Box-Benhken Design Research Articles

OPTIMASI PRODUKSI TUTUP BOTOL 500 ml PADA PROSES INJECTION MOULDING MENGGUNAKAN METODE RESPONSE SURFACE

Injection molding is one of the most common operations and versatile for mass production of complex plastic components. Injection molding is a process of plastic forming into a desired shape by means of pressing molten plastic into a space (cavity). Injection molding has a multi-step process, starting from inserting plastic pellets into the hopper, then plastic pellets into barrels / heating which makes the plastic material is melted. Melting plastic material is driven by the rotation of the screw, so that the flow to the nozzle, and then toward the sprue, runner, gate and into the cavity. Then the material present in the cavity will be retained within the mold under a certain pressure (holding pressure) to keep no shringkage when the product cooling process (cooling).The purpose of this study was to obtain the optimization of the cycle time and the percentage of production reject the bottle cap 500 ml in PT Berlina Tbk. The method used for this research is the method of response surface analysis, method surface respone is statistical and mathematical methods used to examine the relationship between one or more variables with the qualitative form of the response variables that aims to optimize and develop the response in an experiment. The data is optimized using Minitab software 16 produces an output response parameter setting optimization to inject pressure, nozzle temperature and cooling time. From the data analysis using the software Minitab 16 is obtained from the optimum situation results generated under conditions injection amounting to 1420 bar pressure; nozzle temperature at 264.7912 ° C; and the cooling time of 14.08 seconds. In this state of production can be increased by 10.836%. From the state of the optimum cycle time generated is 27.9161 seconds, net produced according to the standard that is 33.5820 grams and reject percentage the resulting is 11.11%. With a cycle time 27.9161 seconds with a net according to the standard and the percentage of rejects decreased 3.89%, the resulting product amounts to ± 15,517 /shift or up approximately 10.836%. The amount is based on the number of products produced in the cycle time previous of 30 seconds to produce ± 14,000 /shift.
 Keywords: Injection moulding, box-benhken design, Response surface methodology

Optimisation of accelerated ageing of grape marc distillate on a micro-scale process using a Box-Benhken design: influence of oak origin, fragment size and toast level on the composition of the final product

Background and Aims The ageing process, in wooden barrels, is used to improve the sensory quality of wines and distillates. This process, however, is costly, often leading to an alternative strategy of using wood fragments. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of size, toast level and origin of the oak fragments on the composition of grape marc distillates. Methods and Results The accelerated ageing process of grape marc distillate was optimised with a Box–Benhken experimental design. Five dependent variables were evaluated: the concentration of vanillin, whiskey lactone and phenolic substances, the antioxidant activity and the colour parameters to determine the influence of the independent variables: concentration of oak fragments, proportion of ethanol in Galician grape marc distillate (Orujo) and the time of maceration. The concentration of oak fragments was the variable with the greatest effect on the dependent variables evaluated, except for whiskey lactone. The optimal conditions obtained were applied in 11 experimental accelerated ageing processes to study the influence of size, toast level and origin of the oak fragments on the parameters previously mentioned. Conclusions The best results were obtained with the smaller fragment size (granular) from Quercus petraea with medium toast level. The contact time did not significantly influence the parameters evaluated. Significance of the Study This study, performed at a micro-scale, determined the optimum conditions for greater extraction of compounds from oak with beneficial characteristics: volatile compounds with positive notes, vanillin and whiskey lactone, and the phenolic substances with antioxidant properties. This option allows producers to reduce considerably the cost of the process.

Research on Influence Factors and Screening Method of Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoir CO 2 Huff and Puff Based on Multi-index

CO2 huff and puff has been continuously considered as an import EOR method for tight oil reservoirs. However, the large number of evaluation parameters for reservoir screening has limited its application. This paper proposed a multi-index evaluation function for CO2 huff and puff method to facilitate the reservoir screening. By the means of orthogonal experimental design, it concludes the main controlling factors for screening a tight sand oil reservoir with multi-stage fractured horizontal wells. In addition, we built a calculation model for this multi-index evaluation function with Box-Benhken experimental design method. And this model has been successfully applied to screen wells for CO2 huff and puff of Y oilfield in Ordos.

