Brackish Water Shrimp Farming Research Articles

Blue grabbing of the green crop fields: A development conundrum in southwest coastal Bangladesh

Blue grabbing of green crop fields for brackish water shrimp farming in southwest coastal Bangladesh has long been criticized for salinization, reduced crop production, occupational shift, migration, marginalization of farmers, increasing social conflict, income inequality, and unemployment. This socio-ecologically irresponsible farming system has been expanded to vast crop fields in southwest coastal Bangladesh over the last four decades. Business and policy people branded this export earning sector as the ‘White Gold’ industry, and they termed this massive farming shift as a ‘Blue Revolution’. However, the unplanned expansion of the low-yielding extensive shrimp farming is now neither competitive in the global shrimp market nor socio-ecologically sound. The current declining production trend, upcoming risks, reduced competitiveness, and the dismal prospect of the shrimp industry strongly call for a new land use policy supporting the reversion of shrimp farming into crop agriculture, and intensification, and modification of the existing extensive shrimp farm, where possible. This opinion article aims to draw policy attention to planning comprehensive crop zoning, enacting agricultural land protection and land use planning, and implementing integrated blue-green farming systems in southwest coastal Bangladesh.

Changes in basic water environmental parameters of the water intake of brackish water shrimp farming in Northern Vietnam period 2017-2021

This study synthesised and analysed water environmental parameters data of water supply of brackish water shrimp farming in Northern Vietnam over 5 years from 2017 to 2021 to find out the changing patterns of the parameters, thereby making appropriate recommendations for stakeholders. There were 7 analysed and evaluated water environment parameters, including water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, pH, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite (N-NO2), with monitoring frequency of 2 times/month, 10 months/year at 13 monitoring locations for brackish water shrimp farming in 6 provinces: Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien Hue. Water temperature was low at the beginning of the year, gradually increased to the highest level in June, then gradually decreased to the end of the year. The temperature fluctuated strongly at the beginning and end of the year and tended to increase gradually from the North to the South. DO tended to decrease from the beginning of the year to the end of the year. Salinity was lower in the rainy season, especially in Nghe An and Quang Tri, compared to the others. The pH and alkalinity levels were suitable for brackish shrimp farming. COD in Ha Tinh and Nam Dinh, NO2 in Nam Dinh were often high, indicating that the supply water was contaminated with organic matter and needed a long-term solution.

Optimizing Brackishwater Shrimp Farming with IoT-Enabled Water Quality Monitoring and Decision Support System

Optimizing Brackishwater Shrimp Farming with IoT-Enabled Water Quality Monitoring and Decision Support System

IoT Based Integrated System to Monitor the Ideal Environment for Shrimp Cultivation with Android Mobile Application

Bangladeshi shrimp aquaculture has shown to be successful and efficient at earning foreign cash. The country covers 147570 square kilometers, 17% of which is roughly made up of coastal brackish water. Shrimp farming is thought to be more favorable in this larger coastal tide area, and 0.276 million hectares of land are being used for brackish water shrimp farming. The coastal area offers the best prospects for shrimp and prawn cultivation for two key reasons. The mangrove ecosystems' distinctive biodiversity is the first justification, and a shrimp-friendly habitat is the second. A large number of fishing vessels are sent out into the seas in order to mine shrimp which is undoubtedly considered a challenging job. Therefore, growing shrimp in tanks, especially in tropical regions, is more sensible for farmers. In this paper, we have developed an IoT-based solution that connects devices to collect data on shrimp farms, and sensing equipment and then sends it to a distant server to analyze and generate decisions. This smart farm offers real-time agriculture monitoring. The main components of the system are three embedded sensors to assess the temperature, turbidity, and light that impact the quality of the water. The system also incorporates of an android-based mobile application that facilitates farmers with remote monitoring capabilities to keep track of sensor readings, manage the shrimp production cycle, and check on the health of shrimp from different farms.

Impacts of COVID-19 on small-scale freshwater carp and coastal brackish water shrimp farming in India

The present study was simultaneously conducted in two distantly located areas to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on farming processes, instantaneous financial impacts and mitigation strategies adopted by the farmers in the small scale freshwater carp farming and coastal brackish water shrimp farming sectors in India. Primary data were collected through interview of the farmers with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedules. Though the initial impact in both the sectors were substantial, freshwater carp farmers mitigated the crises comparatively well because of wider option in alternative livelihood, low cost locally available inputs, mobilization of local market, direct door to door vending of live fish and mobilization of women work force from the family in the farming sector. Untapped resource in the form of women's' participation in the freshwater farming practices was noteworthy during the pandemic period which increased polynomially (y = –1.0714x2 + 7.5286x − 2.2; R2 = 0.9648). As the shrimp farming sector was dependent upon external markets and burdened with high cost inputs primarily supplied by the input dealers on credit basis, the sector has to bear the burden most. Garret's Rank analysis revealed that integration with other production sectors ranked first as mitigation perception to the freshwater carp farmers, whereas, to the coastal shrimp farmers, the highest rank was with the perception that everything will be normalized within 2–3 months naturally. Garret's Rank analysis also revealed that in both the sectors, the farmers most important need was credit from the Govt. source in mitigating COVID-19 like crisis in future.

