Braking Energy Recovery System Research Articles

Modeling and Performance Optimization of Pure Electric Vehicle Brake Energy Recovery System Based on Simulink

Modeling and Performance Optimization of Pure Electric Vehicle Brake Energy Recovery System Based on Simulink

Research on hydraulic braking energy recovery system of heavy vehicles

The carbon emission of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle is almost equal to the sum of 100 small cars. In the global environment where energy conservation and emission reduction are advocated, the pollution caused by heavy vehicles is non-negligible. A hydraulic brake energy recovery and regeneration system can store the braking energy, convert the energy into kinetic energy and output it to the vehicle transmission system when starting or accelerating, thereby reducing energy consumption and achieving the role of energy conservation and emission reduction. Firstly, this paper mainly summarizes several vehicle energy recovery technology schemes and determines the hydraulic braking energy recovery scheme after a comprehensive comparison. Secondly, the overall structure of the hydraulic brake energy recovery and regeneration system is designed, and the working mode is analyzed. Finally, according to the working characteristics of the main components in the system, the mathematical model is established, the key parameters are simulated and studied, and the appropriate selection and matching scheme is provided.

Comparison of regenerative braking energy recovery of a DC third rail system under various operating conditions

Conducting simulations prior to real-world testing is essential for the planning and development of rail systems. However, accurately representing the train trajectory characteristics resulting from the railway power system and the dynamic load changes based on the train position can be challenging. The power exchange between trains and the fluctuating rail resistance between them add to the computational complexity. Given these challenges, the aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive model of DC third rail systems based on the operational requirements and parameters of the MRT Line 2 Malaysia. Moreover, the simulation method should be adaptable to investigate potential energy savings through regenerative braking systems, thereby maximizing the energy efficiency of electric railways. This study outlines the development of a framework that models the power flow within an electric rail network using a specific case study example. A simulation is presented with 15 trains operating on a double rail track to validate the model for multiple train operations. Notably, the simulation methodology developed in this research is unique compared to other approaches found in relevant literature. It integrates both the power system and train trajectory, incorporating actual system information from a practical DC third rail system to generate precise trajectory outcomes. The results show that implementing a regenerative braking energy recovery system in all traction power substations (TPSSs) has the potential to achieve significant electrical energy savings of up to 55.75% for the entire system.

A novel regenerative braking energy recuperation system for electric vehicles based on driving style

The regenerative braking energy recovery system of pure electric vehicle is to recover and reuse the consumed driving energy under the premise of ensuring the braking safety. In this paper, the regenerative braking energy recovery system of pure electric vehicle was optimized based on driving style, and the driver model is constructed and the parameters that characterise driving style are determined. BLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory) neural network model method was introduced for deep self-learning, and IDP (Iterative dynamic programming)-BLSTM based regenerative braking energy recovery management control strategy was established. Through theoretical analysis and numerical model of the system, the results of parameter representation of the energy system were preliminarily evaluated and road test was carried out. The results of real vehicle test show that IDP-BLSTM method can meet the personalized requirements of various drivers, improve driving experience and safety, and recover braking energy efficiently.

Comprehensive Analysis of Braking Energy Recovery System for New Energy Vehicle

The braking performance of a vehicle not only has a direct impact on the safety of the vehicle, but is also closely related to the comfort of the driver and passengers. As the amount of new energy vehicles (NEVs) constantly rising, more and more people are choosing new energy vehicles as a way to get around, and as a direct factor in determining the braking capability of a vehicle, the design of the braking system of a modern NEV is crucial. In normal operation, braking energy recovery (BER) is the biggest advantage of NEVs that distinguishes them from conventional vehicles. As an essential way to save energy in electric vehicles (EVs), this technology uses the motor to recover part of the energy from braking, which can effectively enhance energy utilization and the driving mileage of the vehicle.

