Box-Behnken Experimental Design Method Research Articles

Simulation and Test of Key Decorticating Components of Spiral Ramie Decorticator

Ramie is a valuable natural fiber resource. The fabric made of ramie fiber has distinctive natural characteristics, and its products are widely favored in the international market. Because the cellulose fiber in ramie is closely adhered by a viscous material composed of pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin, mechanical stripping and processing is needed to obtain primary ramie fiber for downstream use. To address the production challenges posed by high labor intensity and the scarcity of small, direct-feeding ramie decorticators in hilly and mountainous regions, this study designed and optimized a spiral ramie decortication component that integrated functions of ramie stalk crushing, xylem removal, outer shell scraping, and phloem separating and throwing. The three-dimensional model of the ramie stripping component was crafted with SolidWorks software, and subsequent modal analysis and dynamic simulation studies were conducted using Abaqus software. The Box–Behnken experimental design method was used to construct a mathematical model describing the effects of the decorticating drum rotation speed and the decorticating gap on the fiber percentage of fresh stalk, and the optimal operating parameters were determined accordingly. The research findings indicated that the component’s initial ten natural frequencies span from 234.41 to 431.70 Hz, which do not overlap with the external excitation frequencies, thus ensuring that no resonance phenomenon occurs during the operation process, meeting the design requirements for the ramie decortication operation. Under dynamic load conditions, the ramie decorticator can efficiently perform the task of ramie fiber decortication, and the stress and strain experienced by the device meet the established design specifications; by optimizing operating parameters, the optimal operating conditions were determined to be the speed of feeding and crushing parts (SFCP) of 100 r/min, the speed of separating and throwing parts (SSTP) of 400 r/min, the gap of feeding and crushing parts (GFCP) of 8 mm, and the gap of separating and throwing parts (GSTP) of 0 mm. Experimental results indicated that under this optimal parameter combination, the fiber percentage of fresh stalk of the spiral ramie decorticator can reach 5.03%, with a relative error of less than 3% compared to the theoretical model prediction value, thus confirming the accuracy of the model prediction. This study establishes a robust technical basis for the development of a convenient decortication technology for ramie fibers. However, this technique is more suitable for small growers, especially in hilly areas, to achieve large-scale applications, schemes must be reevaluated based on production efficiency.

Interfacial modulation of hierarchically porous UIO-66 for the immobilization of Rhizomucor miehei lipase towards the efficient synthesis of 1,3-dioleic acid glycerol.

Herein, UiO-66 was selected as the immobilization carrier of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML). After etching and hydrophobic modification, the functionalized UIO-66 (H-UIO-66-OPA) was utilized for RML immobilization and the obtained RML@H-UIO-66-OPA showed about 70 % relative activity after incubation at 60 °C, which was much better than RML (20 %). RML@H-UIO-66-OPA was used in the synthesis of 1,3-dioleic acid glycerol (1,3-DAG) and the effects of reaction conditions (temperature, enzyme addition, substrate molar ratio, and time) on 1,3-DAG yield were investigated. Under the optimal conditions (temperature of 65 °C, enzyme addition of 2 wt%, substrate molar ratio of 2:1, and reaction time of 4 h), 1,3-DAG yield reached 77 %. Finally, Box-Behnken experimental design method was utilized to optimize the process parameters for the preparation of 1,3-DAG, and the final 1,3-DAG content was 79.80 %, which demonstrated that the model could predict the relationship between the factors and be suitable for the process optimization in 1,3-DAG preparation.

