Brain Cooling Research Articles

Changes in Human Intracerebral Temperature in Response to Different Methods of Brain Cooling

Changes in Human Intracerebral Temperature in Response to Different Methods of Brain Cooling

Conventional Temperature Monitoring is a Poor Correlate of Efficient Brain Cooling

Conventional Temperature Monitoring is a Poor Correlate of Efficient Brain Cooling

Brain cooling in endotherms in heat and exercise.

The upper limit of tolerable body temperatures in most land vertebrates is 40° -45°C. Although excessive temperatures have effects on virtually every organ, brain function appears to be especially vulnerable to heat (16, 17, 61). If the brain is kept cool, tolerance to elevated deep body temperature is extended (24). Many species of mammals, birds, and reptiles can keep the temperature of the brain below the temperature of the rest of the body core during heat stress. In most cases, this brain cooling is accomplished by vascular arrangements that allow venous blood cooled by evaporation to exchange heat with arterial blood supplying the brain or to cool the base of the brain conductively. The process has been studied most intensively in panting carnivores and artiodactyls in which the structure of the nasal cavity and the arrangement of the blood vessels of the nasal cavity and the brain are well-suited for brain cooling. In these animals, the extent to which the brain is cooled depends upon the rate of evaporation and the rate of blood flow through the evaporative surfaces and reaches highest levels during exercise.

Effect of grayanotoxin I on SA node and right atrial myocardia of the rabbit.

ARTICLESEffect of grayanotoxin I on SA node and right atrial myocardia of the rabbitI. SeyamaI. SeyamaPublished Online:01 Sep 1978https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1978.235.3.C136MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByEfficacy of Selective Brain Cooling Using a Nasopharyngeal Method in Piglets21 October 2015 | Neurocritical Care, Vol. 24, No. 1Pharmacokinetic and Other Considerations for Drug Therapy During Targeted Temperature ManagementCritical Care Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 10Effect of flow rate and temperature on transmembrane blood pressure drop in an extracorporeal artificial lung4 March 2014 | Perfusion, Vol. 29, No. 6Changes in cardiovascular effects of dopamine in response to graded hypothermia in vivo*Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 40, No. 1Effect of perfusate temperature on pulmonary vascular resistance and compliance by arterial and venous occlusion in the rat21 October 2004 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 93, No. 4Effects of desmopressin on prolonging survival in stable hypothermia in ratsCanadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vol. 81, No. 9Optimal Temperature for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Effect of Hypothermia on Intracranial Pressure, Systemic and Intracranial Hemodynamics, and MetabolismNeurosurgery, Vol. 52, No. 1Spinal cord blood flow changes following systemic hypothermia and spinal cord compression injury: an experimental study in the rat using Laser-Doppler flowmetry11 April 2001 | Spinal Cord, Vol. 39, No. 2Effects of induced hypothermia on renal sympathetic nerve activity and baroreceptor reflex in urethane-anesthetized rabbitsCritical Care Medicine, Vol. 28, No. 12Effects of Hetastarch on Rewarming after Prolonged Deep Hypothermia in RatsIntravascular Volume Expansion During Therapeutic Moderate Hypothermia for Brain-Injured Patients: Preliminary ReportChanging Temperature Management for Cardiopulmonary BypassAnesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 88, No. 6Moderate Hypothermia Reduces Hypotensive, But Not Hypercapnic Vasodilation of Pial Arterioles in Rats31 August 2016 | Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 18, No. 12Moderate Hypothermia for 48 Hours After Temporary Epidural Brain Compression Injury in a Canine Outcome ModelJournal of Neurotrauma, Vol. 15, No. 5Changes in myocardial ultrastructure induced by cooling as well as rewarming2 May 2014 | Research in Experimental Medicine, Vol. 197, No. 5Therapeutic Moderate Hypothermia for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury1 September 1997 | Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, Vol. 12, No. 5Systemic Hypothermia in Treatment of Severe Brain Injury: A Review and UpdateJournal of Neurotrauma, Vol. 12, No. 5Hypothermia for Cerebral InjuryThe effect of resuscitative moderate hypothermia following epidural brain compression on cerebral damage in a canineoutcome modelJournal of Neurosurgery, Vol. 79, No. 2Effects of hypothermia and hyperthermia on the reactivity of rat intracerebral arterioles in vitroJournal of Neurosurgery, Vol. 75, No. 3Disturbance of refinement of retinotectal projection in chick embryos by tetrodotoxin and grayanotoxinDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 57, No. 1Differentiation of avian retinotectal projectionNeuroscience Research Supplements, Vol. 13Action of Natural Toxins on Cardiac Ionic ChannelsCharacterization of depolarization induced by palytoxin and grayanotoxin-I in isolated cardiac tissues from dogs and guinea pigsNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, Vol. 330, No. 1Effects of Cardiotoxins on Membrane Ionic ChannelsOn the Intrinsic Cardiac RhythmCardioactive substances that prolong the open state of sodium channels20 June 2005Relationship between structure, positive inotropic potency and lethal dose of grayanotoxins in guinea pigArchives of Toxicology, Vol. 44, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 235Issue 3September 1978Pages C136-C142 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1978 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1978.235.3.C136PubMed696816History Published online 1 September 1978 Published in print 1 September 1978 Metrics