Regenerative Braking Algorithm for Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles Based on Fuzzy Q-Learning

The use of regenerative braking systems is an important approach for improving the travel mileage of electric vehicles, and the use of an auxiliary hydraulic braking energy recovery system can improve the efficiency of the braking energy recovery process. In this paper, we present an algorithm for optimizing the energy recovery efficiency of a hydraulic regenerative braking system (HRBS) based on fuzzy Q-Learning (FQL). First, we built a test bench, which was used to verify the accuracy of the hydraulic regenerative braking simulation model. Second, we combined the HRBS with the electric vehicle in ADVISOR. Third, we modified the regenerative braking control strategy by introducing the FQL algorithm and comparing it with a fuzzy-control-based energy recovery strategy. The simulation results showed that the power savings of the vehicle optimized by the FQL algorithm were improved by about 9.62% and 8.91% after 1015 cycles and under urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) cycle conditions compared with a vehicle based on fuzzy control and the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. The regenerative braking control strategy optimized by the fuzzy reinforcement learning method is more efficient in terms of energy recovery than the fuzzy control strategy.

Method for Recovery of Vehicle Braking Energy with Electric Drive Powered by DC Network and Device for Its Implementation

Designing and creating new energy efficient and cost-effective systems is an integral part of the development of the transport industry. An effective solution to the problem of high operational fuel consumption of vehicles is the improvement of braking energy recovery systems, which will significantly increase the range of the vehicle. The paper considers the existing types of braking energy recovery systems for various vehicles. An own scheme for improving the recuperation system is proposed, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of recuperation while maintaining the overall dimensions of the device.

The Analysis of Energy Recovered during the Braking of an Electric Vehicle in Different Driving Conditions

The partial recovery of kinetic energy during braking allows the vehicle’s battery to be additionally charged and thus extends the range of an electric vehicle. Because of the different operating strategies of the braking energy recovery system, it is important to understand the factors influencing the level of recovered energy. The driving conditions at the place of use have a direct impact on the energy efficiency of an electric vehicle. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the energy recovered during braking in different driving conditions. The tests were based on the parameters of actual trips made along urban and suburban routes, and express roads. The collected actual speed profiles were used for the simulation studies. AVL cruise vehicle simulation software was used in the study. Simulation tests revealed that the levels of energy recovered during braking in an electric vehicle were the highest in urban conditions. The amount of energy recovered during urban driving can account for 20% of the total trip energy. In driving conditions characterized by different intensities caused by trips at different times of the day, similar values of recovered energy were recorded. When driving in the afternoon hours, the level of recovered energy per 1 km was about 2% lower than when driving in rush hour conditions. From the results presented in this paper, it can be concluded that driving conditions have an impact on the level of recovered energy. The type of road on which the electric vehicle drives is particularly important.

Research on the influence factors of brake regenerative energy of pure electric vehicles based on the CLTC

The braking energy recovery system (BERS) is an important support for the improvement of the mileage of pure electric vehicles. However, the actual feedback effect of the BERS is seriously affected by factors such as ambient temperature and road conditions. To explore the influence factors of the BERS of pure electric vehicles, a widely popular pure electric vehicle is selected as the research object. Based on the CLTC, the 11 segments can be obtained through segment division firstly. Then, the research on the variation law of the brake regenerative energy of pure electric vehicles affected by the normal and low temperature environment and the different segment characteristics can be carried out in this paper. The research shows that the segment characteristics are strongly correlated with the vehicle brake regenerative energy. And the strong braking deceleration and large deceleration means more brake regenerative energy. The ambient temperature indirectly affects the process of the BERS feedbacking energy by causing changes in the total braking energy, the battery charging power and loss and the braking energy distribution ratio. And the low temperature environment means less brake regenerative energy. The research results provide guiding significance for the formulation of the braking energy recovery control strategies of pure electric vehicles.