Design of a Contact-Type Electrostatic Spray Boom System Based on Rod-Plate Electrode Structure and Field Experiments on Droplet Deposition Distribution

Spraying is currently one of the main methods of pesticide application worldwide. It converts the pesticide solution into fine droplets through a sprayer, which then deposit onto target plants. Therefore, in the process of pesticide application, improving the effectiveness of spraying while minimizing or preventing crop damage has become a key issue. Combining the advantages of electrostatic spraying technology with the characteristics of ground boom sprayers, a contact-type electrostatic boom spraying system based on a rod–plate electrode structure was designed and tested on a self-propelled boom sprayer. The charging chamber was designed based on the characteristics of the rod–plate electrode and theoretical analysis. The reliability of the device was verified through COMSOL numerical simulations, charge-to-mass ratio, droplet size, and droplet size spectrum measurements, and a droplet size prediction model was established. The deposition characteristics in soybean fields were analyzed using the Box–Behnken experimental design method. The results showed that the rod–plate electrode structure demonstrated its superiority with a maximum spatial electric field of 2.31 × 106 V/m. When the spray pressure was 0.3 MPa and the charging voltage was 8 kV, the droplet size decreased by 26.6%, and the charge-to-mass ratio reached 2.88 mC/kg. Field experiments showed that when the charging voltage was 8 kV, the spray pressure was 0.3 MPa, the traveling speed was 7 km/h, and the number of deposited droplets was 8517. This study provides some basis for the application of electrostatic spraying technology in large-scale field operations.

A Novel Delivery System for the Combined Use of Natural Ingredients: The Preparation of Berberine Hydrochloride-Matrine Liposomes and Preliminary Exploration of Their Anti-Tumor Activity.

Berberine hydrochloride (BH) extracted from Coptis chinensis (CC) and Matrine (MT) separated from Sophora flavescens (SF) are alkaloids with potent anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Motivated by the clinical practice of using CC and SF together, we aimed to demonstrate that the synergistic application of the natural compounds BH and MT could enhance therapeutic effects and minimize side effects. Two types of liposomes, liposomes containing only BH (BH-LP) and liposomes containing both BH and MT (BH-MT-LP), were successfully prepared via the reverse evaporation method. The liposome preparation process was optimized by single-factor screening and the Box-Behnken experimental design method. The results showed that the liposomes had particle sizes in the range of 222.7 to 235.4 nm, polydispersity indicated in the range of 11.8% to 23.3%, and zeta potentials in the range of -35.9 to -31.1 mv. BH-MT-LP showed superior anti-tumor activity against MDA-MB-231, HepG-2, and HGC-27 cells in vitro. The incorporation of MT effectively promoted the anti-tumor effect of BH, while the controlled release from liposomes further enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of BH. Furthermore, based on the flow cytometry results, we speculated that BH-MT-LP might promote apoptosis by blocking the G1 phase of cells and inducing cell death. In conclusion, BH-MT-LP provides evidence for the combined use of natural compounds as a stable, safe, and practical drug delivery system for the treatment of potential cancers. Meanwhile, the successful preparation for BH-MT-LP also provides a new approach to the combined use of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.

Study on the influence of pipe effect on the vibration characteristics of electro-hydraulic exciter

In this paper, an electro-hydraulic exciter controlled by an alternating current distribution valve is proposed, and a systematic analysis of the influence of pipe effect on the vibration characteristics of the electro-hydraulic exciter is investigated by simulation and experiments. The vibration characteristics curves for different pipe parameters are obtained, and the relative errors between simulation and experiment are evaluated. Moreover, a significant regression model of pipe parameters and vibration characteristics of the electro-hydraulic exciter is established by using the quadratic regression analysis method and the Box-Behnken experiment design method. Significant differences in the influence of pipe parameters on vibration characteristics are obtained by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), and the influence of pipe parameter interaction on vibration characteristics is discussed. The results show that the relative importance of pipe parameters on the vibration characteristics of electro-hydraulic exciter, from high to low, is as follows: pipe diameter, elastic modulus, and pipe length. Notably, there is also an interaction between the pipe parameters, and the significance of these interactions is ranked from high to low as the interaction between the layers of steel wire and diameter, the interaction between diameter and length, and the interaction between the layers of steel wire and length.

Design of inductive electrostatic boom spray system based on embedded closed electrode structure and droplet distribution test in soybean field.