Rapid brain cooling in exercising dogs.

In alert, resting dogs, the brain is warmer than arterial blood in the common carotid artery. When dogs run, brain temperature drops, despite a sharp rise in carotid blood temperature, and is maintained 1.3 degrees C below carotid temperature during exercise. This brain cooling apparently results from countercurrent heat exchange between warm arterial blood supplying the brain and cool venous blood draining the nose and mouth. The heat exchange occurs in the arteries at the base of the brain, which form a rudimentary carotid rete in the dog, and is greatest during exercise, when respiratory evaporation is at a peak. In animals with a carotid rete, the brain is protected against overheating during the severe thermal stress of exercise.

Temperature regulation in the exercising rabbit.

ARTICLESTemperature regulation in the exercising rabbitMJ Kluger, RR Gonzalez, and JA StolwijkMJ Kluger, RR Gonzalez, and JA StolwijkPublished Online:01 Jan 1973https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1973.224.1.130MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByWelfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containersEFSA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 9Advantage to lower body temperatures for a small mammal ( Rattus fuscipes ) experiencing chronic cold15 October 2010 | Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 91, No. 5Is the large size of the pinna of the ear of the European hare ( Lepus europaeus ) due to its role in thermoregulation or in anterior capital shock absorption?Journal of Morphology, Vol. 36Selective brain cooling: a multiple regulatory mechanismJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 29, No. 7-8Selective Brain Cooling and Thermoregulatory Set-PointJournal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, Vol. 9, No. 1Tissue-specific differences in heat shock protein hsc70 and hsp70 in the control and hyperthermic rabbitJournal of Cellular Physiology, Vol. 170, No. 2Mechanisms of Heat Exchange: Biophysics and Physiology1 January 2011In vivo activation of neural heat shock transcription factor HSF1 by a physiologically relevant increase in body temperatureJournal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 44, No. 1Expression of mRNA species encoding heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) in control and hyperthermic rabbit brainJournal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 43, No. 3Thermoregulatory vasomotor reactions during endotoxin fever in guinea pigsJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 20, No. 5Effect of hyperthermia on blood constituents in the domestic rabbit (Lepus cuniculus)Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 19, No. 6Temporal and spatial distribution of heat shock mRNA and protein (hsp70) in the rabbit cerebellum in response to hyperthermiaJournal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 36, No. 4Expression of heat shock genes (hsp70) in the rabbit spinal cord: Localization of constitutive and hyperthermia-inducible mRNA speciesJournal of Neuroscience Research, Vol. 31, No. 4The circadian rhythm of body temperaturePhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 51, No. 3ANALYSIS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN USING LSD AND HYPERTHERMIA AS EXPERIMENTAL PROBESOral Thermal-Induced Flushing in Erythematotelangiectatic RosaceaJournal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 76, No. 1Thermal responses to preoptic heating and ambient temperature in unrestrained rabbitsJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 1, No. 1Energy Balance in the Resting and Exercising RabbitTemperature regulation: The spinal cord as a site of extrahypothalamic thermoregulatory functions More from this issue > Volume 224Issue 1January 1973Pages 130-135 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1973 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1973.224.1.130PubMed4566848History Published online 1 January 1973 Published in print 1 January 1973 Metrics

Thermal relationship between tympanic membrane and hypothalamus in conscious cat and monkey.

