Brahmi Research Articles

Ranjana Script Handwritten Character Recognition using CNN

This paper proposes a public image database for Ranjana script Handwritten Character Datasets (RHCD), publicly available for Ranjana script researchers or anyone interested in the subject. To the best of our knowledge, the Ranjana script Handwritten Character Dataset (RHCD) is the first publicly available database for Ranjana script researchers. Ranjana script descended from the Brahmi script, consists of 36 consonant letters, 16 vowel letters, and 10 numerical letters. The focus of this research is three-fold: the first is to create a new database for Ranjana script Handwritten Character Recognition; the second is to test the character recognition accuracy of the created RHCD using existing CNN algorithms like LeNET-5, AlexNET, and ZFNET algorithm; the third is to propose a model by investigating different hyper-tuning parameters to improve the recognition accuracy of the created RHCD. The research method applied in this study is dataset collection, digitization & cropping, pre-processing, dataset splitting, data augmentation, and finally, implementing the CNN model (existing and proposed). Performance evaluation is based on the test accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The experiment result shows that our model ranks first, with a testing accuracy of 99.73% for 64x64 pixels resolution with precision, recall, and F1-score value 1. Creation and recognition of Ranjana script characters, vowel modifiers, and compound characters can be the next milestone to be achieved. Segmentation of words and sentences into characters and recognizing each character individually can be the next research domain.

Visualizing the Lost Script of South Asia Under the Umbrella of the Digital Humanities Tool VisualEye

Brahmi Script - is one of the earliest scripts known to India and South Asia and it is also an ancestral script for all the indigenous scripts present in India. The researchers, historians, laymen, etc. need these sources of information systematically and handily. In the scholarly world, a huge amount of data and information (Digital Humanities based collections) related to Brahmi script is available but all this information is scattered in the form of texts, images, videos, etc. This creates chaos to understand the overall story of the Brahmi script from its inception to till date. With these issues, we felt motivated to present the data and information related to Brahmi Script among their users in a more informative, easily accessible, and comfortably understandable manner. In this paper, we have tried to connect all the dots related to Brahmi Script under one umbrella with the help of the Digital humanities tool – VisualEyes. Further, we have mapped these multimedia formats with each other on the historical timeline, interactive maps and story events to establish and understand the relationship among the various facets of the Brahmi Script. The impact of this research is more appealing as it has presented a new dimension for any other script to make it more accessible and easily understandable worldwide while using an innovative open-source tool.

The Influence of the Material used for Writing on the Transformation of the Sinhala Letters in Sri Lanka

It is important to look into the factors that have influenced the change of the Sinhala script through archeological and historical research. In the past, the Sinhala alphabet was composed of letters that had the shape of Asoka Brahmi script and some independently generated letters. The earliest Brahmi alphabet in Sri Lanka has evolved gradually up to now. Various factors were influenced when the Brahmi script transformed into the Sinhala alphabet. Among them, technological, political, environmental, socio-cultural, economic, and legal factors are the foremost. At present, Sri Lanka has also entered into the global economy and simultaneously, the attention has been focused on handling the language efficiently in a simple manner. In the process of evolving from the inscriptions to the computer in the present, the Sinhala script has achieved the status of being handled easily and simply with beautifully shaped letters, and further development can be expected with future technological achievements. Moreover, the number of letters has changed from time to time depending on the respective alphabet. When considering the Brahmi script that has developed in such a manner, some letters can be seen as gradually developed from their early shape, while some letters do not have any similarities with their present shape. Letters have acquired an angular shape when written on clay pots and in inscriptions, semi-circular shapes on metal plates, semi-circular and cursive shapes on Ola leaf, and a more circular shape when used in printing presses and computers.