A Novel Anti-Saturation Model-Free Adaptive Control Algorithm and Its Application in the Electric Vehicle Braking Energy Recovery System

In this work, a novel anti-saturation model-free adaptive control (AS-MFAC) algorithm is proposed for the problem of pure electric vehicle’s braking energy recovery with the uncertain dynamic external factors. In the process of energy recovery during vehicle braking, actuator saturation and error accumulation occur due to various external conditions. In AS-MFAC, the non-linear dynamics of the vehicle braking energy recovery process is firstly linearized via a novel dynamical linearization technique with a time-varying parameter pseudo partial derivative (PPD). Then, by proposing the concept of the saturation parameter, the AS-MFAC controller is designed. Consequently, the stability and safety of the braking system are guaranteed while ensuring energy recovery. The major advantages of the AS-MFAC algorithm are that the controller uses only input and output data from the regenerative braking control system and this approach addresses the actuator saturation problem as well as provides a feasible solution. Moreover, the stability of the AS-MFAC algorithm is proven by rigorous mathematical theory and its effectiveness is verified by a series of experimental simulations. Remarkably, the proposed AS-MFAC controller has the property of symmetry since the controller structure and the corresponding parameter (time-varying PPD) estimator are both inferred based on the project algorithm. Consequently, the structures of the controller and the parameters of AS-MFAC have a symmetric similarity.

Experimental Research on Braking Feedback and Taxiing Feedback System of New Energy Vehicles

This paper took a new energy vehicle feedback system as the research object, aiming to study the energy recovery law of the new energy vehicle under braking feedback and taxiing feedback conditions. Firstly, the braking energy feedback control strategy and different forms of taxiing energy feedback were studied. Then the integration and application of braking energy recovery system were carried out on a pure electric bus and a hybrid electric bus, with each vehicle model corresponding to different integration and test schemes, which provided a guarantee for the relevant test of real vehicle environments. Finally, relevant vehicle experiments were carried out to test the impact of superposition and coordination strategies on the contribution rate of braking energy recovery under a typical Chinese city bus circle and compared the difference in vehicle energy consumption with and without taxi feedback strategy. The test results showed that the coordinated braking energy recovery control strategy can make more effective use of the maximum torque that can be fed back by the motor, and the fuel consumption of the taxiing feedback mode was lower than that of the no taxiing feedback mode under different driving conditions.

Analysis of the starting and braking device of the vehicle

The article shows that the use of a pneumohydraulic braking energy recovery system is a promising way to improve both new cars and various used vehicles operated in urban conditions. Keywords analysis; efficiency; patent; vehicle; wheel; braking; acceleration

Research and Implementation of Electric Vehicle Braking Energy Recovery System Based on Computer

The invention and application of automobiles have made important contributions to the development of human civilization. With the innovation of computer technology and the change of people’s understanding, the structure, driving system and working efficiency of automobiles are changing and improving. Today, more than 100 years later, cars are still an important means of transportation in people’s daily life. Automobile industry has played a great role in contemporary world economic activities, bringing convenience to people’s lives, increasing many employment opportunities and bringing huge wealth. It has become one of the pillar industries of world economic development. While automobiles have made great contributions to human civilization, the air pollution caused by automobile exhaust has seriously affected people’s living environment. Today’s cars on the market use two kinds of energy sources, petroleum fuel and electric energy. In order to solve the environmental problems and energy crisis brought by the development of automobile industry, electric vehicles are favored by governments of various countries and major automobile companies in the world. Because of its advantages of energy efficiency, wide sources of electric energy and environmental protection, an upsurge of developing electric vehicles has swept the world. Today, with the rapid development of electric vehicles, battery life has become a serious obstacle to their faster development. So as to improve the cruising range of electric cars, that is significant to increase the battery quality or energy density, which also greatly increases the cost of electric vehicles and is not conducive to the further promotion of electric vehicles. We can conduct in-depth research on improving the braking energy recovery and utilization rate of electric vehicles. From the perspective of environmental protection, electric vehicles have zero emissions. Even if the exhaust emissions from power plants and other power generation methods are included, the air pollution can still be greatly reduced. The requirements of society for sustainable development and its own advantages make electric vehicles the correct direction for the future development of automobile industry.