The large water demand, insufficient deposition on the back of the leaf and the uneven distribution of droplets are the problems of traditional agricultural ground plant protection machinery, which leads to low agricultural control efficiency. Combined with the advantages of electrostatic spray technology and the characteristics of high working efficiency and low probability of droplets drift of ground sprayer, an inductive electrostatic boom spray system based on embedded electrode structure is designed and mounted on a large self-propelled boom sprayer for field testing. Based on the working characteristics of the fan nozzle and the analysis of the theory of charge, the inductive electrostatic spray device is designed. The performance of the device is tested and the rationality of the system design is verified by COMSOL numerical simulations, charge-to-mass ratio, and particle size distribution measurements. The spray deposition scanning software and the Box-Behnken experimental design method are used to analyze the spray droplet deposition rate and coverage density of the sprayer on the front and back of the target leaves. The results show that the embedded closed electrode structure designed in this paper can avoid the problem of electrode wetting, and the electric field generated by it is mainly concentrated in the spray liquid film area, and the intensity reaches 6~7 V/m. At the conventional application height (500 mm), the maximum charge-to-mass ratio is 2.91 mC/kg, and the average particle size is 168.22 μm, which is 12.87% lower than that of ordinary spray, when the spray pressure is 0.3 MPa and the electrostatic voltage is 12 kV. The results of field experiments show that the optimum combination of the working parameters with the spray speed is 8.40 m/s, the spray pressure is 0.35 MPa, the charging voltage is 11.50 kV, the amount of droplet deposition in the lower dorsal area of the blade is 1.44 µL·cm-2. This study can provide a certain basis for the application of electrostatic spray technology in ground sprayers.

Keratin extraction optimization from poultry feather using response surface- Box-Behnken experimental design method

This study aimed to develop a cost-effective method for managing chicken feather waste by hydrolyzing it in an alkaline medium to extract keratin hydrolysate. Through a Box-Behnken experimental design, the effects of NaOH solution concentration, temperature, and extraction time on the extraction process were examined. Analysis of the extracted keratin hydrolysate revealed the presence of key functional groups and characteristic protein structures. Optimization efforts identified 0.65 N NaOH solution concentration, 70 °C temperature, and 1-h extraction time as yielding the highest protein yield of 89.71 %. These findings underscore the potential of alkaline hydrolysis as a sustainable approach for both waste management and the extraction of valuable keratin hydrolysate. This research contributes to addressing the challenges faced by poultry farms in waste management while offering avenues for the utilization of keratin in various applications, thereby promoting environmental protection and human health.

Optimization of the extrusion parameters for the production of lentil-quinoa extrudates enriched with pumpkin.

This study aimed to develop a protein-fiber-rich extruded product based on yellow lentil, quinoa, and pumpkin flours. The final product quality is affected by formulation and extrusion parameters. Therefore, the effect of the pumpkin-flour ratio (A: 25-75%) and feed moisture content (C: 14-22%) besides barrel screw speed (B: 120-180 rpm) on the physical attributes of extrudates was investigated. Box-Behnken experimental design and stepwise-response surface method were used to analyze the effects of various process variables and ingredients on extrudates. The pumpkin-flour ratio had a significant positive correlation with bulk density (BD), water solubility index (WSI), and oil absorption index. Whereas the correlation between pumpkin-flour ratio with hardness, porosity, expansion ratio (ER), and water absorption index (WAI) was negative (P < 0.05). The feed moisture content positively affected the water activity (aw) and WAI and negatively affected the harness of samples (P < 0.05). The screw speed had a positive effect on ER, porosity, and WSI, whereas it negatively influenced the hardness, BD, and aw. By increasing the pumpkin-flour ratio, air cell size and wall thickness of samples had been decreased. The results showed that 44.2% pumpkin flour, 22% feed moisture, and 172.1 rpm screw speed gave an optimized product. There was no significant difference between predicted and experimental values (except for ER). The optimized snack was a good source of fiber (around 15%), protein (17.3%), and antioxidants (TPC = 15.28 mg GAE.g-1 and antiradical scavenging activity (DPPH) = 33.66%). The caloric value of the optimized snack was 362.6 cal.100g-1. The current formulation can be considered as the base of snack food or plant-based meat alternatives.