Optimization of Microwave-Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment of Cellulose

A hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution was adapted for microwave pretreatment of microcrystalline cellulose, which can be further used for heavy metal adsorption. The H2O2 concentration, temperature, and retention time were the key factors affecting the microwave/hydrogen peroxide pretreatment process. A Box-Benhken design (BBD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design and optimize the microwave-hydrogen peroxide pretreatment process (H2O2 pretreatment) of cellulose. After the H2O2 pretreatment, the crystallinity of cellulose decreased by 20% and the degree of polymerization (DP) decreased by up to 30%. The optimal conditions obtained by BBD were a H2O2 concentration of 8.37%, a temperature of 90 °C, and a retention time 5.33 min. Under these conditions, a minimum DP of 91.74 was achieved. The results indicated that all three of the factors notably affected the reduction of cellulose polymerization degree and pronounced interactions existed among the response variables. The predictive model developed was able to optimize the pretreatment process for the reduction of cellulose polymerization degree, which could improve the cellulose modification reactivity.

Starch characterization after ozone treatment of wheat grains

Soft wheat grains were subjected to oxidation by ozone treatment. A Box Benhken design with three variables (humidification rate, ozone inlet concentration and reaction time) was used for the experiment. Two wheat cultivars differing on their technological properties were used. The products were characterized by determining rheological, thermal and other physicochemical properties such as RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer), DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), molecular weight distribution and amylopectin branched chain length distribution. Contrary to previous works, results clearly show no significant effect of ozone treatment on wheat starch in our experimental conditions (i.e. starch extracted from ozonated whole wheat grain) whatever the cultivar studied. Only slight increases of carboxyl groups have been noticed with increasing ozonation. Modifications observed on rheological properties in flour samples (i.e. alveographic and RVA measurements) in previous works (Gozé et al., 2015) could mainly be explained by the oxidation of others molecules such as proteins and non-starch polysaccharides.

Examination of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater sludge conditioning using microwave irradiation

SUMMARY This experimental study focuses on the changes to the physical and chemical characteristics of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater sludge exposed to varying microwave radiation energy levels, exposure time, and pH. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), protein, and PO4-P releases obtained from the sludge were quantified as a function of irradiation energy, exposure time, and pH with the help of Box-Benhken statistical design. The maximum solubility values for SCOD (40.9 g/L), maximum protein (10.8g/L), and PO4-P (151 mg/L) were observed at the irradiation energy of about 1,002 W with the exposure duration of 90 s at pH = 3. The sludge released 17% of its total COD and 12% of its total phosphorus. The temperature of the sludge sample was increased from 20 to 67°C at exposure to 1,280 W for 90 s. The capillary suction time (CST) of sludge samples decreased from an initial value of 200 s to 7.9 s at 1,280 W at the exposure time of 50 s. The lowest specific resistance to filtration (SRF) value of 4.06 × 1014 m/kg was measured at 50 s due to the existence of the dewatering properties in the sludge.

Insights into the value of statistical models and relativistic effects for the investigation of halogenated derivatives of fluorescent probes

In recent years, diagnosis of diseases worldwide has been of much interest to the scientific community. Among these diagnosis methods, fluorescence spectroscopy has shown promise. Naphthoquinone and their halogenated derivatives have fluorescent properties and the presence of such substituents promote changes in the spectroscopic properties of the compounds. These properties can be studied by time dependent density functional theory methods. Relativistic effects such as spin–orbit coupling, the Hamiltonian relativistic and the basis set including relativistic corrections are essential for the accurate calculation of spectroscopic properties. For the selection of which of these factors are important for the halogenated derivatives naphthoquinone (F, Cl, Br and I) were employed in a factorial design of the 33 Type, known as a Box–Benhken design. It was observed that the DKH2 Hamiltonian and the basis set TVZ_DKH were significant for studying spectroscopic properties of these compounds. Using these parameters, the ESIPT process was investigated for halogenated compounds of naphthoquinone. It was observed that compounds containing Cl, Br and I do not have the ESIPT process, while a compound containing F showed the process having energy values, 4.69 eV for absorption energy, −1.58 eV for the proton transfer energy and 1.87 eV for the emission energy. We believe that the current study can assist in understanding the ESIPT behavior of ANQ derivatives and why the relativistic effects affect this process.

Rice husk as a low cost nanosorbent for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from aqueous solutions

Rice husk is an enormously generated agroindustrial waste which causes serious environmental pollution. The aim of the current study is to constructively utilize rice husk nanosorbents (n-RH) for the biosorptive removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solution. The combined effect of the important process parameters such as initial pH, temperature, n-RH dosage, initial 2,4-D concentration and contact time on 2,4-D percentage removal was evaluated using five-level Box Benhken design (BBD). Maximum 2,4-D removal (%) of about 96.87% was perceived at pH of 5.0, temperature 30°C, n-RH dosage of 1.5g l−1, initial 2,4-D concentration of 100mgl−1 and contact time of 60min. The n-RH experimental data was fitted to the equilibrium and kinetic models which revealed a heterogenous and chemisorption mode of adsorption. A highest 2,4-D adsorption capacity of 76.92mgg−1 was achieved with the help of n-RH adsorbent, while the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process was revealed via thermodynamic studies. The FT-IR results revealed the presence of amino, carbonyl, hydroxyl and silica functional groups on the surface of the n-RH biosorbent confirming the kinetic result. Thus, the reported n-RH agro-industrial waste biosorbent could be promising for pesticide removal from contaminated aqueous systems.

