Box Diagrams Research Articles

LSM3, NDUFB3, and PTGS2 may be potential biomarkers for BRCA1-mutation positive breast cancer

Abstract Purpose: We aimed to find critical biomakers associated with BRCA1-mutation positive breast cancer. Methods: The data set E-MTAB-982 was downloaded from ArrayExpress database and the data were preprocessed using R package Oligo. Differential expression analysis between BRCA1-mutation positive breast cancer patients and BRCA1-mutation positive healthy subjects were performed using limma package. Then, gene set enrichment analysis was conducted. We constructed the network for BRCA1, its related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. After that, survival analysis was performed based on the clinical data of breast cancer in TCGA database. Finally, box diagram for key genes was drawn. Results: The network showed that LSM3, NDUFB3, GNPDA2, and PTGS2 were BRCA1 related DEGs. Furthermore, LSM3 was mainly enriched in RNA degradation pathway and spliceosome pathway. PTGS2 was enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism and VEGF signaling pathway. Survival analysis indicated that high expression of LSM3 indicated a poor prognosis of BRCA1-mutant breast cancer. Besides, box diagram showed that LSM3 was down-regulated in BRCA1-mutation positive breast cancer patients compared with that in BRCA1-mutation positive healthy subjects. Conclusions: LSM3, NDUFB3, and PTGS2 may be biomarkers in BRCA1-mutant breast cancer, and high expression of LSM3 may indicate a poor prognosis of BRCA1-mutant breast cancer.

How to reveal the nature of three or more pentaquark states

Within the chiral unitary approach and with the constraints of heavy quark spin symmetry, we study the coupled channel interactions of ${\bar D}^{(*)}\Sigma_c^{(*)}$ channels, close to whose thresholds three pentaquark-like $P_c$ states have been reported by the LHCb Collaboration. In the present work, we take into account the contributions of pion exchanges via box diagrams to the interaction potentials, and therefore lift the degeneracy in the masses of ${\bar D}^*\Sigma_c^{(*)}$ spin multiplets. Fitting the $J/\psi p$ invariant mass distributions in the $\Lambda_b^0 \to J/\psi K^- p$ decay, we find that the LHCb pentaquark states can not be reproduced in the direct $J/\psi p$ production in the $\Lambda_b^0$ decay, and can only be indirectly produced in the final state interactions of the $\Lambda_b^0$ decay products, ${\bar D}^*\Sigma_c^{(*)}$, which further supports the nature of these states as $\bar{D}\Sigma_c$ molecules. Based on the fit results obtained, we study the partial decay widths/branching ratios to other decay channels, $\bar{D}^* \Lambda_c$, $\bar{D} \Lambda_c$, and $\eta_c N$, and the corresponding invariant mass distributions. The resonances with $J^P=\frac{1}{2}^-$, $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$ and the one of $\bar{D}^* \Sigma_c^*$ around 4500 MeV, have large partial decay width into $\eta_c N$, and thus, can be easily seen in the $\eta_c N$ invariant mass distributions. By contrast, the states with $J^P=\frac{3}{2}^-$, $P_c(4457)$, the (predicted) narrow $P_c(4380)$ and the bound state of $\bar{D}^* \Sigma_c^*$ with a mass of about 4520 MeV, do not decay into $\eta_c N$. Therefore, the $\eta_c N$ channel should be studied in future to provide further insights into the nature of these states, especially that of the $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$.

Muon conversion to an electron in nuclei in the minimal R-symmetric supersymmetric standard model

We analyze the lepton flavor violating process $\mu-e$ conversion in the framework of the minimal R-symmetric supersymmetric standard model. The theoretical predictions are determined by considering the experimental constraint on parameter $\delta^{12}$ from the lepton flavor violating decay $\mu\rightarrow e \gamma$. The numerical results show that $\gamma$ penguins and Z penguins dominate the predictions on CR($\mu-e$,Nucleus), and the contributions from Higgs penguins and box diagrams are insignificant. The theoretical predictions on conversion rate CR($\mu-e$,Nucleus) in a Al or Ti target can be enhanced close to the future experimental sensitivities and are very promising to be observed in near future experiment.