Thermal relationship between tympanic membrane and hypothalamus in conscious cat and monkey.

Heat storage in running antelopes: independence of brain and body temperatures.

Heat storage in running antelopes: independence of brain and body temperatures.

Effect of hyperthermia on heat balance during running in the African hunting dog.

ARTICLESEffect of hyperthermia on heat balance during running in the African hunting dogCR Taylor, K Schmidt-Nielsen, R Dmi'el, and M FedakCR Taylor, K Schmidt-Nielsen, R Dmi'el, and M FedakPublished Online:01 Mar 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.3.823MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByThe evolution of human fatigue resistance12 May 2022 | Journal of Comparative Physiology B, Vol. 192, No. 3-4Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)9 April 2022 | Mammalian Species, Vol. 54, No. 1017Changes in Body Surface Temperature Associated with High-Speed Treadmill Exercise in Beagle Dogs Measured by Infrared Thermography15 October 2021 | Animals, Vol. 11, No. 10Are humans evolved specialists for running in the heat? Man vs . horse races provide empirical insights14 July 2020 | Experimental Physiology, Vol. 106, No. 1Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 201618 June 2020 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, No. 1Retrospective analysis of patient and environmental factors in heat-induced injury events in 103 military working dogsJournal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 256, No. 7Comparative analyses of basal rate of metabolism in mammals: data selection does matter27 July 2017 | Biological Reviews, Vol. 93, No. 1The influence of thermal inputs on brain regulation of exercise: An evolutionary perspectiveHot dogs: High ambient temperatures impact reproductive success in a tropical carnivore19 July 2017 | Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 86, No. 6Phylogenetic comparisons of pedestrian locomotion costs: confirmations and new insights31 August 2016 | Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 6, No. 18Additive opportunistic capture explains group hunting benefits in African wild dogs29 March 2016 | Nature Communications, Vol. 7, No. 1Energy cost and return for hunting in African wild dogs and cheetahs29 March 2016 | Nature Communications, Vol. 7, No. 1Metabolic Scaling in Animals: Methods, Empirical Results, and Theoretical Explanations10 January 2014Exercise Physiology of the Canine AthleteThermographic Imaging of the Superficial Temperature in Racing Greyhounds before and after the RaceThe Scientific World Journal, Vol. 2012Is it Time to Retire the ‘Central Governor’?Sports Medicine, Vol. 39, No. 9Reappraisal of the comparative cost of human locomotion using gait-specific allometric analysesJournal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 210, No. 20Anticipatory regulation and avoidance of catastrophe during exercise-induced hyperthermiaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 139, No. 4High hunting costs make African wild dogs vulnerable to kleptoparasitism by hyaenasNature, Vol. 391, No. 6666Limitation of Heat Tolerance1 January 2011Dependency of surface temperature regulation on body size in terrestrial mammalsJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 20, No. 3Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the tertiary? Dances with wolf avatarsJournal of Mammalian Evolution, Vol. 1, No. 2Thermal parameters of serval Felis serval (Felidae) and blackbacked jackal Canis mesomelas (Canidae)Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 16, No. 5Basal Rate of Metabolism, Body Size, and Food Habits in the Order CarnivoraThe loss of functional body hair in man: the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedalityJournal of Human Evolution, Vol. 14, No. 1The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominidsJournal of Human Evolution, Vol. 13, No. 1Why Black Goats in Hot Deserts? Effects of Coat Color on Heat Exchanges of Wild and Domestic GoatsPhysiological Zoology, Vol. 53, No. 1Reappraisal of energetics of locomotion shows identical cost in bipeds and quadrupeds including ostrich and horseNature, Vol. 282, No. 5740Thermoregulation and Standard Metabolism of the Slender Mongoose (Herpestes sanguineus)Physiological Zoology, Vol. 52, No. 4Rapid Brain Cooling in Exercising DogsScience, Vol. 195, No. 4280Effect of Temperature on Metabolism during Running in the Lizard Uromastix aegyptiusPhysiological Zoology, Vol. 49, No. 1Environmental physiology of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat—I. Influences of ambient temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide on body temperatureComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 50, No. 3EVOLUTION OF THERMOREGULATION More from this issue > Volume 220Issue 3March 1971Pages 823-827 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1971 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.3.823PubMed5545695History Published online 1 March 1971 Published in print 1 March 1971 Metrics