Environmental and disease monitoring in the northern aquaculture area

Aquaculture is facing many challenges related to diseases and environmental pollution. Environmental and disease monitoring in aquaculture is to help authorities in planning and management, and to provide technical measures to support farmers. The study was carried out from January to October 2020, including 13 sites of supply water of brackish water shrimp farming areas of Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien Hue; 11 sites of clam/mollusc farming areas of Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, and Quang Ninh; 11 sites of cage aquaculture of Hoa Binh, Yen Bai, and Hai Duong, with 23 monitoring times of the inlet water for brackish shrimp, 7 monitoring times for tilapia and freshwater cage culture. Alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite, total Vibrio, and VpAHPND values in shrimp farming water were higher than Vietnam’s environmental standard, valued at 12.37, 25.08, 16.67, 3.68, and 0.67% respectively. Salinity, ammonia, nitrite values, and total Vibrio in the mollusc farming water were higher than Vietnam’s environmental standard, which were 23.38, 33.77, 32.50, and 3.9%, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand and nitrite in the tilapia and freshwater cage farming water were higher than Vietnam’s environmental standard, which were 29.87 and 22.08%, respectively. Timely recommendations and warnings helped farmers minimise the damage caused by environmental pollution and diseases.

Mapping the wider impact of brackish water shrimp culture on the local environment and economy: A brief review

Brackish water shrimp farming has changed the economic outlook of coastal areas of developing countries. Lucrative export opportunities, high profit margin compared to traditional aqua-culture and agriculture has led to an exponential growth of shrimp farming in the last decade. Although, this new non-agricultural economic activity has been identified as a game-changer in the rural coastal areas, the associated criticism cannot be ignored. Several scientific studies have particularly pointed out the adverse impact of unscientific shrimp farming and its long term effect on the coastal bio-diversity and environment. In the future and soon, the damage incurred can outweigh the benefit, leading to a potential irreversible downfall of local economy, food security and crop production. In this article, we have made a concise effort to map the wider impact of brackish water shrimp farming and a possible way out and suggestion for future bettermen.

Bioremediation efficiency of indigenous seaweeds of Chennai coast in brackishwater system

The accelerated development of high-density brackishwater shrimp farming necessitates the importance of bioremediation. Seaweeds have the potential to reduce nutrients from aquaculture systems and provide extra income when species of economic importance are used. Identification of suitable seaweed species which is locally available in abundance with bioremediation capacity in brackishwater system is paramount, and the present study addresses this issue. An exploratory monthly survey was undertaken in three brackishwater systems in Chennai coast viz. Muttukadu lagoon, Vennangupattu Lake and Pulicat Lake from March 2018 to February 2019 which led to a focus on species of the family Gracilariaceae. Identification of the species through taxonomical and molecular observations confirmed that seaweed from Muttukadu lagoon and Vennangupattu Lake is Agarophyton tenuistipitatum and that from Pulicat Lake is Hydropuntia edulis. Evaluation of the bioremediation potential of these two species indicated that they were similar with respect to ammonia and phosphate reduction efficiency whereas the specific growth rate of A. tenuistipitatum was significantly higher than H. edulis. Furthermore, the nutrient reduction efficiency and specific growth rate was significantly higher at biomass density of 3.5 and 4.5 g L−1 compared to 1.5 and 2.5 g L−1. It could therefore be concluded that A. tenuistipitatum could be utilised for bioremediation as well as culture in brackishwater system at a biomass density ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 g L−1.