Flavour anomalies from a split dark sector

We investigate solutions to the flavour anomalies in B decays based on loop diagrams of a “split” dark sector characterised by the simultaneous presence of heavy particles at the TeV scale and light particles around and below the B-meson mass scale. We show that viable parameter space exists for solutions based on penguin diagrams with a vector mediator, while minimal constructions relying on box diagrams are in strong tension with the constraints from the LHC, LEP, and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. In particular, we highlight a regime where the mediator lies close to the B-meson mass, naturally realising a resonance structure and a q2-dependent effective coupling. We perform a full fit to the relevant flavour observables and analyse the constraints from intensity frontier experiments. Besides new measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, we find that decays of the B meson, Bs-mixing, missing energy searches at Belle-II, and LHC searches for top/bottom partners can robustly test these scenarios in the near future.

Direct CP violation in D^+ rightarrow K^0({bar{K}}^0) pi ^+ decays as a probe for new physics

In this paper we investigate CP violation in charged decays of D meson. Particularly, we study the direct CP asymmetry of the Cabibbo favored non-leptonic D^+ rightarrow {bar{K}}^0 pi ^+ and the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay mode D^+ rightarrow K^0 pi ^+ within standard model, two Higgs doublet model with generic Yukawa structure and left right symmetric models. In the standard model, we first derive the contributions from box and di-penguin diagrams contributing to their amplitudes which are relevant to the generation of the weak phases essential for non-vanishing direct CP violation. Then, we show that the generated phases are so tiny leading to null direct CP asymmetries of both decay modes. Regarding the two Higgs doublet model with generic Yukawa structure, after taking into account all constraints on the parameter space of the model, we show that the weak phases of the amplitudes can be enhanced compared to the standard model ones. However, the enhancement is still not enough to have sizable direct CP asymmetries. Finally, within left right symmetric models, we find that |A^{SM+LR}_{CP} (D^+ rightarrow {bar{K}}^0 pi ^+)|lesssim mathcal {O}(10^{-3}) after respecting all relevant constraints on the parameter space of the model.

RK and RK* in an aligned 2HDM with right-handed neutrinos

We consider the possibility to explain the recent $R_K$ and $R_{K ^*}$ anomalies in a 2-Higgs Doublet Model, known as Aligned, combined with a low scale seesaw mechanism generating light neutrino masses and mixings. In this class of models, a large Yukawa coupling allows for significant non-universal leptonic contributions, through box diagrams mediated by charged Higgs bosons and right-handed neutrinos, to the $b \to s \ell^+ \ell^-$ transition that can then account for both $R_K$ and $R_{K^*}$ anomalies.

Heavy metals accumulation in Hertia cheirifolia along the highway in Setif region, Algeria

Abstract. Belguidoum A, Lograda T, Ramdani M. 2020. Heavy metals accumulation in Hertia cheirifolia along the highway in Setif region, Algeria. Biodiversitas 21: 2786-2793. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of using Hertia cheirifoia spontaneous plant, generally present in uncultivated environments, as an indicator of pollution. The aerial parts of ten H. cheirifolia populations were collected along the East-West highway. Sampling is carried out in areas considered polluted or low contaminated in the region of Setif. Nine metallic trace elements concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ag, Bi, and Sb) were determined, for each population, by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with Flame (AASF). Statistical analyzes were performed using mainly box and whisker diagrams, principal component analysis, and UPGMA. The concentrations detected for contaminants (MTE), in general, were very high, far exceeding international certified standards. The MTE concentrations in different populations were calculated for each metal and a positive correlation is observed. The order of MTE in the plant was found as follows: Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Sb > Cu > Bi > Ag > Cd. The Fe concentrations are very high in H. cheirifolia with an average of 3600 ± 1491.5 mg/kg. The populations of H. cheirifolia have shown a significant capacity to accumulate heavy metals. The presence of metal ions in the aerial parts of the plant designates that H. cheirifolia is a super accumulator of MTE and can be used as a bioindicator, which opens up prospects for its application to soils phytoremediation.

