) and water injection (WI) devices on the efficiency of internal combustion engines. The devices were installed on the intake manifold to investigate the effects of additional substances produced by electrolysis on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. According to the results, the addition of the NTP and WI devices affected the power efficiency and the rate of change of the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the internal combustion engines. In addition, the change rate of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gases was affected. In conclusion, the study found that the additional substances generated by the NTP-electrolysed water mist or air influenced the fuel combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions.

Effect of synthetic antioxidant-doped biodiesel in the low heat rejection engine

Thermal barrier coated (TBC) engines are used to increase engine performance and reduce emissions, but they increase NOx emissions. Biofuels can be doped with different types of antioxidants or additives to reduce NOx emissions and improve engine performance. In this investigation, N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) is used as an antioxidant. IPPD at different concentrations, viz. 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, was mixed with Jatropha methyl ester (JME) and the mixtures were tested as fuels in a TBC piston assembled engine. The piston crown is coated with a mixture of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and cerium oxide (CeO2) with a thickness of 0.3 mm. The TBC piston is assembled in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection (DI), constant speed diesel engine for the investigation. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is higher by 18.8% than that of the conventional engine, and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is lower by 11.7%. Unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions are lower by about 23.4%, 22.9% and 23.5%, respectively, at maximum load, after doping with the antioxidant compared with the JME-fueled conventional engine. Nitric oxide (NO) emission was reduced by 8.9% at maximum load for JME doped with 1000 ppm antioxidant.

Reducing the Effect of High Sulfur Content in Diesel Fuel on NO x Emissions and PM Characteristics Using a PPCI Mode Engine and Gasoline-Diesel Blends.

Recently, high sulfur content in diesel fuel is one of the main problems that have an effect on combustion and emission characteristics. Iraq is one of many countries in the world that use diesel fuel with high sulfur content. Therefore, the partially premixed combustion ignition (PPCI) concept and different blend ratios of gasoline–diesel (GD30, GD40, and GD50) were suggested in this study to reduce the sulfur content in the fuel, improve the engine performance, and reduce the exhaust emissions. The combined effect of adding gasoline to the diesel fuel and manipulating the fuel injection timings can lead to better and clean combustion. For the same engine operating conditions, it is found that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreases during the combustion of GD blends in comparison with diesel fuel. Furthermore, the results of using GD blends showed a small reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared to the conventional diesel fuel. The exhaust gas temperature reduces from the combination effect of PPCI mode and GD blends, which in turn decreases the NOx emission concentration under variable conditions of engine loads and speeds. It is indicated that the NOx emissions significantly decreased during the combustion of GD30, GD40, and GD50 blends by 25.94, 50.9, and 84%, respectively, in comparison with diesel fuel. In addition, higher reduction in CO and HC formation was obtained during the combustion of conventional fuel in comparison with the combustion of GD blends. The results showed that the number and concentration of PM reduced more when using GD blends and PPCI mode. The average particle diameter (dp) decreased from the combustion of GD blends in comparison with diesel fuel. The particle diameter of the GD blend was varied from 25 to 26 nm compared to those of diesel fuel of 35 and 36 nm under the same engine operating conditions. Reducing the sulfur content in GD blends contributed to a clear reduction in SO2 and H2S emissions by 57.85 and 50.12%, respectively.

Investigation on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel-Ethanol Blends

The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of different diesel–bioethanol blended fuels on combustion, engine performance, and emission characteristics in a four-cylinder common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine according to various engine loads. Combustion characteristics including in-cylinder pressure, maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), and maximum HRR; engine performance including brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC); and emission characteristics including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke were compared and analyzed. The four test fuels were diesel (D100), 95% D100 blended with 5% ethanol by volume (D95E5), 90% D100 blended with 10% ethanol by volume (D90E10), and 85% D100 blended with 15% ethanol by volume (D85E15). The results indicated that the addition of ethanol had no great impact on the in-cylinder pressure and HRR, but it could significantly reduce CO, NOx, and smoke emissions. The only deficiency was that BSFC was increased to varying degrees with increase of ethanol due to its low heating value.

The LPG-diesel fuel dual fuelling effect on diesel engine performance

The use of alternative fuels can improve the performance of diesel engine in terms of pollution, [1], [2], [3].Low-carbon fuels [2] can successfully replace conventional fuels in modern engines or in future engines [1]. This may be an efficient method to ameliorate the exhaust emissions for engines of 2050, especially in terms of CO2 reduction, an important issue at the internal combustion engines of automotive fleets. The liquid petroleum gas, [1-5] which has a low carbon content comparative to diesel fuel can be a good solution in terms of fuelling. The paper presents an analysis of the experimental results obtained at the speed of 3900 rev/min for three loads: 40%, 55% and 70% for dual fueling with diesel fuel and LPG. At 40% load, at dual fueling, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is reduced by a maximum of 3.5% for xc = 8.14 comparative to classic fueling and at higher LPG doses the reduction is 1.88%. At 55% load, the dual fueled engine efficiency is similar to that of the classic engine, but for xc=0.37…0.43 the BSFC is reduced by 0.6%…1.2% compared to xc=0.18…0.32. At 70% load there is a continuous improvement in engine efficiency, the BSFC decreasing at dual fueling, especially at all degrees of substitution greater than xc = 0.2, compared to conventional engine. Generally, at dual fueling, the maximum pressure does not exceed the values recorded for classic fueling. At partial load 40% the NOx decrease with 29% for xc=21,57, by up to 17.7% at a maximum xc at a 55% load and by up to at 22.3% at 70% load. Reduction of HC emission level by up to 52.5% at 40% load, by up to 85.7% at 55% load and by 98.3% at 70% load, respectively. For smoke emission, the opacity level is reduced by up to 67.5%, at 40% load, by 50% at 55% load and by 39.13% at 70% load; the smoke number is reduced by up to 66.6% at 40% load, by 55.5% at 55% load and by up to 45.4% at 70% load. The CO2 emission level is reduced by 9.4% at 40% load, 3.1% at 55% load and 6.58% at 70% load, respectively, for the maximum substitution rate used at each operating regime.

