Boys Children Research Articles

Impact of "JolinchenKids-Fit and Healthy in Daycare" on Children's Objectively Measured Physical Activity: A Cluster-Controlled Study.

To evaluate a multicomponent health promotion program targeting preschoolers' physical activity (PA). PA of children from 23 German daycare facilities (DFs; 13 interventionDFs, 10 controlDFs) was measured via accelerometry at baseline and after 12months. Children's sedentary time, light PA, and moderate to vigorous PA were estimated. Adherence was tracked with paper-and-pencil calendars. Mixed-model regression analyses were used to assess intervention effects. PA data were analyzed from 183 (4.2 [0.8]y, 48.1% boys) children. At follow-up, children in DF groups with more than 50% adherence to PA intervention components showed an increase of 9 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA per day (β = 9.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.16 to 18.72) and a 19-minute decrease in sedentary time (β = -19.25; 95% CI, -43.66 to 5.16) compared with the control group, whereas children's PA of those who were exposed to no or less than 50% adherence remained unchanged (moderate to vigorous PA: β = 0.34; 95% CI, -13.73 to 14.41; sedentary time: β = 1.78; 95% CI, -26.54 to 30.09). Notable effects were found in children with migration background. Only small benefits in PA outcomes were observed after 1year. A minimum of 50% adherence to the intervention seems to be crucial for facilitating intervention effects.

Semiotic Analysis of Gender Constructions among Facebook Users in Kenya

This study aimed at examining how male and female identities are constructed using visual images posted in particular Facebook Groups frequented by Kenyans. To this end, the theory of Visual Social Semiotics by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996; 2006) was employed in the interpretation of data. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed where particular features of the images were identified, described and interpreted. A total of six images were purposively selected from five Facebook Groups and a content analysis, with a checklist used to identify relevant features for analysis. The study found out that there is a major change in the identities of both males and females. Even though there was a desire by men to retain their dominant position, the images showed a shift from the traditional muscular, strong, powerful and macho male towards a vulnerable, weak and prone-to-criminal acts man. Female’s identities have also changed from the traditional one, who was always associated with the kitchen, child birth towards a more assertive, powerful and professional identity. As a result, the study recommends that the Kenyan society ought to take a more serious look into the welfare of the boy-child as it appears that the boy child has been left behind by a more-empowered Kenyan girl.

ANNELERİN 60-66 AYLIK KIZ VE ERKEK ÇOCUKLARDAN ÖZ BAKIM BECERİLERİNE İLİŞKİN BEKLENTİLERİ

Öz bakım becerileri yaşam becerileri olup her yaştaki bireyin sahip olması gereken becerilerdir. Bu beceriler, bireyin fiziksel, duygusal ve sosyal gelişimi ve bu alanlardaki yaşamı için de oldukça önemlidir. Son günlerde özellikle el yıkama öz bakım becerisinin günümüz insanın COVID—19’dan kendini koruyabilmesi hatta hayatta kalabilmesi için ne kadar önemli olduğu görülmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü başta olmak üzere Türkiye’de de Sağlık Bakanlığı Koronavirüs Bilim Kurulunun COVID-19 ile başa çıkmaya ilişkin yönergelerinin el yıkama öz bakım becerisini kullanmayla başlatıldığı dikkati çekmektedir. Öz bakım becerlerinin çok erken yaşlarda kazanılması gerekmektedir. Aile, çocuğun öz bakım becerilerini kazanma şansı bulduğu ilk ortam, ebeveynler ise ilk destekleyicilerdir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, 60-66 aylık çocukları olan annelerin, kız ve erkek çocukların öz bakım becerilerine yönelik beklentilerinde anlamlı farklılık olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Bu araştırma, betimsel araştırma modeli ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışma grubu, 2018-2019 Eğitim Öğretim Yılı Muş İli Hasköy İlçesinde bulunan bağımsız anaokullarına devam eden 60 (30 kız, 30 erkek) 60-66 aylık çocuğun annelerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Çetinkaya (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Okul Öncesi Öz Bakım Becerileri Ölçeği’ndeki maddelerden faydalanılarak oluşturulan, Çocuklardan Beklenilen Öz Bakım Becerileri Anket Formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, ki-kare anlamlılık testi kullanılmıştır. Annelerin çocukların öz bakım becerilerine ilişkin beklentilerinin belirlenebilmesi için araştırmacı, annelerle yüz yüze bireysel görüşmeler yapmıştır. Bu görüşmeler iki oturumda gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk oturumda annelere “5 yaşındaki kız çocuğu…..yapar mı?” yönergesi verilmiştir. Verilen yönerge ile ankette yer alan maddeleri cevaplamaları istenmiştir. Bu oturumda, annelerin kız çocuklarından beklentilerine ilişkin veriler toplanmıştır. İki hafta sonra yapılan ikinci oturumda aynı uygulama işlemi erkek çocuğuna yönelik yönergeler verilerek yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarında, annelerin kız ve erkek çocukların öz bakım becerilerine yönelik beklentilerinden sadece tertip düzen becerilerine ilişkin maddelerde kız çocuklarına yönelik beklentiler lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit edilmiştir.