Origin of Brahmi Script from Logographic Elements: An Analysis

When it comes to language and literature, the richness of a culture can only be comprehended via reading and listening. Brahmi is believed to have been responsible for the script of all northern Indian languages except for Urdu. The result of a lengthy and tedious process. There are currently over 200 different languages and dialects spoken throughout India. Some are extensively employed, while others are only found in a single location of the country or planet. Only twenty-two of these amendments has made it into the text of our country's founding constitution. In addition to Braj Bhasha, Avadhi who is spoken in the Oudh region, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, and Maithili which is spoken in Mithila, Rajasthani who is spoken in Rajasthan, and Khadi Boli which is spoken around Delhi. A substantial number of people speak Hindi in its various forms. Another script, known as Brahmi, was also established in the region during this period and was used throughout India and the rest of South Asia at the same time.
 Even though historians, archaeologists, and epigraphists have been interested in Brahmi Script for centuries, the script's varied forms, structures, and typographical peculiarities as an alphabet have been mostly overlooked and never examined. Within the scope of this paper, we shall look at the origins of the Brahmi script as a type of logography. Historical appreciation for the distinct anatomical symmetry and phonetic logic of the Brahmi script exists. This has led some outsiders to think that it is an import, yet a consensus has developed over time. "Brahmi" is no longer thought to be a stolen script, but rather an Indigenous one that developed over time. Brahmi is a typographic entity that is basic yet graceful, bold yet lyric, distinct yet easy to recall, symmetrical with decent legibility even when scaled-down, and generally easy to recognise when touched on with closed eyes as a typographic entity. Brahmi is a typeface with a wide range of distinct features. This study investigates the history of the Brahmi script as a logographic element.

Devanagari Character Recognition Using Deep Learning

The Devanagari script is one of the broadly used scripts of India and is advanced from the Brahmi script. It includes forty-seven number one alphabets, 14 vowels, 33 consonants, and 10 digits. There isn't any capitalization of letters, like in the English language. The Devanagari script includes consonants and modifiers. Deep gaining knowledge of strategies is carried out to extract capabilities and apprehend the characters in an image. A Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) had been included to extract capabilities and classify the entered images. Consecutive convolutional layers are used in this manner which brings introduced gain withinside the manner of extracting higher-degree capabilities. The output of the CNN layers is fed to the completely related layers. The version has applied the use of Keras libraries on the pinnacle of a TensorFlow backend. Finally, the threat or possibility rating of every person is decided and the person with the very best possibility rating is proven because of the output. Handwritten Devanagari Character Recognition is extra tough in contrast to the popularity of the Roman characters.

Brahmi Script Classification using VGG16 Architecture Convolutional Neural Network

Many Indonesians have difficulty reading and learning the Brahmi script. Solving these problems can be done by developing software. Previous research has classified the Brahmi script but has not had an output that matches the letter. Therefore, letter classification is carried out as part of the process of recognizing Brahmi script. This study uses the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method with the VGG16 architecture for classifying Brahmi script writing. Training results from various amounts of image data. Smooth model. The requested image data is a 224x224 binary image. This study has the highest quality, accuracy is 96%, highest recall is 98% and highest precision is 98%.

Aksara Jawa: Do the Javanese Students can Read and Write It?

The Javanese language is one of the languages used by people in Indonesia. However, one issue arises when many people speak in Javanese while only a few people can read and write in the alphabet of the Javanese, which is called Aksara Jawa. This Aksara Jawa is mainly used to write Javanese. In its development, it is also used to write several other regional languages, such as Sundanese, Madurese, Sasak, and Malay, as well as historical languages, such as Sanskrit and Kawi. The Javanese script is a derivative of the Indian Brahmi script through the Kawi script and is closely related to the Balinese script. The Javanese script was actively used in Javanese literature and daily writing from the mid-15th century to the mid-20th century before being replaced by Latin letters. Nowadays, 21st century, the Aksara Jawa is learned by students at school as a local language lesson. Some schools provide it while the rest is not. A question comes out; do the Javanese generations (students) nowadays can write and read the Aksara Jawa? The result shows that in many elementary schools until junior high school, students cannot read and write in Aksara Jawa.