Taguchi Approach and Multiple Regression Analysis for IDI Engine with RBME Optimization

Diesel engines are suited to human usage. With the trend of Petro diesel running out, experts have been concentrating more on alternative fuels. One such alternative fuel whose fuel characteristics are more similar to diesel is bio-diesel. The majority of researchers came to the conclusion that by using 100% bio-diesel, emissions might be lowered while still retaining efficiency, with a minor increase in NOX emissions relative to diesel fuel. In this study, we looked at adding isopropanol to reduce these NOX emissions. An IDI (Indirect Diesel Injection) single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine is selected for testing. It is feasible to ascertain the engine characteristics and emissions of fuels like diesel and rice bran methyl ester (RBME) mixed with iso-propanol additive by conducting tests on IDI engines. The goal of the task is to determine the best settings for each answer, analyse the impact of each input component on the response, compare projected values using Taguchi's Additive Law and multiple regression techniques, and determine Confidence Intervals (CI). The regression formulas are derived from multiple regression analysis with a coefficient of regression up to 83% for the responses Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BThe), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), and Smoke. RBME+2% Isopropanol is shown to be the optimum fuel overall based on engine performance and emission characteristics, particularly for EGT, BThe, BSFC, O2, NOX, and Smoke.

Experimental investigation on the effects of Miller cycle coupled with asynchronous intake valves on the performance of a high compression ratio GDI engine

In this study, a series of comparative experiments were conducted on a gasoline direct ignition (GDI) turbocharged engine to investigate the effects of asynchronous intake valve Miller cycle (AIVMC) on the performance, combustion and emissions characteristics. The results show that using the asynchronous valve closing in the test engine can not only realize the Miller cycle, but also flexibly control the load, effectively reduce pump loss and improve fuel economy compared to the late intake valve closing. The minimum brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the test engine equipped with and without the AIVMC are 235.59 g/kwh and 255.2 g/kwh at the condition of 2600 rpm and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) 8 bar, which obtains a reduction of 7.7% compared to the baseline engine. In addition, the corresponding brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of test engine used the AIVMC is 35.6%, which is improved 8.2%. Besides, under the same geometric compression ratio, using the AIVMC in the test engine effectively improves the antiknock performance, keeps the 50% combustion location (CA50) closer to top dead center, shortens combustion duration, and expands the load range of low fuel consumption. As for emission performance, compared with baseline engine, though the application of AIVMC has lower mean in-cylinder temperature, the NOx emissions increases at low and medium loads but decreases at high load while HC emissions increases.

Diesel-Biodiesel-Water Fuel Nanoemulsions for Direct Injection and Indirect Injection Diesel Engines: Performance and Emission Characteristics.

An experimental research is assessed to examine the engine performance and exhaust emissions of direct injection (DI) and indirect injection diesel (IDI) engines fueled with petroleum diesel, biodiesel, and nanoemulsion fuel. The nanoemulsion fuel was produced using a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. These three fuels were used to study the exhaust emissions, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature at engine speeds ranging from 1100, 1400, 1700, 2000, and 2300 rpm with engine loads of 25, 50, and 75%. Furthermore, three fuels were burned in two types of combustion engines such as DI and IDI diesel engines under identical conditions. The finding showed that using DI and IDI engines influenced the magnitude of emissions as well as the performance with different speeds and loads. By comparing the performance of DI and IDI engines at a maximum engine load of 75%, the most concerning parameter among the efficiency of an engine of BTE of diesel, biodiesel, and nanoemulsion fuel from the DI engine was higher at 24.19, 24.83, and 20.76%, respectively, than that of the IDI engine at 2300 rpm engine speed. At the maximum load and speed of engines, the BSFC of diesel, biodiesel, and nanoemulsion fuel in the DI engine were 4.44, 23.73, and 20% lower than in the IDI engine, respectively. Emission results of the DI and IDI engines were analyzed at 75% load and 2300 rpm speed. The results demonstrated that emissions of NOx from nanoemulsion fuel from the IDI engine was significantly reduced by 82.46% when the values were compared to the DI engine. In terms of CO emissions, the IDI engine emits significantly less than the DI diesel engine. The CO emissions of diesel, biodiesel, and nanoemulsion fuel in the IDI engine were 69.02, 28.95, and 48.75% lower than those in the DI engine, respectively. The studies conclude that the emissions from IDI engines clearly show that pollution from exhaust emissions can be reduced to a low level compared to the DI engine. However, when high-performance engines are considered, the DI engine is recommended rather than the IDI engine.