Part Of Box Research Articles

A triad of residues is functionally transferrable between 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Cys-loop receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that facilitate communication within the nervous system. Upon neurotransmitter binding, these receptors undergo an allosteric activation mechanism connecting the binding event to the membrane-spanning channel pore, which expands to conduct ions. Some of the earliest steps in this activation mechanism are carried out by residues proximal to the binding site, the relative positioning of which may reflect functional differences among members of the Cys-loop family of receptors. Herein, we investigated key side-chain interactions near the binding site via mutagenesis and two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology in serotonin-gated 5-HT3A receptors (5-HT3ARs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that a triad of residues aligning to Thr-152, Glu-209, and Lys-211 in the 5-HT3AR can be exchanged between the homomeric 5-HT3AR and the muscle-type nAChR α-subunit with small functional consequences. Via triple mutant cycle analysis, we demonstrated that this triad forms an interdependent network in the muscle-type nAChR. Furthermore, nAChR-type mutations of the 5-HT3AR affect the affinity of nicotine, a competitive antagonist of 5-HT3ARs, in a cooperative manner. Using mutant cycle analyses between the 5-HT3A triad, loop A residues Asn-101 and Glu-102, β9 residue Lys-197, and the channel gate at Thr-257, we observed that residues in this region are energetically linked to the channel gate and are particularly sensitive to mutations that introduce a net positive charge. This study expands our understanding of the differences and similarities in the activation mechanisms of Cys-loop receptors.

Prologue: Juvenility Inferences of Parental Advance Aging

Couples are escalating delay in childbearing to the late 35 s (female), the 40 s (males) and afar. The surmising of this collective and societal transformation on youth constitution and salubriousness has just at present been a spotlight of research. There are distinguished intensified perinatal risks related with expanding maternal age, notwithstanding the way that fatherly age seems to have a presumably predominant adverse impingement on youth well-being. Although the preeminent rate of poor gravidness consequence may contrast from individual to singular point of view, the impingement of postponing childbearing from a general wellbeing perspective cannot be swelled and should be in the pattern of general wellbeing plan for the coming years. Recognizing the part of components and black box, characteristically the maturing of the gametes, and how this change effects on preparation, blastulation lastly the posterity, is an essential and consequent advance as we attempt to help patients outline sound families.

Global and regional estimates of warm cloud droplet number concentration based on 13 years of AQUA-MODIS observations

Abstract. We present and evaluate a climatology of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) based on 13 years of Aqua-MODIS observations. The climatology provides monthly mean 1 × 1° CDNC values plus associated uncertainties over the global ice-free oceans. All values are in-cloud values, i.e. the reported CDNC value will be valid for the cloudy part of the grid box. Here, we provide an overview of how the climatology was generated and assess and quantify potential systematic error sources including effects of broken clouds, and remaining artefacts caused by the retrieval process or related to observation geometry. Retrievals and evaluations were performed at the scale of initial MODIS observations (in contrast to some earlier climatologies, which were created based on already gridded data). This allowed us to implement additional screening criteria, so that observations inconsistent with key assumptions made in the CDNC retrieval could be rejected. Application of these additional screening criteria led to significant changes in the annual cycle of CDNC in terms of both its phase and magnitude. After an optimal screening was established a final CDNC climatology was generated. Resulting CDNC uncertainties are reported as monthly-mean standard deviations of CDNC over each 1 × 1° grid box. These uncertainties are of the order of 30 % in the stratocumulus regions and 60 to 80 % elsewhere.