Profitability and perceived resilience benefits of integrated shrimp-tilapia-seaweed aquaculture in North Central Coast, Vietnam

Sustainability of aquaculture-dependent livelihoods under increasingly changing climate crucially depends on effective adaptation. However, empirical evidence about aquaculture farmers' adaptation to climatic shocks is inadequate. We study the private profitability and farmer perceived resilience effects of adaptation through polyculture of shrimp with mono-sex tilapia in North Central Coast (NCC), Vietnam. Data come from a survey with a random sample of 80 farmers including 25 farmers directly targeted with the intervention, 26 autonomous adopters, and 29 non-adopters. Majority of the respondents were male with an average age of 49 years and 17 years of experience in brackish water shrimp farming. Significantly more targeted than autonomous adopters and non-adopter households completed education beyond primary level. Similarly, more targeted than autonomous farmers and non-adopters participated in aquaculture producer and saving groups. Controlling for these differences in socioeconomic characteristics through a weighting procedure, we find higher economic gains and greater reductions in feed and pond preparation costs among farmers applying the integrated practice compared to non-integrative practices. Furthermore, farmers’ perceptions indicate enhanced adaptive capacity with adoption of the shrimp-tilapia polyculture intervention. These results imply that promoting shrimp-tilapia polyculture is welfare-increasing in the presence of weather shocks. However, successful adoption and scaling of the practice will require increased investment to strengthen institutional capacity to facilitate access to markets and financial services by farmers.

Isolation of Bacillus strains inhibition disease resistance of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease on the Shrimp in Can Gio, Vietnam

Recently, the outbreak and severe damage to the shrimp farming industry is Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). The selection of Bacillus strains inhibition disease resistance of the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease on the shrimp is a research filed that is much attention due to Bacillus subtilis is a group of beneficial bacteria that presents in the majority of biological products for aquaculture, especially for shrimp. Competitiveness of Bacillus subtilis towards the harmful bacteria firstly is the number of bacterial cells. Beside, Bacillus has capacity to create a large amount of extracellular enzymes aid digestion, antibiotics or the inhibitor has the characteristic for resistance to the strains of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus. In this work, the inhibition ability of the Bacillus strains for the AHPND on the brackish water shrimp is studied. In which, the Bacreria is isolated and filtered from shrimp farm in Can Gio province that contain the characteristic of antagonizing Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which cause AHPND on shrimp in laboratory conditions. The results show that Bacillus subtilis produced 2,5 – Diketopiperazines capable to inbihite the growth of pandemic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Landy media for hightest activity was 200 AU/mL after 24 h of culture. This research is create the possibility of using probiotics to control the pantogenic clones Vibrio parahaemolyticus that cause AHPND for brackish water shrimp farming in Can Gio province as well as other areas in Vietnam.

Digital database on shrimp farming in coastal watershed of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu

Brackishwater shrimp farming is essentially a coastal farming activity, making use of the marginal land and water resources resulting in economic benefits, providing livelihood option for the coastal poor and contributing to the national GDP. Getting successful crop by the farmers is indeed a great accomplishment since the disease threat always hovers around shrimp culture. This warrants the adoption of better management practices starting from the pond construction till the harvest of the shrimp with a collective action among the shrimp farmers in a cluster of farms with respect to stocking, adoption of biosecurity measures, disease management and discharge of treated water. For practically enforcing this through farmers’ associations, development of spatial database is a prerequisite and it is a relatively easy task in this age of information revolution. With this background, a digital information system has been built using ArcGIS 10.0 for the shrimp farms in the coastal watershed of Cuddalore District in TamilNadu primarily to aid farmers. The developed spatial database contains information about all the shrimp farms in Cuddalore District and it has been digitised from GeoEye with the cadastral map in the scale of 1:5000. A total of 4 km2 of shrimp farm area with 351 individual ponds spread over six clusters of farms has been digitised with their survey number. Field surveys were conducted to verify the satellite data. Details of the farms’were collected using a structured questionnaire and have been incorporated in thedatabase. Using this database both spatial and statistical information can be analysed and managed for querying, decision making and resource management. This digital information will also be handy for the policymakers for licensing the farm, monitoring growth and to enforce environmental guidelines.

Impact of brackishwater shrimp farming at the interface of rice growing areas and the prospects for improvement in coastal India