Experimental study on ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical polishing of NiTi alloy

NiTi alloy has a wide range of applications due to its unique superelasticity and shape memory, the superelastic function of NiTi alloy made it had been applied in building shock absorption, advanced bearings and other scenes, the shape memory function made it also applied in the fields of aerospace engine heat exchanger, cardiac medical stent and so on. In order to made NiTi alloy better applied in practice and improve its surface quality, it was crucial to polish it. In this paper, a new method of ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical polishing of NiTi alloy was innovatively proposed, and an ultrasonic electrochemical polishing device was built independently. The effects of ultrasonic amplitude, voltage and temperature on roughness were explored by Box-Behnken experimental design method. The results show that after ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical polishing, the roughness Ra had been reduced from about 2 μm to the minimum of 0.048 μm. The surface quality of NiTi alloy was improved. The impact of micro-jet of cavitation bubble on NiTi alloy mainly occurs in the early stage, and the equivalent stress on the surface of NiTi alloy was annular, showing an increasing and decreasing trend. In the whole ultrasonic electrochemical polishing solution, a large number of micro-jets will impact the surface of NiTi alloy, thus realizing the material removal. This study enhances traditional electrochemical polishing techniques by integrating ultrasonic energy fields, thus broadening the scope of electrochemical polishing applications. Additionally, it presents a novel approach and establishes a foundation for the polishing of NiTi alloys with intricate geometries in additive manufacturing.

Optimization of mix proportions for hybrid fiber engineered cementitious composites based on Box-Behnken design response surface model

In this paper, basalt fiber (BF) and polyethylene fiber (PE) were mixed into cement matrix to prepare a new hybrid fiber Engineered Cementitious Composite. The Box-Behnken experimental design method within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed, the effects of water-binder ratio, sand-binder ratio and fiber content on compressive strength, flexural strength and equivalent bending toughness of hybrid fiber ECC were studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to verify and optimize the model equation, and the ratio of water-binder ratio 0.2, sand-binder ratio 0.35, BF content 1.25%, PE content 1% was obtained. The results show that the synergistic effect of PE and BF has a favorable effect on the mechanical properties of hybrid fiber ECC. PE can achieve high energy absorption and maintain high strain capacity of matrix. BF increases the strength of the specimen. When the BF content increases from 0.9% to 1.2%, the compressive strength increases by 9.6%. The fiber content is highly sensitive to flexural strength and equivalent bending toughness, and the significance level of each factor is more than 95%. The significance level of each factor is BF content > sand-binder ratio > water-binder ratio. The experiment verified that the established prediction model has high accuracy, and the relative error between the optimized RSM value and the experimental value is less than 5%. To provide a certain reference for the design of ECC mix proportions for preparing multi strength and multi toughness series.

Design and Experiment of Grain Lifter for Sorghum Harvester

In order to solve the problems of grain lifter in sorghum harvesting, such as ear loss and serious crop leakage loss, combined with the physical and mechanical characteristics of sorghum, the segmented and reverse spiral grain lifter for sorghum harvesting and cutting table was developed, and the design method of the main structural parameters of the grain lifter was determined. The comparative test of the working effect of the clasp showed that the working effect of the cutting table with the clasp was better than that without the clasp, which effectively reduced the harvest loss of the cutting table. By using Box–Behnken experimental design method, the influence law of forward speed, tilt angle, and rotation speed of grain lifter on the rate of ear loss and harvest loss in sorghum harvesting was investigated. The regression mathematical model and response surface of the rate of ear loss and harvest loss and analysis factors were established, and the optimal working parameters of the grain lifter were determined. The forward speed was 0.8 m/s, the tilt angle of the grain lifter was 28°, and the rotation speed of the grain lifter was 330 r/min. Under these conditions, the spike loss rate was 2.01, the leakage loss rate was 2.19, and the error with the theoretical value was less than 3%, which proved the rationality of the optimized combination parameters. In the harvest of crooked and fallen sorghum, the grain lifter can effectively reduce the loss of sorghum head drop and lodging leakage, ensure the reliability of the cutting table, and achieve low loss and efficient harvest of sorghum.