Inhaled Albuterol Increases Forced Mid-expiratory Flows In Non-asthmatic Children With And Without Obesity

PURPOSE: The effect of albuterol on β2-adrenoceptor activation is usually assessed by a significant increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). However, even without a significant increase in FEV1, an increase in isovolume forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% (isoFEF25-75) of forced vital capacity (FVC) would allow for greater exercise tidal flow rates thus increasing ventilatory capacity (V̇Ecap). This could be particularly important in children with obesity, who breathe at low lung volumes and have limited expiratory reserves. We examined if isoFEF25-75 and V̇Ecap increase with albuterol in non-asthmatic prepubescent children with and without obesity. METHODS: A total of 46 obese (n=29 boys) and 29 nonobese (n=14 boys) children, ages 8-12yr, performed spirometry according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines before and after 360μg of albuterol. Subjects who displayed ≥12% and ≥200mL increase in FEV1 after albuterol were excluded. For each individual, V̇Ecap was determined using an estimated tidal volume at maximal exercise (‘VTmax’ = FVC/2) and forced expiratory time between 25% and 75% of FVC (FET25-75) to estimate an individualized maximum breathing frequency (fbmax), where V̇Ecap = VTmax*fbmax. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (obese x nonobese; pre- x post-inhaler) was conducted. RESULTS: No significant group by treatment interaction was detected. No significant differences were detected in spirometry parameters between children with and those without obesity. From pre- to post-inhaler in the total cohort of children (n=75), FVC significantly decreased (-0.70%, p = 0.04). While there was a statistically significant increase in peak expiratory flow (+3.0%, p = 0.02), FEV1 (+2.6%, p < 0.01) and FEV1/FVC (+3.0%, p < 0.01), there were more meaningful increases in isoFEF25-75 (+17.1%, p < 0.01) and V̇Ecap (+15.5%, p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Administration of albuterol can increase isoFEF25-75 despite a relatively small nonclinical increase in FEV1. The remarkable increase in flow rates along the effort-independent portion of a forced expiration yields a large increase in V̇Ecap, which could potentially change breathing mechanics and ventilatory output during heavy exercise in non-asthmatic prepubescent children with and without obesity.

Series of rare diagnosis and presentations of abdominal mass in children: a great learning experience

Abdominal mass is a common finding in children, either palpable or radiologically evident surprisingly. Some of them are rare tumors. Functional active tumors are rarely palpable but present with varied arrays of symptoms. In this series authors are discussing few rare cases with atypical presentations such as- teratoma arising from adrenal gland, teratoma presenting with hypertension, fetus in fetu (Girl and Boy child), adrenocortical tumor presenting as precocious puberty and adrenal pheochromocytoma with features of cushing’s syndrome. These atypical presentations may have pose a challenge in diagnosis and management for the treating team with first time occurrence specifically if they are handling them for first time.

Sex composition and son preference in India and major states: Evidence from the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16)

The impact of prenatal preferences and family size on the sex ratio of children in patriarchal societies like India has been a major concern for demographers and policy makers. Parents continue to bear children until they achieve their desired number of children and the desired sex composition. There is abundant empirical evidence to show a close relationship between sex preference and fertility. This paper provides pragmatic evidence from India that son preference has pronounced effects on the sex composition of children ever born at the family/micro level. We used the National Family Health Survey-4 data consisting of 455,694 ever-married mothers, aged 15–49, for this study. By assuming that the child sex ratio is a binomial distribution for a Bernoulli random variable, we considered three dependent variables for this study are ideal number of songs, actual number of sons and desired for next child. Women who had attained the highest level of education had a 56% lower preference for sons than others. As far as, regional differences are concerned, women in the northern region preferred the boy child more than those in the southern and western regions.