The coastal plain of Odisha in the northeastern region of India is designated the “rice bowl” of the state and is vulnerable to the impact of brackishwater shrimp farming, a prominent livelihood in southeastern Asia. Shrimp farming is highly profitable. However, owing to plentiful resources, shrimp farming has encroached on several rice-growing areas and a decline in the quality of natural resources in the coastal neighborhood has since been reported. This paper aims to study the effects of the unplanned expansion of brackishwater shrimp farming on natural resources and to provide a pathway to suitable utilization in order to improve the livelihood security of marginal shrimp farming communities in coastal Odisha, India. The practice of brackishwater shrimp farming has been determined to induce salt stress at 341–9387 ppt ha−1 crop−1 with a soil EC ranging from 0.3 to 3.4 and 0.5 to 9.5 dSm−1 under the Scientific Extensive Traditional (SET) method and 0.1 to 1.4 and 0.2 to 3.6 dSm−1 under the Traditional/Improved Traditional (IT) practice during post– and pre–farming periods, respectively. Soil with ≥35% clay content underwent a severe loss of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and soil with a low exchangeable sodium percentage (6.09–8.03%) showed more susceptibility towards Na saturation than did soil with a high exchangeable sodium percentage (>10%) after brackishwater shrimp farming. Growing salt-tolerant rice in shrimp ponds during non–farming periods was observed to reduce soil Ks by only 1.2–1.3-fold compared to a reduction of 22–40-fold under shrimp farming. The paper concludes that by promoting salt washing and alleviating salinity hazards, the shrimp–rice sequence has shown promise to restore soil quality, reduce vulnerability, enhance resilience in brackishwater shrimp farming where the farms interface with rice-growing coastal areas, and provide support to conserve the coastal environment.

Soil and water quality parameters of Brackish water shrimp farms of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra

Study was carried out on the soil and water quality parameters of operational Brackish Water Shrimp Farms of Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. The soil quality parameters like Texture, pH, Water holding capacity, Seepage rate and Bulk density whereas the water quality parameters are temperature, pH, DO and Suspended Solid, Alkalinity, Hardness, Ammonia, carbon dioxide and Salinity. The soil pH ranged from 7.3 to 7.6. The bulk density was 1.164 g/cm 3 to 1.462 g/cm 3 . Water temperature ranged from 28°C to 30°C. The level of the Water pH ranged from 7.4 to 8.0, whereas the salinity of water ranged from 15 to 35 ppt.

Resilience and shifts in agro-ecosystems facing increasing sea-level rise and salinity intrusion in Ben Tre Province, Mekong Delta

Coastal areas of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam are increasingly experiencing salinity intrusion in freshwater systems, in part due to climate change induced sea-level rise, compromising agricultural production and domestic water supply. In order to determine which development trajectories could result in resilient agro-ecosystems, a study area in Thanh Phu district, Ben Tre province was selected where the influence of salinity intrusion on agro-ecosystem can be studied along spatial and temporal salinity gradients. The district is divided in three sub-regions: sub-region 3, closest to the coastline, is principally dedicated to brackish-water shrimp farming; more inland, sub-region 2 has a mix of rice-shrimp farming; and further inland, sub-region 1, which is protected from salinity intrusion by a system of dykes, is dedicated principally to rice farming. Household and expert interviews, focus group discussions and a review of policy documents were used to capture historical salinity problems as well as shifts in farming systems. Agricultural activities have changed in the last decades, mainly driven by national-level policies. At present, the development of engineered infrastructures is favoured whereas complementary or alternative solutions to increase the resilience of social-ecological systems with respect to salinity intrusion exist. These include regeneration of coastal ecosystems, agronomic measures, upstream flow control and shifts in agro-ecosystems. The latter would increasingly enable farmers to work under the influence of both saline and freshwater systems allowing income diversification. National authorities have an opportunity to change the business as usual mode of tackling water-related problems including extreme events in the Mekong Delta through infrastructure development by looking at these alternative solutions.

Technical Efficiency Analysis of Shrimp Farming in Peninsular Malaysia: A Stochastic Frontier Production Function Approach

Shrimp farming has become increasingly important in the aquaculture industry of Peninsular Malaysia. The culture areas for shrimp continue to expand with a view to achieve higher output and generating more export earnings. This paper uses farm level data gathered from Perak and Johor States of Peninsular Malaysia to investigate the technical efficiency of brackish water shrimp farms. Stochastic frontier production analysis is applied to examine the determinants of frontier production function and the technical efficiency of pond shrimp farming system. On average, 65% of the sampled shrimp farms are technically efficient. The results suggest high degrees of technical inefficiency exist among the shrimp farmers. This implies that great potential exists to increase shrimp production through improved efficiency in farm management in Peninsular Malaysia. Initiatives to undertake extension programmes at the farm level are needed to help shrimp farmers in utilizing their resources more efficiently in order to substantially enhance their shrimp production.