Influence of operation management on fuel consumption of coach fleet

In this paper, the relationship between the operation management and fuel consumption of a coach fleet was studied. The box diagram method was used to remove the abnormal data and improve the quality of sample data. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to confirm the major influencing factors for fuel consumption of the coach fleet. For the selected coach fleet company, the passenger quantity fluctuated periodically in the course of a year, and the time of the lowest passenger quantity appeared during the Chinese New Year. Fuel consumption per unit turnover (fct) increased with the increase of the rated engine power in general. Fuel consumption increased and fct decreased with the increase of carrying mileage and turnover. According to the fluctuation of passenger quantity, the number of operation vehicles was adjusted and part of the route was rearranged. The improvement measures increased the actual loading rate and reduced fuel consumption considerably, which verified the effectiveness of the measures.

First-Principles Calculation of Electroweak Box Diagrams from Lattice QCD.

We present the first realistic lattice QCD calculation of the γW-box diagrams relevant for beta decays. The nonperturbative low-momentum integral of the γW loop is calculated using a lattice QCD simulation, complemented by the perturbative QCD result at high momenta. Using the pion semileptonic decay as an example, we demonstrate the feasibility of the method. By using domain wall fermions at the physical pion mass with multiple lattice spacings and volumes, we obtain the axial γW-box correction to the semileptonic pion decay, □_{γW}^{VA}|_{π}=2.830(11)_{stat}(26)_{syst}×10^{-3}, with the total uncertainty controlled at the level of ∼1%. This study sheds light on the first-principles computation of the γW-box correction to the neutron decay, which plays a decisive role in the determination of |V_{ud}|.

Parity-violating inelastic electron-proton scattering at low Q2 above the resonance region

We report the measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry for the inelastic scattering of electrons from the proton, at $Q^2 = 0.082$ GeV$^2$ and $ W = 2.23$ GeV, above the resonance region. The result $A_{\rm Inel} = - 13.5 \pm 2.0 ({\rm stat}) \pm 3.9 ({\rm syst})$~ppm agrees with theoretical calculations, and helps to validate the modeling of the $\gamma Z$ interference structure functions $F_1^{\gamma Z}$ and $F_2^{\gamma Z}$ used in those calculations, which are also used for determination of the two-boson exchange box diagram ($\Box_{\gamma Z}$) contribution to parity-violating elastic scattering measurements. A positive parity-violating asymmetry for inclusive $\pi^-$ production was observed, as well as positive beam-normal single-spin asymmetry for scattered electrons and a negative beam-normal single-spin asymmetry for inclusive $\pi^-$ production.

Box diagram contribution to the axial two-nucleon current

Recently, we have worked out the axial two-nucleon current operator to leading one-loop order in chiral effective field theory using the method of unitary transformation. Our final expressions, however, differ from the ones derived by the JLab-Pisa group using time-ordered perturbation theory (Phys. Rev. C 93, no. 1, 015501 (2016) Erratum: [Phys. Rev. C 93, no. 4, 049902 (2016)] Erratum: [Phys. Rev. C 95, no. 5, 059901 (2017)]). In this paper we consider the box diagram contribution to the axial current and demonstrate that the results obtained using the two methods are unitary equivalent at the Fock-space level. We adjust the unitary phases by matching the corresponding two-pion exchange nucleon-nucleon potentials and rederive the box diagram contribution to the axial current operator following the approach of the JLab-Pisa group, thereby reproducing our original result. We provide a detailed information on the calculation including the relevant intermediate steps in order to facilitate a clarification of this disagreement.