Restraining Sodium Volatilization in the Ferric Bauxite Direct Reduction System

Direct reduction is an emerging utilization technology of ferric bauxite. However, it requires much more sodium carbonate than ordinary bauxite does. The volatilization is one of the most significant parts of sodium carbonate consumption, as reported in previous studies. Based on the new direct reduction method for utilization of ferric bauxite, this paper has systematically investigated factors including heating temperature, heating time, and sodium carbonate dosage influencing sodium volatilization. For the purpose of reducing sodium volatilization, the Box–Benhken design was employed, and the possibility of separating iron and sodium after direct reduction was also investigated.

A multivariate approach applied to quality on particle engineering of spray-dried mannitol

Box-Benhken design was applied to engineer spray dried mannitol particles. Particles were characterized by optical microscopy to determine size, size distribution, shape and morphology comparing to a reference material commercially available. Two shape factors calculated with the results of image analysis, circularity and projected area equivalent diameter (Heywood diameter), as well as span value for size distribution, were chosen as responses for analyses of variance. Outlet temperature was shown to be the most important factor to control during the process in order to produce particles with high value of circularity. Particle size represented as Heywood diameter was affected by ethanol while particle size distribution was affected by concentration of mannitol solution. Desirability function was applied to determine the best process parameters and to predict the responses, which were confirmed experimentally. Morphology was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and confirmed results of ANOVA for circularity, showing that regulars and spherical particles were produced at low temperature. FTIR and DRX were used to demonstrate that particles did not modify polymorph after the spray drying keeping the same β-form of the raw mannitol.

Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Extract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared in a one-step microwave-assisted synthesis guided by the principles of green chemistry. Microwave parameters were optimized using the Box–Benhken design for three factors (time, temperature, and pressure). Aqueous extracts from the peels of citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit, tangelo, lemon, and lime) were used for the synthesis of AgNPs using microwave technology, though the synthesis of AgNPs was only successful using the orange peel extract. Nanospheres of TEM mean diameter (with standard deviation) of 7.36 ± 8.06 nm were successfully synthesized in 15 min by reducing Ag+ ions (from AgNO3) with orange peel extract, which also served as a capping agent. Creation of AgNPs was confirmed using UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy, while size analysis was gathered from both transmission electron microscopy as well as dynamic light scattering. Analysis of all citrus peel extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry indicated that the putative compounds responsible for successful AgNP synthesis with orange extract were aldehydes. The creation of AgNPs using environmentally benign reagents in minimal time paves the way for future studies on AgNP toxicity without risking interference from potentially toxic reagents and capping agents.

Effect of UV light on acetaminophen degradation in the electro-Fenton process

Acetaminophen (ACT) was used as the target pollutant in this study. The effects of Fenton’s reagent by electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) processes were investigated to determine the ACT degradation. At pH 3, increasing the Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations to maximum (from 0.01 to 0.10mM and 5 to 25mM), leads to increase on the hydroxyl radicals which improved the degradation efficiency of ACT. The results of Box–Benhken design show that Fe2+ and H2O2 positively affect the degradation efficiency of ACT, while pH was the reverse. The maximum ACT degradation efficiency for EF and PEF processes was 99% at 40min under pH 3, initial [Fe2+] of 0.10mM and initial [H2O2] of 25mM. Result shows that H2O2 to Fe2+ molar ratio obviously affect acetaminophen degradation of both EF and PEF processes. Added UVA irradiation for first stage (PEFi/EFi) increased the acetaminophen degradation, when H2O2 to Fe2+ molar ratio was less than 300. On the contrary, applied UVA efficiency for second stage (PEFk/EFk) was decreased, because there was few hydrogen peroxide available in the solution.