758 Understanding the nature of complex phenotypes in beef cattle using systems biology

In recent years, breeders have combined the use of phenotypic appraisal and the estimation of breeding values (EPD) to make genetic selection decisions in beef and dairy cattle that have resulted in a steady genetic gain of 2% per year. However, the most extensive application of genomics has occurred in the dairy industry with the estimation of molecular breeding values that has improved selection efficiency to a much higher order of magnitude. Despite a growing molecular and physiological understanding of complex traits, little is known about the genes determining the traits and their precise function, and a significant unexplained source of variation of phenotypes remains in livestock. Within this context, a more complete understanding of the genes and regulatory pathways and networks involved in economically important traits (i.e. fertility and reproduction, feed efficiency, meat quality and carcass traits) in beef cattle will provide knowledge to help improve genetic selection and reproductive management. Currently, with all the new available technologies in livestock combined with statistical methodologies, the integration of structural and functional genomics information with other –OMICS into a systems biology approach has allowed development of a better biological understanding of phenotypes complementing the traditional genetic tools and further advance identification of functional genes. As part of the genomics tool box and the HD-genotyping SNP chips, whole genome sequencing technologies are now available in cattle and extensively utilized in genetic improvement. As a part of high throughput tools available for genomic analysis, RNA-Sequencing allows measuring not only gene expression, but also examining genome structure identifying SNP and other structural variation such as insertions, deletions and splice variants. The expectation is that the integration of all these types of genomic data will accelerate the genetic improvement by improving accuracy of selection and reducing the generation interval. Combining the information from the –OMICS technologies (i.e., transcriptomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, amongst several others) together with metabolic pathways and functional/biological analysis into a systems biology approach allows the identification of functional SNP increasing the accuracy of selection. The particular benefits of new integrated high-throughput genomics technologies within a systems biology approach will most likely be used to accelerate the genetic improvement of those traits that are difficult to measure such as health, feed efficiency, methane emission and fertility and reproduction traits in beef cattle.

Analysis of geometrical accuracy based on multistage single point incremental forming of a straight wall box part

Multistage forming is usually adopted to fabricate the part of steep angles during single point incremental forming (SPIF). However, the central sinking of specimens is usually a major defect during the multistage negative incremental forming process. In this study, three materials (1060 aluminum, Q235, and DC04 steel) were used separately to fabricate specimens with different heights and to study the effect of materials on dimensional accuracy of parts formed. Meanwhile, the effect of stepping rates on the largest error was investigated. In addition to this, a mathematic model was proposed to predict the central sinking value of specimens based on the law of energy conservation. The experimental result demonstrates that the stepping rate and the strain strength coefficient (K) are mainly influential factors on the dimensional accuracy and that the mathematic model is feasible.

The Application of Advanced Technique of Fan Frame Unit on High Bypass Ratio Aero Engine

High bypass ratio aero-engine was widely used on military and civil aviation domain, as the power of larger aircraft. Fan frame unit was the main bearing frame of high bypass ratio aero-engine, which composed of strut, HUB MID BOX and external bypass parts. Resin/composite was used on external bypass parts(acoustic liner, containment ring, fan outlet guide vane and fan case skin fillets), which not only reduced the weight and manufacturing cost, but also improved the noise absorption, containment and anti-fatigue ability of engine. The design of composite was becoming a key technique for high bypass ratio aero-engine. In special test of the core engine, nitrogen cooling system was designed to cool the cavity of spool. The nitrogen pipeline passed through the inner cavity of fan frame, then inserted into NO. 3 bearing seal, so nitrogen gas was sent into the cavity of core engine spool. On high bypass ratio aero-engine, the external bypass and fan frame inner cavity were the design platform for advanced technique, such as composite and pipeline system, and also provided guarantee for reliable operation of engine.

Friction Coefficient and Worn Surface of Ferromagnetic Materials under Magnetic Fields

Several machine components including a part of electrical circuit box, an electrical motor and an automotive part were common ferromagnetic materials used under the magnetic fields. In the general, their friction had occurred in the magnetized materials during operation. The friction coefficient of the sample under magnetic fields was different from the sample without magnetic field treatment. Its friction coefficient had correlation with wear behavior of specimens. The wear protection procedures for the ferromagnetic parts during operation are recognized different from others without magnetization. Its friction coefficient was thus used to measure the wear characteristics with a ball on disc friction tester. The microstructure of wear trace and debris was investigated by scanning electron microscope. From the results, the magnetic fields affected the change of friction coefficient. The friction coefficient was decreased with an increasing magnetic intensity. This was because the wear debris was induced and thus decreased the adhesive wear mode during friction test.