Architecture-Driven Development of an Electronic Health Record Considering the SOAQM Quality Model

Service computing has been considered for many years a suitable solution to develop and integrate legacy systems. Considering the important role of services for integrating legacy systems in organizations, quality should be treated as a key issue. By observing previous works published in the literature, it is clear that there is a need for the development of a specific quality model for Service-Oriented Architecture based on the latest ISO/IEC 25010 standard. This article presents a SOA quality model, named SOAQM, multiple architecture views and design decisions for developing an electronic health record (EHR). Most often, quality aspects, architectural views and decisions are neglected during the EHR development, which leads to difficulties for future software maintenance. Even those studies which present the software architecture only describe one or two views, or even a multiple number of views in only one box diagram, which may be confusing for most stakeholders. The process proposed in this article to develop the EHR system includes definition of software architecture through architectural decisions, multiple views and UML and SoaML models. The set of architectural decisions defined to develop the EHR was guided by SOAQM. A technical evaluation was performed by a group of eight software specialists that analyzed the EHR process development through a technical report and then provided their opinions through questionnaires and interviews. As a result of this evaluation, the EHR development process guided by the SOAQM quality model is considered important as it regards quality attributes in software development since early stages.

On the singularities of the R–R AdS3 × S3 × T4 S matrix

We investigate the analytic properties of the exact magnon S matrix of string theory on AdS3 × S3 × T4 with R–R flux. We show that the previously proposed dressing factors have the exact double-pole/zero structure expected from Landau box diagrams. This constitutes a strong consistency check of our dressing factors, much as the Dorey–Hofman–Maldacena poles do for the all-loop dressing factor in AdS5 × S5.

A multi-parameter speed control model of traveling wave ultrasonic motor

This paper presents a multi-parameter model of an ultrasonic motor for speed control. Firstly, the model is divided into the steady-state part and the dynamic part, and then the speed mapping relationship of amplitude, frequency, phase difference is described by linear function, exponential function, and hyperbolic tangent function, respectively in steady-state modeling. The least-square transfer function identification is used in the dynamic velocity modeling. This paper also constructs a modeling flowchart from the discrete models to the state-space function based on the pairwise combination of parameters, which can realize the flexible control of different parameters. Finally, the error box diagram of the model and the comparison between the measured results and simulation ones both verify the effectiveness of the model.

Effects of the selection of characteristic values on the accuracy of results in the COMET method

Abstract This paper describes preliminary research on the relationship between the selection of characteristic values in the COMET method and the accuracy of the final ranking. Simulation studies on three test functions are presented. These functions are references to the conducted simulations and have been taken from the literature. Thanks to their application, human error can be excluded and focus only on methodical error. The presented experiment compares two approaches in determining characteristic values. For each function, 10000 randomly selected sets are generated and based on which the similarity of the ranking calculated by the COMET method with a reference ranking is calculated. The results are interpreted by means of box diagrams. The research showed the high effectiveness of both approaches and was used to determine the next directions for future works.

Application of Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten recursion relations and the Feynman-tree theorem to the four-gluon amplitude with all plus helicities

Recently, it has been shown that in gauge theories amplitudes to any perturbation order can be obtained by gluing together simple three-point on-shell amplitudes. These three-point amplitudes, in turn, are fixed by locality and Lorentz invariance. This factorization into three-point on-shell amplitudes follows from the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten recursion relations and the Feynman-tree theorem. In an explicit example, that is, the four-gluon amplitude with all plus helicities, we illustrate the method. In a conventional calculation, this amplitude corresponds to one-loop box diagrams.