Respect for Seleukid Suzerainty: The Imitative Victory Coinage of the Sistan Ariaspi

The victory coinage bearing the name Antiochos (SC 226-228), currently attributed to the province of Drangiana during the co-regency of Seleukos and Antiochos, exhibits a progressive deterioration of iconography and epigraphy over the duration of its emission. It has the characteristics of an imitative coinage, struck over a prolonged period, rather than the 14 years of the co-regency. Die study reveals stages of iconographic deterioration, enabling the coinage to be categorized into three groups, each with its own progressively degraded iconography and epigraphy. During its emission a local artistic tradition, possibly reflecting a longstanding Indian influence appears in the iconography of the obverse, and what appears to be an early Brahmi script eventually displaces Greek on the reverse. This is interpreted to reflect contemporary Mauryan cultural and linguistic influences, the result of interaction with adjacent Arachosia. Plausibly, the coinage was struck intermittently in the period c. 281-175 BC by the Ariaspi, the semi-autonomous people of the Sistan depression in Drangiana, who acknowledged Seleukid suzerainty in the choice of coin type and legend.

The Sacred Asian Gate Tradition in Europe (Symbolic Crossings from the Mundane to the Sacred)

The Sacred Asian Gate Tradition in Europe (Symbolic Crossings from the Mundane to the Sacred)

Symbols on ancient Indian coins uncyphered

Ancient Indian coins from Pre-Mauryan era has been filled with a certain mystery as well as speculation. The coins in reference are punch marked coins. What is stamped in these coins have long since been considered symbols without really a clear meaning. The only ones which can be clearly understood are the ones which are images of animals such as elephants. What has been in front of our eyes all this time, remained obscured, due to erroneous human thinking. What I have found is characters in Brahmi Script and will show and provide the Sanskrit interpretations on not just a single coin but multiple coins in different periods in Ancient Indian history.

Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced oxidative stress in kidneys: Role of brahmi as an antioxidant supplement

Purpose: Nephrotoxicity is a known, but rare complication of anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy and is known to be due to induction of oxidative stress and immune reaction to the drugs. In the current study, we have made an attempt to evaluate the effect of Brahmi in attenuating the oxidative stress caused by isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) in the kidneys of Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were administered INH and RIF with concomitant supplementation of Brahmi for 28 days. The levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, and acid phosphatase were measured to evaluate kidney function along with catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation to assess the kidney antioxidant status. In addition, the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were also measured. The protective efficacy of Brahmi was compared to that of Silymarin. Results: Brahmi caused a statistically significant (P

Analysis of Segmentation Methods for Brahmi Script


 
 
 Segmentation is an important step for developing any optical character recognition (OCR) system, which has to be redesigned for each script having, non-uniform nature/property. It is used to decompose the image into its sub-units, which act as a basis for character recognition. Brahmi is a non-cursive ancient script, in which characters are not attached to each other and have some spacing between them. This study analyses various segmentation methods for different scripts to develop the best suitable segmentation method for Brahmi. MATLAB software was used for segmentation purpose in the experiment. The sample data belongs to Brahmi script-based ‘Rumandei inscription’. In this paper, we discuss a segmentation methodology for distinct components, namely text lines, words and characters of Rumandei inscription, written in Brahmi script. For segmenting distinct components of inscription different approach were used like horizontal projection profile, vertical projection profile and Relative minima approach. This is fundamental research on an inscription based on Brahmi script, which acts as a foundation for developing a segmentation module of an OCR solution/system of similar scripts in future. Information search and retrieval is an important activity of a library. So, to ensure this support for digitised documents written in ancient script, their character recognition is mandatory through the OCR system.
 
