Bowl Of Water Research Articles

Animal-appropriate housing of ball pythons (Python regius)-Behavior-based evaluation of two types of housing systems.

Considering animal welfare, animals should be kept in animal-appropriate and stress-free housing conditions in all circumstances. To assure such conditions, not only basic needs must be met, but also possibilities must be provided that allow animals in captive care to express all species-typical behaviors. Rack housing systems for snakes have become increasingly popular and are widely used; however, from an animal welfare perspective, they are no alternative to furnished terrariums. In this study, we therefore evaluated two types of housing systems for ball pythons (Python regius) by considering the welfare aspect animal behavior. In Part 1 of the study, ball pythons (n = 35) were housed individually in a conventional rack system. The pythons were provided with a hiding place and a water bowl, temperature control was automatic, and the lighting in the room served as indirect illumination. In Part 2 of the study, the same ball pythons, after at least 8 weeks, were housed individually in furnished terrariums. The size of each terrarium was correlated with the body length of each python. The terrariums contained substrate, a hiding place, possibilities for climbing, a water basin for bathing, an elevated basking spot, and living plants. The temperature was controlled automatically, and illumination was provided by a fluorescent tube and a UV lamp. The shown behavior spectrum differed significantly between the two housing systems (p < 0.05). The four behaviors basking, climbing, burrowing, and bathing could only be expressed in the terrarium. Abnormal behaviors that could indicate stereotypies were almost exclusively seen in the rack system. The results show that the housing of ball pythons in a rack system leads to a considerable restriction in species-typical behaviors; thus, the rack system does not meet the requirements for animal-appropriate housing.

The preference for water nipples vs. water bowls in pregnant ewes

ABSTRACT This study included 6 groups of 6 pregnant ewes with a change-over design. In period 1 group 1, 2 and 3 had access to the water nipples and group 4, 5 and 6 had access to water bowls and vice versa in period 2. In period 3 all six groups had access to both types of water dispensers. The ewes’ water intake was significantly higher when drinking only from water nipples (3.27 ± 0.29 l/ewe and day) than only from water bowls (2.04 ± 0.22 l/ewe and day) (F = 78.28, P < 0.001). The water wastage for nipples was 36% of water usage and negligible for bowls. When offered both dispensers the ewes' water intake tended to be higher from water nipples (t = 0.69, P < 0.10), and there seemed to be no specific preference for water nipples or bowls in ewes.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE COMPOSITION AND KEEPING QUALITY OF PROCESSED MILK

Samples of four major brands of tinned evaporated milk purchased from the local markets in Ibadan and cartons of pasteurized fresh milk from the Iwo Road dairy were left sealed or unsealed after opening. The samples were then stored on the shelf, in a bowl of water or in a refrigerator (storage conditions commonly used in many Nigerian homes). At 0, 24, and 48 hours, the samples were assessed for percentage fat and protein as well as bacterial quality using the plate count and the dye reduction tests. The results showed that percentage milk fat remained unchanged after 48 hours of storage under the different conditions. Changes in percentage milk protein were also minor. Keeping quality in terms of total counts and dye reduction times, were poorest under shelf storage and best under refrigeration. Sealing the samples resulted in better keeping quality.

Waterpipe Warning Placement and Risk Perceptions: An Eye Tracking Study.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to select a health warning message location on a waterpipe (WP) that both attracted visual attention and conveyed the risks associated with WP smoking. Methods: During June through November 2019, we conducted a within-subjects randomized experiment (N = 74) using eye tracking equipment to examine visual attention to 3 placements of a health warning on the WP (stem, water bowl, hose). We asked young adult ever WP users 3 questions about WP harm perceptions. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine the amount of fixation time spent on the placement locations; we used repeated measures ANOVA to model changes in harm perceptions. Results: There were statistically significant differences across all 3 placement locations; regardless of place, all HWLs attracted a comparable amount of visual attention. Absolute WP harm perceptions significantly increased following the experiment and remained significantly higher at the one-week follow-up, compared to baseline. Conclusions: Warnings on WPs attracted visual attention and increased harm perceptions, and those harm perceptions remained high one week after the experiment. Findings indicate the value of including a warning on the WP device, and underscore the necessity and effectiveness of those health warnings to combat WP harm misperceptions.