Effects of separate and concurrent osmotic and volume stimuli on plasma ADH in sheep.

Effects of separate and concurrent osmotic and volume stimuli on plasma ADH in sheep.

AN EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT FOR UNILATERAL BRAIN PERFUSION AND COOLING.

AN EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT FOR UNILATERAL BRAIN PERFUSION AND COOLING.

BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION IN RESPONSE TO LOCAL COOLING OF THE RAT BRAIN.

Local cooling of the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area in rats, at environmental temperatures of 5 and 24 C, caused their rectal temperatures to increase as much as 3.1 C, as well as vigorous shivering. When the animals were allowed to press a bar to turn on a heat lamp directly overhead, they pressed more at both ambient temperatures when their brains were cooled than when they were not, although they worked harder in the cold. They shivered continuously during brain cooling at either temperature. The behavioral and physiological temperature regulations appeared to be complementary, since the same temperature levels were reached whether or not heat could be obtained voluntarily. Central cooling produced, in addition to the usual reflex mechanisms of increased body temperature and shivering, the behavioral motivation for heat.

PHYSIOPATHOLOGY, METHODS AND CLINICAL RESULTS OF SELECTIVE BRAIN COOLING.

General hypothermia in animals and man has been intensively investigated during the past ten years. The effects include lowering of the metabolic rate, slowing of the heart and respiration, decreased nervous conductivity and modifications of the electrolyte balance. Thus considerable changes of the “milieu interne” are taking place. The homeostatic derangement increases with decreasing temperatures and the biological limit to general hypothermia without the aid of extracorporeal circulation lies between 26–28° C. If lower temperatures are desirable without a cardiopulmonary by-pass, local cooling of separate organs may be the method of choice. The cooling is thereby confined to the structures for which the hypothermia is essential, the low temperatures may be obtained rapidly and a precise control of the temperature level is possible.

Direct Extravascular Brain Cooling in the Normothermic Animal

Direct Extravascular Brain Cooling in the Normothermic Animal

Avascular Craniotomy by the use of Selective Brain Cooling with Hemodilution and Fibrinolytic Activation

Avascular Craniotomy by the use of Selective Brain Cooling with Hemodilution and Fibrinolytic Activation

47. Profounded Hypothermia with Use of Selective Brain Cooling

47. Profounded Hypothermia with Use of Selective Brain Cooling

Observations on selective brain cooling in dogs.

Hypothermia has proved to be a doubleedge sword, for while protecting the brain against anoxia it threatens the heart with arrhythmia. This undesirable effect has led to attempts to cool the brain profoundly, while lowering the heart temperature only moderately. Several groups 1,12,14,17 have accomplished this by shunting carotid blood through a heat exchanger. Woodhall and collaborators 27 used a circuit whereby jugular blood is oxygenated and cooled and then recirculated through the brain. We were encouraged by the report of Kimoto et al., 12 who cited successful use of an extracorporeal carotid cooling system as an adjunct to open heart surgery in 9 of 11 human cases. The present study was undertaken to gain experience with the new technique of blood-stream cooling, and to enlarge on observations reported by others. We sought specifically to compare surface cerebral temperatures with those in the depths of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and

Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption during hypothermia.

Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption during hypothermia.