Modelling and optimization of bovine serum albumin adsorption on calcium bentonite using box-behnken experimental design method

The purpose of this study is to investigate and optimize the process parameters for bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption onto calcium bentonite (CaB) using the Box-Behnken experimental design method. Calcium bentonite was characterized using FT-IR, SEM, XRD, zeta potential measurements, and Boehm titration methods. The BSA adsorption capacity of calcium bentonite was modelled with respect to pH (2.8, 4.8, and 6.8), temperature (25 °C, 32.5 °C, and 40 °C), and initial protein concentration (0.1–1.2 mg ml−1) using the Box-Behnken experimental design method. The Design Expert 13.0 software was used to optimize the process conditions and obtain three-dimensional response surface graphs. A regression model, which gives the relationship between the process parameters and BSA adsorption capacity, was obtained using Design Expert software. The developed model showed that the most effective parameter on adsorption was the initial protein concentration followed by pH and temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained about 171 mg/g under optimal conditions (pH 4.8, 40 °C, and 1 mg ml−1 of initial BSA concentration). BSA adsorption onto CaB fit the pseudo-second order kinetic model. This study showed that process parameters for BSA adsorption can be effectively investigated and optimized using the Box-Behnken experimental design method with a fewer number of experiments.

Simulation and Optimization Experiment: Working Process of a Cleaning Device for Flax Combine Harvester

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different working parameters on the cleaning efficiency of a cleaning device during the separation and cleaning process in a flax joint harvesting machine. To achieve this objective, CFD–DEM joint simulation technology was used to construct a CFD model of the cleaning device and a DEM model of the discharged flax material; the simulation results show the flax cleaning process. The Box–Behnken experimental design method was used to establish a mathematical model between the vibrating sieve frequency, vibrating sieve amplitude, fan wind speed, seed impurity rate, and cleaning loss rate to find the optimum combination of cleaning equipment parameters and to conduct a field verification test. The simulation test results show that, when the vibrating sieve frequency is 6 Hz, the vibrating sieve amplitude is 14.42 mm, the fan wind speed is 5.96 m/s, and the machine cleaning effect is the best; the simulation test was measured following a seed impurity rate of 2.97% and cleaning loss rate of 2.17%. The field test verification results show that, after optimizing the working parameters of the cleaning device, the cleaning loss rate is 3.58% and the impurity rate of the grain combine harvester is 3.16%, thus meeting the national and industry requirements. The test results and simulation results are highly consistent with the model, thereby verifying the reliability of the model. The results of the study provide a reference for the design and performance optimization of the flax combine cleaner.

Optimization of Guide Vane Centrifugal Pumps Based on Response Surface Methodology and Study of Internal Flow Characteristics

The methodologies of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and response surface method (RSM) were integrated to uncover the optimal correlational framework for intricate hydraulic geometric parameters of guide vane centrifugal pumps. Parameters such as blade number, blade wrap angle, blade outlet angle, and relative axial distance between the guide vane and impeller, as well as radial distance, are embraced as optimization design variables. Meanwhile, pump head and efficiency were chosen as responsive variables. An analysis of 46 sets of hydraulic performance data was carried out by using the Box–Behnken experimental design method. Subsequently, response surface approximation models were established between hydraulic parameters and the efficiency, as well as the head. The optimal design point was predicted and a simulation of the hydraulic characteristics for the optimal scheme was conducted; the errors were 0.846% for head and 0.256% for efficiency between the simulation results with predicted results from RSM. The optimized model demonstrates noteworthy enhancements in hydraulic performance in comparison to the original model. By analyzing the internal flow of the optimized model under transient conditions, it was found that, as the internal flow of the flow passage components is relatively disordered at small flow rates, the amplitude of pressure pulsation is affected a lot. At other flow rates, the inside pressure pulsation waveform exhibits pronounced periodicity, and the primary causes of pressure pulsation in various flow components are not the same. Wall dissipation and turbulent dissipation emerge as significant contributors to the entropy generation in this centrifugal pump. The magnitude of entropy generation is correlated with the flow rate and the structural configuration of the pump’s components. High-entropy regions concentrate around the leading and trailing edges of the blades.