Spatio-temporal analysis and estimation of rainfall variability in and around upper Godavari River basin, India

Spatio-temporal analysis and estimation of rainfall variability is an important factor to characterize the hydrological manifestation for precise water management. Fifteen years’ daily rainfall data (2000–2014) of 39 rain gauge stations (RGS), situated in and around upper Godavari basin (UGB), was analyzed using statistical computations. Mean annual rainfall (MAR) and mean half-decadal rainfall, along with standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), standardized anomaly (SA), mean absolute deviation (MAD), and spatial distribution of rainfall (SDR), were computed to delineate the orographic effect, if any, over rainfall. Box and whisker diagrams display rainfall distribution. The analyzed data was incorporated in Geographical Information System (GIS) software, and spatial estimation of half-decadal rainfall, SA, and SDR carried out using inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method. RGS mean rainfall of 2000–2004, 2005–2009, and 2010–2014 were correlated with satellite-derived Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data using Pearson correlation coefficient (R) to confirm the accuracy and validity of both the data. Statistical results and spatial estimation of rainfall indicate high spatio-temporal variability during 2010–2014 and lower during 2005–2009. Monsoon intensity revealed increasing trend from 2000 to 2006, which was seen to be decreasing later, with rise and fall from 2006 to 2014. The rainfall was seen to increase towards west due to an obstruction posed by the Western Ghat to the east flowing monsoon wind. Strong positive correlation was found between TRMM and 3 half-decade rainfall data. The approach adopted in this paper identified the micro level rainfall variability which will be greatly advantageous for sustainable water resource management.

Photon-dark photon conversions in extreme background electromagnetic fields

The mixing of photons with light pseudoscalars in the presence of external electromagnetic fields has been used extensively to search for axion-like-particles. A similar effect for dark photon propagating states is usually not considered due to the Landau-Yang theorem. We point out that mixing between photon and dark photon propagating states in background electromagnetic fields can indeed occur, in non-linear QED, through a four-photon vertex by integrating out the electron box diagram. Starting from the Schwinger Lagrangian, we derive the equations of motion for dark photons interacting with the Standard Model photon through gauge kinetic terms. We provide expressions for the perpendicular and parallel refractive indices in series expansions in the critical field strength, valid both in the strong and weak background field limits. We then consider mixing between the photon-dark photon propagating system in the presence of pure electric and magnetic background fields, and work out the probability of conversion when the background fields are homogeneous. We indicate outlines of the calculation in the inhomogeneous case, and finally express our results in the active-sterile basis, where we find that the mixing induced by background fields can lead to corrections to the tree-level mixing in the zero field limit that is usually considered to probe such systems. Our results may find applications for probing photon-dark photon conversions in the vicinity of neutron stars and in table-top petawatt laser experiments.

Lα → 3lβ in minimal R-symmetric supersymmetric Standard Model

Lepton flavor violation decays are channels which may lead to fundamental discoveries in the forthcoming years and this makes it an exciting research field for beyond the Standard Model (SM) searches. In this work, we present an analysis of the lepton flavor violation decays [Formula: see text] in Minimal R-symmetric Supersymmetric Standard Model. The prediction for [Formula: see text] depends on the off-diagonal entries of the slepton mass matrix. The contributions to Wilson coefficients can be classified into Higgs penguins, photon penguins, Z penguins and box diagrams. It shows the contribution from Z penguins dominates the predictions for [Formula: see text], and the contributions from Higgs penguins and box diagrams play different roles in different decay channels. The theoretical predictions for [Formula: see text] can reach the future experimental limits, and the channels are very promising to be observed in near future experiment.

Reduced uncertainty of the axial γZ -box diagram correction to the proton’s weak charge

We present the fully up-to-date calculation of the $\gamma Z$-box correction which needs to be taken into account to determine the weak mixing angle at low energies from parity-violating electron proton scattering. We make use of neutrino and antineutrino inclusive scattering data to predict the parity-violating structure function $F_3^{\gamma Z}$ by isospin symmetry. Our new analysis confirms previous results for the axial contribution to the $\gamma Z$-box graph, and reduces the uncertainty by a factor of~2. In addition, we note that the presence of parity-violating photon-hadron interactions induces an additional contribution via $F_3^{\gamma \gamma}$. Using experimental and theoretical constraints on the nucleon anapole moment we are able to estimate the uncertainty associated with this contribution. We point out that future measurements are expected to significantly reduce this latter uncertainty.