Experimental and finite element study of the reverse faulting effects on buried continuous steel gas pipelines

Permanent ground displacement (PGD) caused by surface faulting is considered as one of the most significant hazards affecting buried pipelines. Pipelines crossing reverse-slip faults are subjected to compressive actions (stresses and strains) which can result in buckling of the pipe. In current work, the results obtained from the full-scale laboratory testing and finite element analyses of 4″ (114.3mm) and 6″ (168.3mm) steel gas pipes (without internal pressure) buried inside a split box and subjected to a reverse faulting of 0.6m (pure dip-slip) are presented. These pipes are commonly used in gas distribution lines and networks. The experimental setup, procedure and instrumentation as well as the finite element (FE) modeling of the problem are described in detail. It is observed that the soil failure in the moving part of the split-box occurs along vertical surfaces extending from the sides of the pipe to the ground surface. The experimental results indicate that both pipes exhibit an S-shape deformation with two local buckling sections where the excessive yielding and plastic deformations of the pipes could lead to rupture failure. Both pipes exhibited “diamond-shape” buckled sections. The buckled sections of the pipes in the fixed and moving parts of the split box were unsymmetrical with respect to the fault plane. Using the factor of ovality to measure the pipe cross-section distortion, it is found that the cross-section distortion is more severe for the buckled section of the pipe in the moving part of the split box in comparison to its fixed part. Also, the distance between the buckled sections increases by increasing the pipe diameter, while the distortion of the pipe cross-section increases by increasing the pipe diameter over thickness ratio. Using the FE models that were validated utilizing the experimental results, the maximum equivalent soil–pipe interaction forces and their distribution along the pipes were determined and the results were compared with that of American Lifeline Alliance Guidelines for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe (ALA, 2005) [33]. The obtained maximum bearing force is less than the suggested values by ALA, while the maximum uplift force slightly exceeds those of ALA. The results indicate that for the considered cases, the uplift force is sensitive to the pipe diameter and its relative stiffness, while the ALA (2005, [33]) suggests a constant force for the burial depths considered in this study.

Water liquid-vapor equilibrium by molecular dynamics: Alternative equilibrium pressure estimation

Abstract The molecular dynamics simulations of the liquid-vapor equilibrium of water including both water phases — liquid and vapor — in one simulation are presented. Such approach is preferred if equilibrium curve data are to be collected instead of the two distinct simulations for each phase separately. Then the liquid phase is not restricted, e.g. by insufficient volume resulting in too high pressures, and can spread into its natural volume ruled by chosen force field and by the contact with vapor phase as vaporized molecules are colliding with phase interface. Averaged strongly fluctuating virial pressure values gave untrustworthy or even unreal results, so need for an alternative method arisen. The idea was inspired with the presence of vapor phase and by previous experiences in gaseous phase simulations with small fluctuations of pressure, almost matching the ideal gas value. In presented simulations, the first idea how to calculate pressure only from the vapor phase part of simulation box were applied. This resulted into very simple method based only on averaging molecules count in the vapor phase subspace of known volume. Such simple approach provided more reliable pressure estimation than statistical output of the simulation program. Contrary, also drawbacks are present in longer initial thermostatization time or more laborious estimation of the vaporization heat. What more, such heat of vaporization suffers with border effect inaccuracy slowly decreasing with the thickness of liquid phase. For more efficient and more accurate vaporization heat estimation the two distinct simulations for each phase separately should be preferred.

Controlling the particle cut size of a dry cyclone using acetone

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated the interaction between particles and the wall in the presence of mist to improve the particle classification performance of a dry cyclone. The interaction between a silica particle and a mica surface in the presence of a flowing acetone mist was measured by performing atomic force microscopy (AFM), which showed that an attractive force was generated and became stronger as time passed while acetone mist was supplied to the system, probably because of static electricity. In a dry cyclone system, this attractive force could enhance the classification performance. In particular, when acetone mist was supplied into the cyclone from the upper part of the dust box at higher flow rates, the classification performance was enhanced. Because acetone is highly volatile and has a low viscosity, the classification performance was improved by the evaporated acetone even when a cyclone with a dust box filled with acetone was used instead of a nozzle supplying the mist. In this case, the ratio of the mass of the particles collected by the upper part of the cyclone to the total mass of the feed powder was increased, probably because of the attractive force between the silica particles and the wall of the cyclone. Moreover, the cut size of the dry cyclone could be controlled by changing the amount of acetone in the dust box of the cyclone.