Research on a new-designed Venturi ejector and dazomet particle motion characteristics for dilute-phase pneumatic conveying systems based on CFD-DEM

To disperse dazomet, a commonly used soil fumigant for soil disinfection, over large soil surfaces, dilute-phase pneumatic conveying can be utilized. Currently, most research has focused on pneumatic conveying systems for large particles, such as coal conveying or pneumatic seeding However, there has been almost no research on the dilute-phase pneumatic conveying of dazomet particles. Therefore, a coupled simulation model based on computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM) was established to study the effect of the structural parameters of the Venturi ejector on the motion of particles and airflow fields variation characteristics for the pneumatic conveying system of dazomet particles. Based on the Box–Behnken experimental design method, a 3-factor and 3-level response surface simulation experiment was carried out by selecting the contraction angle, throat diameter, and diffusion angle of the Venturi ejector as factors. The suction-flow ratio, average velocity of particles, average coordinates of particles in the vertical direction, and corresponding standard deviation at the outlet of the pipeline were chosen as response indexes. Multiple linear regression models were established between each factor and response index. The simulation results showed that the impact of factors on the 4 response indexes from strong to weak were throat diameter, contraction angle, and diffusion angle. With decreasing throat diameter, the suction flow ratio and average velocity of the particles increased. The average coordinates of the particles in the vertical direction decreased, while the standard deviation increased, indicating that the pneumatic conveying performance of the system increased. The optimal structural parameters for the contraction angle, throat diameter, and diffusion angle were 34.5°, 15 mm, and 12.0°, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the application precisions of the optimised Venturi ejector were 99.23%, 98.46%, and 98.56% at application rates of 15, 20, and 25 g/s, respectively. The results provide a theoretical reference for the structural optimisation of the Venturi ejector and operational performance evaluation of the pneumatic conveying system for dazomet particles.

Optimisation of the Mechanical Properties and Mix Proportion of Multiscale-Fibre-Reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites.

Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are cement-based composite materials with strain-hardening and multiple-cracking characteristics. ECCs have multiscale defects, including nanoscale hydrated silicate gels, micron-scale capillary pores, and millimetre-scale cracks. By using millimetre-scale polyethylene (PE) fibres, microscale calcium carbonate whiskers (CWs), and nanoscale carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as exo-doped fibres, a multiscale enhancement system was formed, and the effects of multiscale fibres on the mechanical properties of ECCs were tested. The Box-Behnken experimental design method, which is a response surface methodology, was used to construct a quadratic polynomial regression equation to optimise ECC design and provide an optimisation of ECC mix proportions. The results of this study showed that a multiscale reinforcement system consisting of PE fibres, CWs, and CNTs enhanced the mechanical properties of ECCs. CWs had the greatest effect on the compressive strengths of highly ductile-fibre-reinforced cementitious composites, followed by CNTs and PE fibres. PE fibres had the greatest effect on the flexural and tensile strengths of high-ductility fibre-reinforced cementitious composites, followed by CWs and CNTs. The final optimisation results showed that when the ECC matrix was doped with 1.55% PE fibres, 2.17% CWs, and 0.154% CNTs, the compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength of the matrix were optimal.

Box-Behnken modeling and optimization of visible-light photocatalytic removal of methylene blue by ZnO-BiFeO3 composite.