The Influence of Family Based Determinants on Implementation of Re-Admission Policy of Girls After Teenage Pregnancy in Public Secondary Schools in Kitui County

This study sought to investigate the influence of family based determinants on implementation of re-admission policy of girls after teenage pregnancy in public secondary schools in Kitui County, Kenya. The study objectives sought to determine the influence of; socio-economic status of parents, principals’ opinion on socio-economic status, family size and girls’ awareness of the policy on implementation of re-admission policy. The study was based on the critical theory by the Frankfurt school in German. The target population was 275 principals, 275 guidance and counseling teachers and 275 head girls in the 120 girls’ schools and 155 co-education schools in Kitui County, Kenya. The study also targeted the County Director of Education and all the 16 sub county directors of education in Kitui County. Using stratified and simple random sampling, a sample of 83 principals, 83 guidance and counseling, and 83 head girls were selected for the study. The County Director of Education was purposively selected while four sub-county directors of Education were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that; there was a statistically significant association between socio-economic status of parents and implementation of re-admission policy of girls after teenage pregnancy. The family size, principals’ opinion on the re-admission policy and girls’ awareness of the policy significantly determined the implementation of the re-admission policy of girls after teenage pregnancy. The study recommends that; Parents should be sensitized on their role to educate girls the same way they would do to the boy child. This would enhance the implementation of the re-admission policy of girls after teenage pregnancy in public secondary schools in Kitui County, Kenya. Keywords : Co-education school, Re-admission Policy, Socio-Economic Status Teenage Pregnancies DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-11-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Changes in the school and non-school sedentary time in youth: The UP&DOWN longitudinal study

ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were (i) to examine the sedentary time (ST) during different time periods [i.e., weekend, out-of-school weekdays hours, school hours, recess, physical education classes (PEC)] in children and adolescents; (ii) to identify 2-year longitudinal changes in the ST for these periods; and (iii) to examine if ST at baseline is associated with ST 2 years later. This was a 2-year follow-up study with 826 (51.9% boys) children and 678 (50.7% boys) adolescents. Accelerometers were used to assess ST. Students spent more than 60% of their weekend, out-of-school hours and school hours in ST. During these periods, girls and adolescents were more sedentary than boys and children, respectively (p < 0.05). Over 2-year follow-up, ST increased during the weekend, out-of-school hours, school hours and recess in all subgroups studied (p < 0.001). ST during PEC declined 2% per year in children (p < 0.001) but it increased in adolescents (p < 0.05). ST during the periods analysed at baseline was lowly associated with ST during these periods 2 years later (intraclass correlations from <0.001 to 0.364). Interventions in these settings may be adequate if the intention is to avoid ST increase in students.

Wheezing in Preschool Children and Total IgE Levels: A Birth Cohort Study

To evaluate association between total IgE levels and wheezing in preschool children from India. Data were collected in a prospective birth cohort study related to wheezing till three years of age. Total IgE was measured at enrolment, at one year and two years of age and correlated with wheezing episodes. A total of 310 (167 boys) children were enrolled. Total IgE levels increased with age (P<0.001). Overall, 101 (32.6%) children had 182 episodes of wheezing. The median (IQR) total IgE levels in children with wheezing and without wheezing were similar at one year [42.1 (12.7, 93.5) vs 41.9 (17.1, 96.7) kU/L; P=0.39] and two years of age [62.8 (32.4, 212.0) vs 75 (25.8, 173.0) kU/L, P=0.92). Total IgE levels increased with age and were not different in preschool children with and without wheezing.