Genetically engineering milk

It has been thirty years since the first genetically engineered animal with altered milk composition was reported. During the intervening years, the world population has increased from 5bn to 7bn people. An increasing demand for protein in the human diet has followed this population expansion, putting huge stress on the food supply chain. Many solutions to the grand challenge of food security for all have been proposed and are currently under investigation and study. Amongst these, genetics still has an important role to play, aiming to continually enable the selection of livestock with enhanced traits. Part of the geneticist's tool box is the technology of genetic engineering. In this Invited Review, we indicate that this technology has come a long way, we focus on the genetic engineering of dairy animals and we argue that the new strategies for precision breeding demand proper evaluation as to how they could contribute to the essential increases in agricultural productivity our society must achieve.

DYNLT (Tctex-1) forms a tripartite complex with dynein intermediate chain and RagA, hence linking this small GTPase to the dynein motor.

It has been suggested that DYNLT, a dynein light chain known to bind to various cellular and viral proteins, can function as a microtubule-cargo adaptor. Recent data showed that DYNLT links the small GTPase Rab3D to microtubules and, for this to occur, the DYNLT homodimer needs to display a binding site for dynein intermediate chain together with a binding site for the small GTPase. We have analysed in detail how RagA, another small GTPase, associates to DYNLT. After narrowing down the binding site of RagA to DYNLT we could identify that a β strand, part of the RagA G3 box involved in nucleotide binding, mediates this association. Interestingly, we show that both microtubule-associated DYNLT and cytoplasmic DYNLT are equally able to bind to the small GTPases Rab3D and RagA. Using NMR spectroscopy, we analysed the binding of dynein intermediate chain and RagA to mammalian DYNLT. Our experiments identify residues of DYNLT affected by dynein intermediate chain binding and residues affected by RagA binding, hence distinguishing the docking site for each of them. In summary, our results shed light on the mechanisms adopted by DYNLT when binding to protein cargoes that become transported alongside microtubules bound to the dynein motor.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the thermal performance of a double exposure flat-plate solar collector

This paper presents the results of a theoretical and experimental investigation of a double exposure, flat-plate solar collector with a flat-plate reflective surface. The main role of the reflector, which is placed below and parallel to the collector, is the reflection of solar radiation on the lower absorber surface. To enable absorption from the lower absorber surface, it is necessary for the insulation mounted on the lower part of the collector box to be removed and the lower box surface replaced by a glass cover. In order to determine the feasibility of the proposed concept, theoretical and experimental investigations of a double exposure and conventional flat-plate solar collectors were carried out. The experimental tests verified the developed mathematical models of the thermal behaviour of the mentioned solar collectors. The main advantages of the proposed collector–reflector system in relation to the previously investigated are: parallelism between the reflector and the collector, mirror reflective surface and mobility of the reflector in all three possible orthogonal directions. The proposed system is simpler because it consists of only one reflector. The experimental and theoretical results show that performance of a double exposure, flat-plate solar collector can be significantly higher than a conventional solar collector. The experimentally obtained relative difference of thermal power of these collectors is in the range of 41.79–66.44%, the highest achieved value of this difference in the reviewed literature is 48%.