Effect of hemicellulase, cellulase, xylanase and alkali pretreatment on the saccharification of Miscanthus sacchariflorus var. No.1

The optimum conditions for enzymatic treatment of Miscanthus sacchariflorus var. No. 1, a newly developed genotype in Korea, to produce water soluble carbohydrate were investigated using statistical methods. The individual effects of cellulase, hemicellulase and xylanase on water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) production were investigated. Then, the effects of combined addition of enzyme and M. sacchariflorus were evaluated and optimized using a Box Benhken design (BBD) and response surface model (RSM). Enzyme treatment was performed in a 45°C water bath for 12 h. The effects of alkali pretreatment conditions on enzymatic saccharification of M. sacchariflorus were investigated using the Taguchi design. Hemicellulase was the effective enzyme for WSC yield (mg of produced glucose/g M. sacchariflorus). This enzyme then became the fixed component, with cellulase, xylanase and M. sacchariflorus applied as variables. The optimum blend of enzymes was determined to be hemicellulase 5.0 U/ml, cellulase 8.0 U/ ml and xylanase 6.0 U/ ml. Incubation time, concentration of NaOH and M. sacchariflorus level were used as variables for investigation of alkali pretreatment conditions effects. The pretreatment was performed at 80°C and the optimized enzyme mixture was used. The maximum WSC yield was achieved using a 1 h reaction time, 1% NaOH and 50 g/L of M. sacchariflorus. Through a series of experiments, WSC yield was improved from 10 mg glucose/g M. sacchariflorus before optimization to 220 mg glucose/g M. sacchariflorus after optimization. Key words: Miscanthus sacchariflorus var., enzymatic saccharification, cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase.

Analysis of damping in layered welded structures using response surface methodology approach

Response surface methodology with Box-Benhken (BB) design of experiment approach has been utilised to study the mechanism of interface slip damping in layered and jointed tack welded beams with varying surface roughness. The design utilises the initial amplitudes of excitation, tack length and surface roughness at the interfaces to develop the model for the logarithmic damping decrement of the layered and jointed welded structures. Statistically, designed experiments have been performed to estimate the coefficients in the mathematical model, predict the response, and check the adequacy of the model. Comparison of predicted and experimental response values outside the design conditions have shown good correspondence, implying that empirical model derived from response surface approach can be effectively used to describe the mechanism of interface slip damping in layered and jointed tack welded structures.

Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration kinetics of melon (Cucumis melo L.) var. cantaloupe

The effect of temperature (30, 45 and 60°C), sucrose content (40, 50 and 60°Brix) and vacuum pulse (0, 300 and 600 mbars) on water loss (WL), solid gain (SG), color and volume changes, and penetration strength during osmotic drying kinetics of melon (Cucumis melo L.) var. cantaloupe was determined. A Box-Benhken experimental design with three blocks and three replicates was used to optimize the osmotic drying process. Vacuum pulse, sucrose content and temperature had a significant effect on WL and color, but not on penetration strength. SG was only affected for vacuum pulse. Sucrose content had a significant effect only on volume and vacuum pulse on SG. It was found that WL and SG were maximized while color change was minimized using a sucrose content of 52.6°Brix at 30°C and applying a vacuum pulse of 331.2 mbar. Key words: Cucumis melo, impregnation, response surface methodology.

Organosolvent pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw for the production of bioethanol

The present study investigates the operational conditions for organosolvent pretreatment and hydrolysis of rice straw. Among the different organic acids and organic solvents tested, acetone was found to be most effective based on the fermentable sugar yield. Optimization of process parameters for acetone pretreatment were carried out. The structural changes before and after pretreatment were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The X-ray diffraction profile showed that the degree of crystallinity was higher for acetone pretreated biomass than that of the native. FTIR spectrum also exhibited significant difference between the native and pretreated samples. Under optimum pretreatment conditions0.458g of reducing sugar was produced per gram of pretreated biomass with a fermentation efficiency of 39%. Optimization of process parameters for hydrolysis such as biomass loading, enzyme loading, surfactant concentration and incubation time was done using Box-Benhken design. The results indicate that acetone pretreated rice straw can be used as a good feed stock for bioethanol production.

Development of Buccal adhesive formulations using in-situ formation of interpolymer complex and optimization using Box-Benhken design.

Extended release bioadhesive buccal tablets for delivery of Nisoldipine were developed using in-situ formation of interpolymer complex providing significantly different attributes to that of individual polymers. When tablet made up of Gantrez and Povidone comes in contact with aqueous solution, complexation through the hydrogen bond formation takes place which was characterized by Infrared spectroscopy. Interpolymer complex resulted to reduced solubility of polymer. A Box-Behnken factorial design was selected to explore effects on bioadhesive strength and drug release by interaction of Gantrez and Povidone. Such effects were confirmed by significant regression coefficient having p less than 0.05. Three check points were also taken into account to validate the polynomial equation. Results show that polymers change the drug release mechanism which is confirmed by model fitting into dissolution point. By optimizing the ratio of polymers to achieve desired release (90%) in the sixth hour and good BAS were obtained for batch G17. Keywords: Bioadhesive, Nisoldipine, Gantrez, Polyvinyl povidone, Box-Behnken design, Polynomial equation.