Assessment of Vitamin D Status in Egyption Boys Aged 2-10 Years

Abstract Background Vitamin D plays an essential role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D may also be important for a variety of non-skeletal outcomes including neuromuscular function, immunomodulation, and control of other hormonal system. It is well known that exposure of skin to direct sunlight is the most important source of vitamin D, so that according to many causes like fear of skin cancer, traditional clothing and spending most of the time indoors many Egyptian girls are exposed to vitamin D deficiency. Hypovitaminosis D is a widespread disorder in developing countries across all age groups, regardless of their latitude. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of vitamin D deficiency/sufficiency in a sample of Egyptian boys children. Subjects and Methods The present study was conducted on 80 boys age from (2-10) years old randomly selected from outpatient clinic of Ain Shams University and their healthy relative. We excluded girls, boys whose age&amp;lt;2 years or &amp;gt; 10 years, boys suffering from chronic illness or on drugs as corticosteroid and anti-epileptic drugs. Results The results demonstrate that all boys studied have vitamin D deficiency with (36.25%of them with mild vitamin D deficiency, 46.25%of them have moderate vitamin D deficiency, and 17.50% of them have severe vitamin D deficiency. There was positive correlation between vitamin D and sun exposure.

Fitness, physical activity and academic achievement in overweight/obese children

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to examine the associations of fitness and physical activity with academic achievement in children with overweight/obesity. A total of 106 (10.0 ± 1.1y, 61 boys) children participated. The fitness components were assessed by field and laboratory-based tests. Physical activity was measured via accelerometry. The academic achievement was assessed by a standardised test and school-grades. Field-based cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with language skills (ß-standardised- ranging from 0.281 to 0.365, p < 0.01). The field-based muscular strength was associated with grade point average, natural and social sciences, and foreign language (ß = 0.280–0.326, all p ≤ 0.01). Speed-agility was associated with some language-related skills (ß = 0.325–0.393, all p ≤ 0.01). The laboratory-based muscular strength also showed an association with mathematics skills (ß = 0.251–0.306, all p ≤ 0.01). Physical activity did not show significant association with academic achievement (p > 0.01). Overall, the significant associations observed for muscular strength and speed/agility were attenuated and disappeared in many cases after additional adjustments for body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness, indicating that these associations are inter-dependent. Our study contributes by indicating that other fitness components apart from cardiorespiratory fitness, such as muscular strength and speed-agility, are positively associated with academic achievement. However, these associations appear to be dependent on body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Cores que desenham o mundo: infâncias e as marcas de gênero, raça e classe

O ato de desenhar constitui uma das expressões singulares do protagonismo infantil, reverberando a experiência de vida pela qual as crianças materializam e compartilham suas indagações frente ao mundo, atividade criadora que traz a complexidade das relações experienciadas na convivência entre elas e entre elas e com os/as adultos/as, estilos de vida e práticas culturais que deixam as marcas de sua presença. Essas marcas de experiência, por sua vez, são rastros que carregam representações que nos contam pensamentos e interpretações do que é ser uma menina ou um menino, negro/a ou branco/a e filhos/as da classe trabalhadora. Com base nos desenhos de meninas e meninos, negros/as e brancos/as, com idade entre 8 e 9 anos, procuramos compreender como as crianças do ensino fundamental concebem as infâncias vivenciadas na periferia da cidade de São Paulo – Brasil. Ao tomarmos os desenhos infantis como fonte primaria da pesquisa, os conceituamos como artefatos culturais e documentos históricos, que podem contribuir para que se reconheçam as culturas infantis expressas nos traços, símbolos e cores das criações das crianças, permitindo-nos assim pensar este momento da sociedade, com suas especificidades históricas, e as suas marcas de gênero, raça e classe social. Trata-se de uma análise interpretativa, pautada na antropologia, sociologia e pedagogia da infância.