Box-Behnken experimental design was utilized to model and optimize the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MB) using ZnO-BiFeO3 composite under visible light (LED). Three catalysts with different ZnO:BiFeO3 molar ratios (2:1, 1:2, and 1:1) were synthesized successfully using the hydrothermal method. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized photocatalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FT-IR), Ultraviolet Visible Spectrometer (UV-vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), and Photoluminescence (PL) Spectrophotometry. FESEM showed the relatively uniform distribution of BiFeO3 crystalline particles on ZnO ones. UV-vis analysis showed that the photocatalytic performance of pure ZnO and BiFeO3 under visible light irradiation is weak, while ZnO-BiFeO3 with a 2:1 molar ratio composite with a bandgap of about 2.37eV showed high performance. This improved photocatalytic activity may be due to the heterogeneous synergistic effect of the p-n junction. In order to optimize the experimental conditions, four factors of initial MB concentration (5 to 20mg/L), pH (3 to 12), catalyst dosage (0.5 to 1.25mg/L), and light intensity (4 to 18 W) were selected as independent input variables. Box-Behnken experimental design method (BBD) suggested a quadratic polynomial equation to fit the experimental data. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the goodness of fit for the suggested model (predicted- and adjusted-R2 0.99). The optimum conditions for maximizing the photocatalytic MB degradation were found to be an initial MB concentration of 11mg/L, pH of 11.7, catalyst dosage of 0.716mg/L, and light intensity of 11.4 W. Under the optimum conditions, the highest photocatalytic MB degradation of 62.9% was obtained, which is in reasonable agreement with the predicted value of 69%.

A novel CO2-sensitive in situ deep eutectic solvent system: Efficient extraction of polyphenol phytochemicals

In the present study, monoethanolamine (MEA) was applied as a solvent for the extraction of polyphenols from lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) pomace. In addition to solvent extraction an in situ DES could be formed with the secondary metabolites to obtain higher extraction yield. FT-IR, DSC, and TGA were used to validate MEA-based in situ DESs with reference compound. And the reusability of the solvent system still reached about 70.2% after the fifth cycles. The Box-Behnken experimental design method was used to determine the extraction efficiency under optimal conditions in practical applications, and the highest extraction yields of polyphenols increased 1.06–1.21 folds higher than that of traditional solvents. In addition, the extraction mechanism was studied using density functional theory. In summary, this study proposed a green and sustainable strategy to replace traditional solvents for targeted extraction of polyphenols from plants.

Box-Behnken Response Surface Method to Optimize Amine Liquid Purification Process Based on Ion Exchange

In the process of recycling MDEA (N-methyldiethanolamine) solution in a terminal decarburization system of CNOOC, the quality of MDEA solution was deteriorated due to the generation and accumulation of impurities such as solid suspended solids and heat stable salts, which led to blockage and unstable operation of pipeline equipment in the decarburization system, thus affecting the CO₂ removal effect of the solution, the Box-Behnken effect surface method was used to design the three main factors of the ion exchange-based amine purification process: the continuous adsorption time of the amine solution, the resin regeneration temperature and the resin regeneration time. Taking the conductivity of the MDEA solution after purification as the response function, a corresponding mathematical model was established to optimize the test method, and the correlation coefficient R² (R²=0.9418) of the regression equation obtained was greater than 0.9, indicating that the predicted value had a high correlation with the experimental value, and the test method was optimized accordingly. The best test conditions obtained were: the continuous adsorption time of amine solution was 50 min, the resin regeneration temperature was 40°C, and the resin regeneration time was 30 min. Under this condition, the conductivity of the purified MDEA solution was 1.56 ms/cm, and the salt content was 0.8%. The experiment was repeated 3 times according to this method, and the salt content of the MDEA solution after purification was ≯0.8%, which met the technological requirements. The Box-Behnken experimental design method was feasible for amine solution purification process optimization screening based on ion exchange, and the predicted value of the mathematical model was consistent with the experimental observation value.

Box–Behnken experimental design method application in pretreatment of olive oil mill wastewater by ultrafiltration

Box–Behnken experimental design method application in pretreatment of olive oil mill wastewater by ultrafiltration