Personal hygiene and bowls sanitation of meatball cart traders

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to describe the personal hygiene and sanitation of food cutlery (bowl) on meatball cart traders at Makassar City. MethodsThis research using descriptive observational with non-probability sampling techniques and accidental sampling method. Results80% respondents had good personal hygiene. Almost all respondents qualify the requirement of hand and finger hygiene, as well as hair hygiene. For clothes hygiene indicators, most qualify the requirements. As for the indicators of handwashing practices and the use of gloves, all respondents did not qualify the requirements. While the results of research related to food cutlery sanitation showed that knowledge that 86.7% were high, but many still did not know washing water requirements and bowl conditions when in storage. ConclusionMost handlers attitude was categorized as adequate. It is suggested that the meatball cart traders always pay attention to hand hygiene and sanitation of cutlery to avoid bacterial contamination.

Microbe/Bug-Busters Visit the Interactive House: An Itinerant Scenographic Device for Health Education

The term Ecology is derived from οἶκος (Greek “house” or environment), but our habitations usually overlooked in ecology or environmental studies. The expression “at home” usually means safety and comfort, but at home we are under risk of innumerous parasitic/microbial infections and contaminations/ envenomation. During the COVID-19 pandemic we were forced to stay at home, but the virus and other pathogens were also home-delivered. Educa tion for health is highly effective in health promotion, particularly in poor areas. Thus, prophylactic interventions approaching household environment are required. The present activity aims community empowerment and en gagement in controlling parasitic diseases and other infections such as Cha gas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, arboviruses etc. Inspired on the use of a house maket by Dr. Virginia Schall to demonstrate Aedes mosquitoes breed ing sites. We also employ house makets displaying pathogen vectors breed ing/hiding sites. Although some makets can be opened, revealing intradomi ciliary milieu, we intended to offer the public a literally “insider” view of this largely overlooked scenery. The “Interactive House”, also known as “House with no viruses and other bugs” is an educative, interactive, ludic device ela borated on an inflatable igloo, with furniture and utensils crafted using reused/recycled or low-cost materials. Live mosquito larvae were placed at peridomicile in water-accumulating plant pot saucer, leaves-clogged gutter, used tire, dog water bowl as well as within the domicile, in the shower drain trap. Evidengue®, crafted in cloth to block mosquito oviposition developed is presented. Participants enjoy taking part in the activity, seem amused, play, laugh and smile while enthusiastically take pictures. This educative activity permits health communication in a ludic interactive way, which may contri bute to health promotion in areas with public health problems.

Voice bubbling therapy for vocal cord dysfunction in difficult-to-treat asthma – a pilot study

Objective Dysfunctional breathing often coexists with asthma and complicates asthma control, especially in difficult-to-treat asthma. Voice bubbling therapy (VBT) by a specialized speech therapist may influence the breathing pattern. This pilot study investigated the effect of voice bubbling therapy (VBT) in participants with difficult-to-treat asthma, who fulfilled criteria for dysfunctional breathing pattern. Method Twenty-four patients were randomized between VBT and usual care (UC). VBT is blowing into a glass (resonance) tube (28 cm in length, 0.9 cm inner diameter) which ends in a bowl of water (1.5 litre). Lung function, capillary blood gas and questionnaires were measured at baseline, at 6 and 18 weeks of follow up. Results No difference in ACQ and quality of life was found after VBT compared to UC group. However, after six weeks of bubbling therapy, pCO2 levels measured in capillary blood gas were higher (baseline median (IQR) pCO2 = 33.00 (17.25 − 38.6) mmHg; week 6 pCO2 = 36.00 (29.00 − 42.3) mmHg) p = 0.01. Moreover, ΔpCO2 (baseline − 18 weeks of follow up) was significantly correlated with ΔAQLQ (rs = 0.78, p = 0.02). Conclusion VBT in participants with difficult-to-treat asthma resulted in a higher average pCO2 level, indicating the treatment may improve hyperventilation. However, this did not improve asthma control or quality of life. VBT may have value for a better management of asthma related symptoms.