SKOLOMBO AND THEIR CONTINUED EXISTENCE: REVISITING LOST HUMANISM AND PARENTIFICATION IMPULSE

This paper examines the Skolombo-street children of Calabar. It also investigates the reason for their continued existence, the derivatives in form of social and economic insecurity, inequality and other monstrosities visible in their presence. It questions the oblivious role of the institutions responsible for the care of the child, and parentification impulse as well as the lost humanism which existed in high premium in traditional African society resisted and reflected by text and language. The study is anchored upon Theo Van Leeuwen’s perspective on Critical Discourse Analysis which primarily studies the way social-power abuse and inequality are enacted, reproduced, legitimized, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. The study is a qualitative research conducted with the eclectic research methodologies such as biography, Participant Observation and Conversation. Among other findings, this study reveals that the Cross river state government has not provided enough fair ground to fully tackle the social and economic needs of the street child, that the desired comfort has not been provided for the girl child and that they have not been able to fully integrate the Skolombo into the echelon of the privileged. Conclusively, this has created spaces for youth delinquency, thievery, moral laxity and decadence. In the light of the findings, it is recommended that the government needs to put alternative and effective measures to play with the aim to curbing the menace of Skolombo and the street child culture. There ought to be an implementation of the child right boy and girl child. Stringent punishment should be meted on parents, religious leadact in the global space in order to reduce the molestation and marginalization of the ers and guardians who subject children to unnecessary molestation. Religious leaders and parents should be sensitized about the need to integrate their children within the family, intervention should be made compulsory.

Celebration of childbirth through dance and the demystification of the male child in the Igbo Patriarchal Society: A decisive exposition

Celebration of childbirth, among the Igbo, is looked upon as an occasion of feasting and so every festal feature, especially good music is made available as a mark of thanksgiving to God. The birth of a new child is announced with a special kind of song called irri muo, and it is sung in celebration of the birth. Songs sung at childbirth are called umanwa, while in neighbouring communities, they are egwu omugho. Umanwa music is exclusively performed by women, and has survived until today in its original form through oral tradition. This paper, therefore, examines the celebration of childbirth through dance and the demystification of the male child in the Igbo Patriarchal Society. Among the findings, the paper acknowledges that there is always some excitement, merriment, joy and intoxication, mixed with some sparks of faith when the new entrant is added to a household. In addition, the paper recognizes that women are never fully recognized as mothers until the birth of a boy child. Disturbing as the preference is, this paper wonders and questions why women are being easily ridiculed, subjugated and divorced when and where the Y-chromosome, the sole determinant of the birth of the boy child is the exclusive preserve of the male gender. With this, the paper argues that since human personality, a prerogative and quality of every human being does not rest on gender, but on ability; the emphasis on the boy child is absolutely unnecessary because it does not add anything to ability. The paper further calls on the educated elite to enlighten their people to be aware that the dignity of the girl child is fundamentally, essentially and unquestionably equal to the dignity of the boy child. Finally, the paper concludes that, the male child has not in most cases fulfilled the long awaited expectations of being the second father in the house.

The Construction of Gender and Sexuality in the Approach of Key International Law Actors to the Circumcision of Children

Abstract This article analyses the approach of key international actors to the circumcision of children, seeking, first, to understand why the policy towards the circumcision or genital cutting of girls is so different from that towards boys. As part of this project, the article considers the literature on the situation in international law, concluding that the legal position is unclear and debatable. The article notes, however, that the policy difference is justified not by key actors by reference to international law but instead by reference to their theoretical understanding of how dynamics of gender and power infuse the genital cutting of girls. The article suggests that this approach is deficient because it can only compute inter-gender harm and not intra-gender harm, with the consequence that it fails to protect boy children from harms, which a better crafted theoretical model of gender and sexuality would capture.

Double Burden of Nutrition and some Eating Habits Characteristics of Preschool Children in Nam Hong Commune, Dong Anh district, Hanoi, 2018

Double Burden of Nutrition and some Eating Habits Characteristics of Preschool Children in Nam Hong Commune, Dong Anh district, Hanoi, 2018

Weather Wanderings

We propose weather wanderings as a critical and postdevelopmental intervention (Blaise, 2010) into a developmentally appropriate or child-centred approach to walking. A developmentally appropriate approach emphasises an autonomous, white, able-bodied, middle-class, and developing boy child that discovers and explores the natural world as an external thing to ‘know’ and control. A developmental approach is concerned with discovery and conquest; legacies of settler colonialism. All too often, in early childhood education, when (and if) children and teachers leave the preschool to go on walks, these quickly turn into destination- and education-focused events that are full of regulation and control (Springgay &amp; Truman, 2019). During these kinds of walks, teachers attend to children’s behaviour, safety, and physical capacity, all understood as developing along a linear trajectory of progress towards being able to navigate the world as a capable and competent adult. Planning for a child-centred weather walk usually begins with a large group discussion about the weather as external to a child’s body and external to the learning space. Weather is always outside. Children might be asked to recall what the weather felt like on their way to preschool or to look outside the window to determine if it is ‘sunny’ or ‘rainy’. Often, if these weather conditions are considered to cause discomfort (it’s too windy, it’s too cold, it’s too hot, etc.) then a decision is made to stay inside.