Soil Quality Analysis of Brackishwater Shrimp Farming in Coastal Areas of Takalar Regency - Indonesia

<p class="1"><span lang="EN-GB">The study aims to find out condition of soil quality in brackishwater ponds in Mangara Bombang Sub-district, Takalar Regency where the center for brackishwater farming development is built. Soil quality sampling used as the main requirements for brackishwater shrimp farming parameter consist of soil texture, pH, organic matter, nutrients and pyrite content. Supporting soil quality parameters in brackishwater shrimp farming are pH<sub>FOX</sub>, KTK, Cation (K, Ca, Na, and Mg), TSA, TAA, and redox. Sampling is then analyzed in laboratory to find out condition of soil parameters in brackishwater areas, Mangara Bombang coastal areas.<strong> </strong>Calculation of soil quality including pH<sub>FOX</sub>, KTK, Cation (K, Ca, Na, and Mg), TSA, TAA, and redox aims to find out eligibility for brackishwater shrimp farming. The findings indicate that in general, brackishwater soil quality in Mangara Bombang coastal areas, Takalar Regency is at the eligible limits, or the soil is capable of promoting brackishwater shrimp farming. <strong></strong></span></p>

Environmental degradation and loss of traditional agriculture as two causes of conflicts in shrimp farming in the southwestern coastal Bangladesh: Present status and probable solutions

An interview survey was conducted among some of the stakeholders in the shrimp value chain on the south-western coast of Bangladesh. The study was conducted in four subdistricts. Eight negative influences were treated as conflict generating factors. The following two hypotheses were tested: ‘environmental degradation is the main cause of the conflict’ and ‘loss of traditional agriculture is another main cause of the conflict’. Attitudes towards seven of the eight conflict generating factors varied significantly among the four sub-districts. Differences between sub-districts and differences in land use histories were the significant contributors to the explanation of the variation in the attitudes towards the conflicts. In our study, we found a trend that attitude conflict-generating factors were more prominent where brackish water intrusion and brackish water shrimp farming were dominant. Landless people and marginal farmers were the two pioneer groups most intensively involved in these conflicts. Two of the most popular suggestions towards sustainable farming and conflict resolution were to ‘maintain proper outlet and inlet systems’ and to ‘maintain alternate farming of shrimp and rice’.

Technical Efficiency of Shrimp Farming in Bangladesh: An Application of the Stochastic Production Frontier Approach

AbstractThis study estimates the levels and determinants of farm‐level technical efficiency of shrimp farmers, using the stochastic production frontier function involving a model for technical inefficiency effects. A sample of 90 brackish water shrimp farms were surveyed in the region of Shyamnagar Upazila of the Satkhira District, Bangladesh, to study their economic efficiencies. Data were collected, using a questionnaire survey from September to October 2011. The mean technical efficiency level of the shrimp farmers was estimated at 82%, and thus, farmers operate 18% below the production frontier. The results suggest that the inefficiency effect is significant, and that education, age, non‐farm income and distance of the farm are significant determinants of technical inefficiency. By operating at full technical efficiency levels, shrimp production can increase from the current yield of 225.56 to 265.28 kg/ha. Besides improving technical efficiency, technological progress and extension services (such as dissemination of proper information of the technological practices and further adoption of technological practices) can also contribute to increased shrimp production levels. Finally, quality feed and fingerling at affordable prices need to be ensured to further promote shrimp production.

Social Determinants of Collective Resource Management in Bangladesh

This paper examines the factors influencing collective action for common resource management. As information base, data sets of 44 brackish water shrimp farming communities in Bangladesh have been used. The result shows that collective action is associated with resource scarcity, market distance from the resource, group size, heterogeneity in the community, and involvement of other institutions. The results tell that while graduates facilitate, outsiders impede collective action. Unlike the findings from other sources, distance to market place has been found very important for common resource management in Bangladesh. Collective action could be more successful, when water user groups are founded through users self motivation, receiving coordination help and technical support from governmental institutions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16477 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 151-168, 2011

Occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in some shrimp farms of Bangladesh

Tetracycline (TC) and ampicillin (AMP) resistant bacteria were identified from both fresh and brackish water shrimp farming system, in Bangladesh. Among 78 isolates from freshwater samples, 14.10, 17.95 and 23.8% were found resistant to TC, AMP and TC plus AMP, respectively. On the other hand, isolates from the brackish water samples, the percentages of TC, AMP and TC plus AMP resistant isolates were 10.25, 12.82 and 15.38, respectively. In freshwater samples, the highest percentage of resistant bacteria was Bacillus sp. (38.9), Pseudomonas sp. (22.2), Staphylococcus sp. (16.7), Acinetobacter sp. (11.1), Brevibacillus sp. (5.5) and Enterobacter sp. (5.5). While in brackish water samples dominant resistant bacteria was Bacillus sp. (50) followed by Pseudomonas sp. (16.7), Acinetobacter sp. (16.7), Enterobacter sp. (8.3) and Microvirgula sp. (8.3). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i2.13449 Bangladesh J. Bot. 41(2): 197-200, 2012 (December)