Research and implementation of new-type supercapacitor and battery hybrid energy storage system

When a dump truck brakes, it is difficult to effectively absorb the braking energy due to the transient mutation of braking energy. At the same time, braking energy production is too high to store easily. Focusing on these problems, this paper proposes a new type of two-stage series supercapacitor and battery (SP&B) hybrid energy storage system (ESS). Using the characteristics of supercapacitors, which can charge and discharge quickly with large currents, the system combines the supercapacitors with a battery with a high energy storage capacity. This allows sudden large currents to be absorbed and released rapidly, while large amounts of energy can be stored. This system can also reduce the charge and discharge times of the SP&B to meet the working requirements of dump truck braking while improving the service life of the system. After completion of the research and implementation of the proposed SP&B hybrid ESS, a laboratory dynamic model was set up as an experimental platform and vehicle operation experiments were performed. The obtained results show that the energy recovery efficiency of the hybrid ESS can reach 53.5%, which can realize both security and stability for dump truck braking energy recovery and utilization (BER&U) systems.

An Innovative Design of Decoupled Regenerative Braking System for Electric City Bus Based on Chinese Typical Urban Driving Cycle

This paper proposes a novel decoupled approach of a regenerative braking system for an electric city bus, aiming at improving the utilization of the kinetic energy for rear axle during a braking process. Three contributions are added to distinguish from the previous research. Firstly, an energy-flow model of the electric bus is established to identify the characteristic parameters which affect the energy-saving efficiency of the vehicle, while the key parameters (e.g., driving cycles and the recovery rate of braking energy) are also analyzed. Secondly, a decoupled braking energy recovery scheme together with the control strategy is developed based on the characteristics of the power assistance for electric city bus which equips an air braking system, as well as the regulatory requirements of ECE R13. At last, the energy consumption of the electric city bus is analyzed by both the simulation and vehicle tests, when the superimposed and the decoupled regenerative braking system are, respectively, employed for the vehicle. The simulation and actual road test results show that compared with the superposition braking system of the basic vehicle, the decoupled braking energy recovery system after the reform can improve the braking energy recovery rate and vehicle energy-saving degree. The decoupled energy recovery system scheme and control strategy proposed in this paper can be adopted by bus factories to reduce the energy consumption of pure-electric buses.

An electro-mechanical braking energy recovery system based on coil springs for energy saving applications in electric vehicles

Regenerative braking system is a promising energy recovery mechanism to achieve energy saving in EVs (electric vehicles). This paper focuses on a novel mechanical and electrical dual-pathway braking energy recovery system (BERS) based on coil springs for energy saving applications in EVs. With the aims of maximizing energy recovery efficiency, mechanical and electrical recovery strategies are respectively employed under two different brake situations of inching braking and emergency braking. This system mainly consists of three parts, including the mechanical module, electrical module and control module. The mechanical module utilizes coil springs to store the kinetic energy in the form of elastic potential energy which can be utilized to provide a part of the starting torque for EVs. The electrical module enables recovery of the braking energy into the vehicle battery. The control module controls the mechanical module and the electrical module to work coordinately to select an appropriate energy recovery pathway under different braking modes. A full-size prototype, manufactured and based on this design, is introduced. Simulations and experiments of the proposed regenerative braking system are conducted to verify the system. Auxiliary starting torque of 12.7 N m, maximum voltage of 3.5 V and total energy recovery efficiencies of 0.53 can be obtained, verifying that the proposed braking energy recovery system is effective and beneficial for vehicle energy savings.