The challenges of COVID-19 for people with dementia with Lewy bodies and family caregivers.

The challenges of COVID-19 for people with dementia with Lewy bodies and family caregivers.

A coupled ODE-diffusion modeling framework for removing organic contaminants in crops using a simple household method

Organic contaminants are frequently detected in fresh crops and can cause severe damage to human health. To help control this risk, we introduce a diffusion-based model framework for estimating the removal efficiency for organic contaminants in fresh crops using a simple water soaking method. The framework was developed based on the diffusion coefficient of the organic contaminants, and its application indicates that the removal factor (RF) for organic contaminants has an inverse-exponential relationship with log Kow (Kow is the octanol-water partition coefficient), which thermodynamically restricts the removal efficiency for chemicals with large steady state log Kow. Additionally, the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water affects the kinetic removal efficiency. For example, the RF simulated for glyphosate, which has a relatively high diffusion coefficient, is 0.592 (61.9% of the steady state RF) after soaking for 1 h, while the RF of lindane is 0.224, which is only 25.0% of the steady state RF. However, if a refreshing method is applied, the RF of lindane can be significantly improved even if more potatoes are used in the water bowl, and this has been demonstrated theoretically with the refreshing function. Model validation indicates that the macro properties of crops, e.g., the active area through which crop tissues interact with water, have a larger impact on the results than do the micro-properties of crops and the physiochemical properties of the organic contaminants. Comparison of our results with those of other studies shows that the simulated ranges for some pesticides compare well with experimental data collected using other household washing methods. However, for other pesticides such as HCB and DDT, the simulated results and current studies are inconsistent due to physical interactions between the water and crop tissues not considered in our model.

Estimation of the Effect of Temperature Change on Blood Bag in the Blood Bank in Al - Zahra Hospital in Diyala

Background: The blood warming before transfusion is important and very necessary. The blood warming is done by using putting test tube that contains blood inside the water bath. Also, it could use others alternative methodis check the same purpose, it is included immerse the blood unite in a bowl of water, in spite of that is said to be dangerous. The current study was investigated about the effects of this method. Objective: In this study, was to estimate the Complete Blood Count(Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBC and Hemolysis) and metal (K, Na and Cl) in blood donors. Patients and Method: This study is a probable clinical study in which one donerwas included in the study. The investigation was started from August 2019 during November 2019 at the segment of AL-ZAHRAA Hospital in Diyala their ages from (35) years. Results and Discussion: The blood warming is studied before the blood transfusion by immersing it into the water bath. The blood was warmed with 4° C, 25° C, 37°C and 40 °C with Ethylene Di amine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) anticoagulant when determining the Complete Blood Count (CBC). The procedure repeated after 5 days and 2 weeks. In case of rapid blood, giving blood with 37°C because otherwise cases emergencies. As for children and cases of blood transfusion, altogether prefer a 25°C and 37°C. In this study conducted in the blood bank of Al- Zahra Hospital in Muqdadiya the room temperature was determined to be suitable for giving blood to the hospitalized persons.

Experimental Study of Radon Content in Networked Natural Gas under the Conditions of Yakutsk

Analyzed the problem of radon safety in residential areas with gas stoves of various companies. Volumetric radon concentrations were obtained and annual dose rates were calculated. Measurements were carried out with two instruments: on the radon gauge Alpha Guard and on the PPA-01M-03 manufactured by NTM - Protection. Samples of networked natural gas for measurement were taken using an air sampler [1], [2]. A device and methods for sampling methane from domestic gas cookers in the conditions of the city of Yakutsk have been developed. The sampler consists of a silicone hose with a tubular tip with a solid cap. Silicone hose attached to the standard air sampler with two fittings of the company NTM Protection. The divider and the burner are removed from the tile; the tube with the cap is pressed tightly against the iron gas-conducting pipe. The methane launch valve opens to the stove. A flexible tube is put on the loose fitting and lowered into a bowl of water to control the gas outlet. Experimentally chosen time to achieve the maximum volumetric concentration of radon in the sampler for air. The obtained value of radon volumetric activity is: 116 ± 27 Bq/m3