 

Historical Technological Impacts on the Visual Representation of Language with Reference to South-Asian Typeforms

Abstract The scripts of South Asia, which mainly derive from the Brahmi script, afford a visible voice to the numerous linguistic communities that form over one fifth of the world’s population. However, the transition of these visually diverse scripts from chirographic to typographic form has been determined by historical processes that were rarely conducive to accurately rendering non-Latin scripts. This essay provides a critical evaluation of the historical technological impacts on typographic textual composition in South-Asian languages. It draws on resources from relevant archival collections to consider within a historical context the technological constraints that have been crucial in determining the textural appearance of South-Asian typography. In so doing, it seeks to elucidate design decisions that either purposely or unwittingly shaped subsequent and current typographic practice and questions the validity of the continued legacy of historical technological impacts for contemporary vernacular communication.

Ranjana Numeral System: A Brief Information

The Ranjana script, which is also known as Kutila or Lantsa, is one of the many alphabets derived from the Brahmi script. This numesmetic inscription was developed 2216 years ago, so its time period was along the 199 BC and it was popular from 11th century AD and was used until the mid-20th century in Nepal and India. It is popularly used by Nepali in the Newari language. This script also known as Lantsa, for writing the Sanskrit titles of books which have been translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan for decoration in temples and mandalas. There were few texts printed with alternating lines in Sanskrit in the Lantsa script followed by a Tibetan translation. There were many original Sanskrit manuscripts written in Lantsa preserved in Newar community in Nepal. Others were destroyed lack of its preservation. In addition, the Ranjana script was used mainly for decoration by Buddhists.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 221-224

Multilanguage Orthography for the Languages of Nepal

The earliest evidence of writing in Nepal is about 250 BC in Brahmi script and almost all the scripts used in present day Nepal—as many as fifteen—are the descendants of Brahmi which are built on the same formative principles of 'syllabic alphabet'. The existence of multilanguage orthographies as well as multiscripts has been the regular phenomenon in Nepal—independent to languages and language families. In the complexity of language-ethnicity and language-script relations, Nepali and the Devanagari script have been bearing the role of linking people in this country resulting from and resulted into a medium of education, media, and wider communication. Many scholars, following UNESCO 1951 report, have suggested for a standard orthography for the languages of Nepal, however, there are other views as well. In this background a Devanagari based multilanguage orthography have been proposed. This will fulfill the need of interoperable standard orthography in Nepal and benefit various types of users belonging to different language communities. The orthography will be shift from syllabic alphabet to alphabet as its systemic shift.

THE WONDER OF HERBS TO TREAT–ALOPECIA

Herbal Cosmetics have growing demand on the earth market and is a precious gift of nature. Herbal formulations continuously have attracted gigantic concentration on the grounds that of their good endeavor and comparatively lesser or nil side effect with synthetic medications. Herbs and spices have been used in retaining and embellishing human magnificence because time immemorial. Hair loss problem is of great significance to both men & women. The essential issues associated with hair loss are hair fading, dandruff & falling of hair. Alopecia is the medical term for hair loss or baldness. It is an embarrassing condition for any person, as he/she looks extra aged than ordinary. Many forms of medication are available to treat alopecia in special procedure of medication like Allopathic, Homeopathic, Ayurveda or can also be surgical like hair transplantation however none of them is wholly ample. This hindrance could be solved by the use of natural medicines obtained from herbs. Various herbs are being used to preclude the hair loss and remorse of hairs including aloe vera, brahmi, nagarmotha, amla, bhringraj, and lots of different herbs. Being average medicines there are various advantages of making use of them like patient compliance, less side-results, convenient availability, inexpensive and multiple mode ofapplications to treat Alopecia and other hair diseases . KEYWORDS: Herbal Medicine, Herbal Cosmetics, Natural Herbs, Hair Growth Activity, Hair Cycle, Brahmi, Nagarmotha, Amla, Bhringraj, Alopecia, Alopecia Areata, Allopathic, Homeopathic, Ayurveda, Beauty, Hair Loss, Hair Fading, Dandruff, Falling of Hair, Herbal formulations, Bacopa Monnieri, Cyperus Rotundus, Emblica Officinalis, Medicinal plants, Cosmetics.