Predictive associations between lifestyle behaviours and dairy consumption: The IDEFICS study

Background and aimPhysical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours (SB) are related to obesity and cardiometabolic risk; however, the literature is controversial regarding the effect of dairy consumption on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinally the relationship between specific lifestyle behaviours (PA and SB) and dairy consumption in a sample of European children and adolescents. Methods and resultsChildren from the IDEFICS study were included in the analyses. Two measurements, with 2 years' interval, were conducted. A total of 1688 (50.8% boys) children provided information regarding diet, measured by a 24-h dietary recall, PA measured by accelerometers and parent-reported sedentary screen time (SST) at both time points. Different combinations of these behaviours, at each survey and over time, were derived applying specific recommendations. Multilevel ordinal logistic regression and analysis of covariance were used to assess their association with dairy consumption, adjusted for potential confounders. Differences by gender were found regarding dairy product consumption and also adherence to SB and PA recommendations at T0 and T1. Children meeting both lifestyle recommendations, at the two measurement points, had higher probability to consume more milk and yogurt and less cheese than the rest of combinations. ConclusionsThese results suggest that European children with a healthy lifestyle, especially regarding PA and SB over time, consumed more milk and yogurt. This study suggests that the protective effect of specific dairy products found in literature could be partially due to the association of their consumption with specific healthy lifestyles.

Adverse effects of phototherapy on calcium, magnesium and electrolytes levels in neonatal jaundice

Adverse effects of phototherapy on calcium, magnesium and electrolytes levels in neonatal jaundice - IJCBR- Print ISSN No: - 2394-6369 Online ISSN No:- 2394-6377 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijcbr.2019.061, International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research-Int J Clin Biochem Res

An Investigation on Psychosocial Challenges Facing Boy Child in Absentee Father Figure: A Case of Embakasi Central Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya

This study sought to find out psychosocial impact of absentee father in upbringing of the boy child in Embakasi Central Constituency, Nairobi County. The study focussed on the relationship between present and absent father figure in relation to boy child deliquency, truancy, drug and substance abuse as well as academic performance in Embakasi Constituency. To realize its objective, the study was majorly descriptive and adopted both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to collect, analyse and report the required data. The study was undertaken among boys brought up in absentee father figure families’ as well as present father figure families with age bracket between 12 and17, in Embakasi Central Constituency, Nairobi County. The study also sought to investigate the causes of absentee father figure in the same geographical location. In this study, a total of 90 respondents were sampled; 45 of them involved boys brought up with absent father figures, while the other 45, included boys brought up by both parents. The study sample for single mothers was 45. Non probability sampling method of single mothers with boys was used. Other than the questionnaire, oral interviews were conducted on mothers to find out the cause of single motherhood to collect the data. The study was founded on Social Learning and Structural functioning theories. There was focus on the family as a major player that creates social environment and determines the upbringing of the boy child. The study’s objectives aimed at finding out how parenting is conceptualized today; as well as seeking to find out the psychosocial indicators of upbringing the boy child in absentee father figure families. On academic performance, the research found out that boys from present father figure families perform better in school at an average grade of B as compared to those from absentee father families who perform at an average grade of C-. In regard to drugs and substance abuse, the study was able to tell that boys from absentee father figure are prone to drugs and substance abuse in relation to boys from present father figure. The research findings states that 47% of single mothers in Embakasi Central Constituency are single by choice. Gambling is almost at per from both present and absentee father figure boys; 81% and 91% respectively. However, from the research findings, it is also evident that some single mother have come up with alternative coping mechanism which are helping them provide overall support to the boy child this is according to the study findings which show that there are boys (11.1%) brought up by absentee father figure but they are equally doing well in school (C+) with very low delinquency rates (17%). In conclusion that study observes that boys brought up in the absence of father figure are likely to experience more psychosocial challenges as compared to those brought up with father figure families.