Determination of metals and BTEX in different components of waterpipe: charcoal, tobacco, smoke and water.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) in smoke and water bowl of 5-most commonly used tobacco brand in waterpipe in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Five types of conventional tobacco in Tehran were investigated. Heavy metals and BTEX were analyzed in waterpipe smoke, tobacco, charcoal and water bowl prior to and after smoking by using ICP-OES and GC-MS, respectively. Our results indicated that Khansar and Al Fakher brands had the maximum and minimum concentrations of metals among tobacco consumed, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference between content of heavy metals in burned and unburned tobacco. The highest and lowest concentrations of metals were related to Fe and Hg, respectively. Results showed that tobacco, charcoal and smoke of waterpipe contained significant contents of toxic metals and BTEX, and exposure to these components could be the main reason for the concerns about waterpipe smoking.

Construction and Operation of a Respiration Chamber of the Head-Box Type for Methane Measurement from Cattle.

Simple SummaryThe aim of the present work is to describe the construction and operation of a respiration chamber of the head-box type for measuring methane emissions from bovines. Methane is a greenhouse gas 28 times more potent than CO2 in its capacity of producing the greenhouse effect and global warming. This gas is produced in considerable amounts by cattle as part of its normal digestion process; approximately 37% of the global anthropogenic methane emissions originate from the livestock industry. Measuring emissions of methane by cattle is necessary for inventory calculation and the evaluation of mitigation policies of this gas. The gold standard technique for measuring methane emissions from cattle is the respiration chamber; however, respiration chambers are expensive pieces of equipment that are not easily available for developing countries. Since a large proportion of the world’s cattle population is in the developing countries, a cheaper option is necessary. A respiration chamber of the head-box type is an option because of its low cost and high accuracy in estimating emissions. This chamber can be used to determine in vivo methane emission factors for those countries that do not have full respiration chambers. It can also be used to conduct experiments to evaluate the anti-methanogenic effects of different compounds. This paper aims to describe the construction and operation of a respiration chamber of the head-box type for methane (CH4) measurements in bovines. The system consists of (1) a head box with a stainless steel frame and acrylic walls, floor, and ceiling; (2) a stainless steel feeder; (3) an automatic drinking water bowl; (4) a hood made from reinforced canvas; (5) an infrared (IR) CH4 gas analyzer, a mass flow generator, a data-acquisition system; and (6) a steel metabolic box. Six assays were conducted to determine the pure CH4 recovery rate of the whole system in order to validate it and comply with standards of chamber operation. The gravimetrical method was used for the recovery test and the recovery rate obtained was 1.04 ± 0.05. Once the system was calibrated, measurements of CH4 were conducted using eight animals consisting of four Holstein cows with a live weight of 593.8 ± 51 kg and an average milk yield of 23.3 ± 1.8 kg d−1 and four heifers with a live weight of 339 ± 28 kg. The CH4 production values were 687 ± 123 and 248 ± 40 L CH4 d−1 for cows and heifers, respectively. The CH4 yield was 19.7 ± 3.4 g and 17.1 ± 3.4 g CH4 kg−1 of dry matter consumed for cows and heifers, respectively. These results are consistent with those reported in the literature.

Occurrence of Escherichia coli in captive psittaciformes: antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes

Abstract Captive Psittaciformes may harbor Gram-negative bacteria in their digestive tract, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and confinement. The present study was carried out with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli in samples collected from Psittaciformes cages in 50 commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Goiania, with subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of virulence genes. A total of 141 samples of excreta and swab samples from feeders and water bowls were collected, totaling 423 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.7% (41/423) samples: 12% (17/141) in excreta, 8.5% (12/141) in feed, and 8.5% (12 /141) in waterers. To determine the susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin 4.9% (2/41), gentamicin 17.0% (7/41), doxycycline 34.1% (14/41), florfenicol 34.1% (14/41), trimethoprim 39.0% (16/41), tetracycline 41.5% (17/41), enrofloxacin 43.9% (18/41), amoxicillin 48.8% (20/41), neomycin 61.0% (25/41), and sulfonamide 90.2% (37/41) was determined. In 20 isolates, resistance was determined at 4 or more antimicrobials, seven of excreta (7/17), five of feed (5/12), and eight of waterers (8/12). One of the isolates from the waterers showed resistance to all antimicrobials. The iss gene was detected in three isolates, the tsh gene in three, the papC gene in two, traT and eae genes were not detected. In this study, it can be concluded that Psittaciformes commercialized as pet are carry E. coli isolates resistant to most commonly used antimicrobials, mainly sulfonamides and neomycin, besides having virulence and serum resistance genes, which highlights the possibility of the to cause disease in humans.