Open boundary molecular dynamics

This contribution analyzes several strategies and combination of methodologies to perform molecular dynamic simulations in open systems. Here, the term open indicates that the total system has boundaries where transfer of mass, momentum and energy can take place. This formalism, which we call Open Boundary Molecular Dynamics (OBMD), can act as interface of different schemes, such as Adaptive Resolution Scheme (AdResS) and Hybrid continuum-particle dynamics to link atomistic, coarse-grained (CG) and continuum (Eulerian) fluid dynamics in the general framework of fluctuating Navier-Stokes equations. The core domain of the simulation box is solved using all-atom descriptions. The CG layer introduced using AdResS is located at the outer part of the open box to make feasible the insertion of large molecules into the system. Communications between the molecular system and the outer world are carried out in the outer layers, called buffers. These coupling preserve momentum and mass conservation laws and can thus be linked with Eulerian hydro- dynamic solvers. In its simpler form, OBMD allows, however, to impose a local pressure tensor and a heat flux across the system’s boundaries. For a one component molecular system, the external normal pressure and temperature determine the external chemical potential and thus the independent parameters of a grand-canonical ensemble simulation. Extended ensembles under non-equilibrium stationary states can also be simulated as well as time dependent forcings (e.g. oscillatory rheology). To illustrate the robustness of the combined OBMD-AdResS method, we present simulations of star-polymer melts at equilibrium and in sheared flow.

Experimental and numerical analyses of manufacturing process of a composite square box part: Comparison between textile reinforcement forming and surface 3D weaving

Textile reinforcement forming is frequently used in aeronautic and automobile industries as a composite manufacturing process. The double-curved shape forming may be difficult to control and can lead to defects. Numerical simulation analysis can predict the suitable forming conditions and minimize the defects. Wrinkling as one of the most common flaws can be experienced easily during textile composite forming for certain specific shapes, for example the square box. In order to product a composite square box without wrinkles, a surface 3D weaving process has been developed to weave directly the shape of final part without the step of 2D preforming. In the surface 3D weaving the three directions are completely designed. The warp and weft yarns on all the surfaces of square box are absolutely under control and the final 3D ply has a homogeneous fibre volume fraction.

Laboratory Experiments on the Measurement of the Greenhouse Gases Concentration at the Water-Air Interface by Using a Floating Gas Box Method

Nowadays the problem of greenhouse gases emission going in the Earth's atmosphere is closely connected with greenhouse effect development. Natural sources of the gases are the main reason of that. They are exactly hydroelectric reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants because the process of methane and carbon dioxide emission moved by the decomposition of the bottom organic substances is still not learned at all. Our main goal is to simulate this process in the laboratory for conducting further experiments at the hydroelectric reservoirs. The floating gas box method is the key point of all the experiment. It allows us to calculate the concentration of the gases emitted in the above-water part of the gas box and determine what kind of equipment we should take to measure the same parameter of the gases at the the hydroelectric reservoirs. If the experiment at the the hydroelectric reservoir goes right and the laboratory results correspond to the original results it will be possible to use the data for other hydroelectric reservoirs with some corrections and specify the information about total greenhouse gases emission in the atmosphere.

연소로의 화염분포가 보일러 관로에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

Abstract The fire took place in the synthetic heat transfer fluid boiler used in production process of medium density fiberboard. This study investigated pressure distribution of the first, second and third passes and the temperature in the fire burner. The boiler’s internal fluid is unsteady due to the out of order inverter. As the operation continues, the flame’s flow and speed are unsteady. The synthetic heat transfer fluid leak spouted about 120kg/min in the form of vapor in the early period of the fire. The flame extended to the second and third passes. The highest temperature of the second and third pass is 1059℃ and 1007℃, respectively. The synthetic heat transfer fluid spouted through the cracked part of the fire box in the first pass and accumulated on the turn table. Therefore, it is expected that the temperature of the interior of the fire box is above 1200℃. The temperature of the burner rises to a maximum level several times in a short period. On account of that, several explosions occur in the fire burner. Pressure distribution at steady state in combustion furnace is 2~5mAq and pressure distribution at inverter under fault condition in combustion furnace is 10~-53mAq. The decrement of coil thickness measurement for synthetic heat transfer fluid boiler is 0~5mm.Key words : Synthetic heat transfer fluid boiler, Flame distibution, Pressure distribution, Inverter, CoilCorresponding author : 031-539-1973, chodh@daejin.ac.kr.ac.kr2014

The Origin Alignment Method of Box Parts Based on Boring and Milling Machining Center

Based on complex body parts structure, the characteristics of batch processing and high accuracy requirement, in order to improve the efficiency of its alignment, put forward about the case accessories are the method of study the origin. During the study, in order to type boring and milling machining center for processing platform, build online detecting system for the body parts. By mathematical modeling and knowledge of analytic geometry, the rotary table any position of body parts in machining center is to find the origin, and determine the size of the work-piece origin of coordinates and the deflection angle. Checked by practice, this method is suitable for composite boring and milling machining center mass production of body parts in work, improve the efficiency of the box body parts processing precision and alignment.