Determination of optimal characteristics of braking energy recovery system in vehicles operating in urban conditions

The results of the research presented in this article characterize the influence of various factors on the current processes of the kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) for recovering kinetic energy of vehicles with electromechanical or electric drive (hybrid and electric cars) under braking. The article presents the basic limits of variations in accelerations and initial speeds during braking in urban traffic using WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycles) as an example. Relationships affecting braking recovery are identified, which makes it possible to determine the power of the braking forces acting on a vehicle. Relationships between the initial braking speed, acceleration of deceleration, and recovery power are determined based on the relationships between the propulsion power and energy analysis. The resulting field of values for changes in regenerative braking power allows us to get an idea of the characteristics of KERS elements. The presented diagram describing changes in the maximum braking force power depending on the initial speed and acceleration of deceleration of a vehicle provides an insight into the possible ranges of the effective operation of the energy recovery system. As a result of a theoretical experiment, it was established that the vehicle mass affects the maximum power of regenerative braking. Based on the results of theoretical research, it is possible to determine the maximum current and power absorbed by an electric energy storage unit. The obtained relationship between the speed and acceleration in the process of active deceleration allows us to get an idea of the possible modes of charging the electric energy storage unit. Tests in road conditions, conducted with the use of several types of vehicles and test models with a hybrid engine, confirm the results of the research. The approaches presented in this article and the obtained results are indicative of the regularities of regenerative braking in vehicles operated in the road network, which makes it possible to select the optimal characteristics of an electric propulsion drive and ensure high fuel energy and environmental efficiency of vehicles at a minimum cost.

Research on Brake Energy Recovery System Based on Uncertain Stacked Auto Encoder Method

Aiming at the problem of real-time and poor reliability caused by the complex control algorithm of braking energy recovery system of electric vehicle, the uncertainty optimization theory is introduced into the SAE sample data preprocessing stage to establish the uncertainty SAE control parameter prediction model. The simulation results show that the real-time and reliability of the proposed method meet the system requirements, and the prediction accuracy of the control parameters is high.

Brake energy recovery system for electric vehicle

ABSTRACT Taking the Electric Vehicles (EV) as the study object, this paper conduct a survey on the brake energy recovery control of a hybrid energy system. The motor is driven by double closed-loop control based on the motoring condition and the brake feedback of the DC brushless motor. Here, the supercapacitor charge–discharge states are quantitatively analysed. The two-phase interlacing parallels bidirectional DC/DC converter will be controlled using a PI controller. DC brushless motor/controller and dual power supply modules are built-in advisors. Furthermore, a simulation test has been completed for the vehicle under the conditions of urban and suburban driving cycles. As an integral part for EV control, the brake energy recovery system has a certain application and promising R&D prospect.

Research on the influence of the proportional relay valve on the economy and safety of the electric bus through the braking energy recovery system

ABSTRACT To research the influence of the proportional relay valve on the economy and safety of the electric bus through the braking recovery system, a proportional relay valve model was proposed. Based on the analysis of the structure and working principle of the solenoid on/off valve, a dynamic model of “electro-magnetic-machine-air” coupling was simulated and analyzed. Then, based on the solenoid on/off valve and proportional relay valve, two pressure regulator modules were designed, the braking energy recovery system schemes were designed, respectively. Fuel economy tests were carried out under China city bus typical driving cycle based on two kinds of air pressure regulating module to research the influence of the proportional relay valve on the economy of the electric bus. An integrated control system of braking energy recovery and anti-lock braking system based on the proportional relay valve was proposed, hardware-in-the-loop braking energy recovery system contrast tests of the anti-lock braking system were also carried out based on two kinds of air pressure regulating module. The test results indicated that the proposed braking energy recovery system schemes were effective. The test results also demonstrated the economic contribution rate of the braking energy recovery of the proportional relay valve pneumatic control module was slightly higher than that of the proportional relay valve. Meanwhile, the proportion relay valve pressure regulating module achieved a good target speed follow and the accurate adjustment of air pressure in anti-lock braking system control.