Hindi-Kannada Named Entity Transliteration: Issues and Possible Solutions

Indian languages belong to four language families, namely, the Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and the Austro- Asiatic. Hindi and Kannada belong to Indo-Aryan and Dravidian family respectively and are evolved from the ancient Brahmi script and have a common phonetic structure. But the Named Entity writing convention is different due to dialectic influence, language specific rules, and other factors. Due to this, the Named Entity Transliteration from Hindi to Kannada and vice versa is not one to one character mapping. This introduces many problems in Machine Translation (MT), Cross Lingual Information Retrieval (CLIR) and Parallel corpus creation between Hindi and Kannada. The paper discusses the Named Entity Transliteration issues encountered between Hindi and Kannada during the parallel corpora creation from Hindi to Kannada for the Indian Language Corpus Initiative (ILCI) project. In this paper, we discuss cases of no exact equivalence character between Hindi and Kannada, multiple mappings, diacritic marks, loan words and language specific transliteration issues in detail and propose the possible solution to resolve the problem. At implementation level, one may make use of either Finite-State Transducers (FST) or Regular Expressions

An Effective Binarization Method for Readability Improvement of Stain-Affected (degraded) Palm Leaf and other Types of Manuscripts

A stain is any colour change perceived as lying within the manuscript fibres. Eliminating stains is considered as more significant, since it leads to improved manuscript image quality and hence improved readability. The communication describes an improved binarization method for removing stains from severely degraded manuscript images where the text is unclear. The method is tested on manuscript images on different media having different scripts: palm leaf (Grantha), rock (Brahmi), and paper (Modi, Newari, Persian and Roman), and Document Image Binarization Contest datasets. In this work, we obtained 66.27%, 92.15%, 97.90%, 56.23%, 78.62% and 98.91% readability for rock, palm leaf and paper manuscripts respectively.

Acute and sub‑chronic toxicity study of Brahmi ghrita in rodents

Context: Brahmi Ghrita (BG) contains Brahmi (Bacopa monneri), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) and Puran Ghrita, mentioned for treatment of various diseases. Aim: To assess acute and sub‑chronic toxicity of Brahmi Ghrita in mice and rats, respectively. Materials and Methods: In acute toxicity study, Swiss strain albino mice were administered orally Brahmi Ghrita doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 g/kg and observed for behavioural changes and mortality, if any. In sub chronic toxicity study, Charles Foster albino rats were administered two doses of Brahmi Ghrita i.e., 400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o. for 30 consecutive days. During 30 days of treatment, rats were observed for any changes in body weight and daily food and water intake. After 30 days, rats were sacrificed for haematological, biochemical and histopathology study. Result: There was no mortality or abnormal behaviour, observed in acute toxicity study in mice at all the three dose levels. In sub‑chronic toxicity study, Brahmi Ghrita did not produce any significant changes in body weight and daily food and water intake of rats when compared to control group rats. Further, haematological and biochemical parameters were also found normal. Histopathological study revealed normal architecture of kidney and liver of Brahmi ghrita treated rats. Conclusion: Brahmi Ghrita is safe in rodent and mice. Key words: Acute toxicity, Brahmi ghrita, sub chronic toxicity

Encouraging effect of Brahmi Ghrita in amnesia

Context: Brahmi Ghrita (BG) contains Brahmi (Bacopa monneri), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) and Puran Ghrita, prepared as per sneha paka process. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the learning and memory activity of BG in Amnesic rats. Materials and Methods: The Learning and memory activity of BG (400 and 800 mg/kg, per oral) was evaluated in scopolamine (1 mg/kg, sub cutaneous) challenged rats, using elevated maze plus, passive avoidance test and active avoidance test. Results: BG treated scopolamine challenged rat demonstrated a significant decrease in transfer latency in modified elevated plus maze test and increase in step through latency in passive avoidance test compared to control rats in a dose dependent manner. BG treated rats took significant less number of total trials, shock trial and total time for jumping into safe compartment. Conclusion: BG antagonises the action of scopolamine. Key words: Brahmi Ghrita, modified elevated plus maze test, scopolamine