Soft Magnetic Powder Composites and Potential Applications in Modern Electric Machines and Devices

Powder metallurgical manufacture has the singular ability to produce net shaped products (gear box parts and motor parts) for the automobile industry. Soft magnetic composite (SMC) powder coupled with the P/M production process open new possibilities in the design and manufacture of parts for electrical applications. With increasing values of operating frequency, the use of SMC can contribute to a substantial decrease of specific core losses of the machine, simultaneously increasing its total efficiency. In contrast to laminated cores, the manufacturing process of SMCs does not influence their final magnetic properties. These properties are homogenous and do not change after assembly of the motor. New SMC materials can outperform current laminated steel materials when measurements are done in the same conditions with similar samples. Many of the existing prejudices about the magnetic properties of SMC can thus be eliminated or attenuated if we respect its optimal use in adequate applications.

열매유 보일러 내부화재에 따른 온도 및 속도분포 해석

열매유(Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluid)의 가열현상으로 인하여 보일러에서 화재가 발생한 경우에 대하여 컴퓨터 수치해석을 통한 1, 2, 3차 패스 및 연소대의 온도 및 속도분포를 파악하였다. 보일러의 인버터의 고장으로 인하여 보일러 내부의 유동이 다소 불안전한 상태에서 운전이 지속되면서 화염의 유동과 속도가 불안정하게 작동된 것으로 판단된다. 열매유의 누유현상은 화재초기에 약 120 kg/min로 분출하면서 기화되었고, 또한 화염은 2차 패스와 3차 패스까지 열전달 현상이 확대되었다. 2차 패스에서의 최고온도는 <TEX>$1,059^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 3차 패스의 최고온도는 <TEX>$1,007^{\circ}C$</TEX>이고, 3차 패스 아래쪽에서는 온도가 <TEX>$767^{\circ}C$</TEX>인 것으로 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 결과에서 알 수 있었다. 특히, 연소대는 1차 패스 균열부위에서 열매유가 분출되면서 턴테이블 위로 쌓였으며, 연소대 하부에서 온도는 플래시오버 현상에 의하여 <TEX>$183^{\circ}C$</TEX>까지 올라갔다. 따라서 연소대 내부의 온도는 <TEX>$1,200^{\circ}C$</TEX> 이상으로 예측되었으며, 연소대의 온도는 순간적으로 여러 차례 최고점의 온도까지 도달되어 연소대에서 여러 차례 폭발현상이 발생한 것으로 판단되었다. The fire took place in the synthetic heat transfer fluid boiler. This study uses simulation to investigate the first, second and third passes and the temperature in the fire burner. The boiler's internal fluid is more or less unsteady due to the out of order inverter. As the operation continues, the flame's flow and speed are unsteady. The synthetic heat transfer fluid leak spouted about 120 kg/min in the form of vapor in the early period of the fire. The flame extended to the second and third passes. The highest temperature of the second and third pass is <TEX>$1059^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$1007^{\circ}C$</TEX>, respectively. The simulation shows that the temperature is <TEX>$767^{\circ}C$</TEX> in the low part of the third pass. The synthetic heat transfer fluid spouted through the cracked part of the fire box in the first pass and accumulated on the turn table. The temperature rises to <TEX>$183^{\circ}C$</TEX> in the low part of the burner. Therefore, it is expected that the temperature of the interior of the fire box is above <TEX>$1200^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The temperature of the burner rises to a maximum level several times in a short period. On account of that, several explosions occur in the fire burner.