Socks &amp; Junior

Socks & Junior Denise Giardina (bio) I don’t know where my mother found Socks. Given the number of strays in our poor coal mining county, with no animal shelter or animal control officers, I’m sure it was not difficult. One day kitten Socks just appeared. She was black with white feet, thus her name. I was thrilled. I was five years old and I had several dolls. But I never cared much for dolls with their stupid frozen faces and motionless limbs, [End Page 79] nor was I interested in pretending to take care of a fake baby. Here was a real living toy to play with. My mother had that No Pets in the House rule, brought over from her eastern Kentucky raising. My father’s dog Candy had been forced upon her, but she would hold firm otherwise. She installed Socks on the back porch with a cardboard box and blanket and food and water bowls. But I was allowed to bring kitten Socks inside every afternoon for play, “until she grows up”, my mom proclaimed. I proceeded to pull out my doll clothes and cram the kitten into them, to force her into my doll carriage and parade her around. When she tried to escape, I put the buggy’s movable hood over her neck to try and hold her down. As she strangled, she scratched my hand to no avail because she was so small. So she did the only thing else she could think of—as soon as I let her go, she fled. Soon enough, she fled at the very sight of me. I was crushed. Socks didn’t want to play. Even worse, she didn’t like me. I considered this, and then a light bulb came on inside my five year old brain. Socks did not like to play the way I did because she was different from me. Socks was a cat. And Socks didn’t like me because she was afraid of me. She was afraid of me because I was hurting her. I have since learned that five is the age when most of us learn to empathize with others. A three year old cannot do it; a five year old can. At that time, I felt I had discovered the greatest secret on earth. I had imagined myself into the mind of another being. If they were suffering, I could understand that. And if I wanted someone to like me, I had to be nice to them. This was especially true of animals, who could not speak to beg for kind treatment. When I learned as an adult that Descartes believed animals had no feelings, no more than any machine, I was grieved. Descartes, I thought, had never grown up with a kitten or puppy. He had missed a lesson on empathy when he was five. [End Page 80] I realized I had dug myself into a deep hole where Socks was concerned. I would have to win her back, and I would have to plan how to do that. One day I went outside and found her sleeping in her box. She didn’t wake until I was upon her, and then she started and squirmed to escape. But I only held her briefly, stroked her head, and then let her go. She ran. I repeated the experiment a number of times, always on the lookout to catch her sleeping. Her struggles to escape weakened. At last I ventured to pick her up and hold her against my chest, stroking her and whispering to her. Then I quickly let her go. Before long she let me hold her. She purred. I promised her I would never be mean to her again, never force her to wear dolls’ clothes, or ride in the doll baby buggy. She was not a doll; she was an animal, with dignity. I didn’t voice this last part; I didn’t have such a vocabulary then. But I sensed it. ________ By age eleven, my father had become a family breadwinner. Although my grandfather worked in the mines, and took the oldest boys, Joe and Frank, with him, it wasn’t...

The role of macronutrients in the implementation of the corrective effect of low-mineralized water in experimental metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a widespread pathological condition, a group of interconnected metabolic disorders that contribute to the development of a number of severe noncommunicable diseases. Natural mineral waters of various compositions are widely used in the correction of MS. Their biological activity and specificity of action is associated with the presence of specific components (micronutrients, biologically active substances). At the same time, many researchers do not pay enough attention to the role of the biological activity of macro nutrients in low mineralized mineral waters. To assess the corrective effect of macro-components of mineral waters based on a comparative analysis of changes in the structure of internal organs of white rats with the MS model, receiving mineral waters of the same balneological type, but with different quantitative composition of macro components. The material for histological and histochemical tests were the internal organs of male white rats with body weight 280-320 g. Animals were ranked into 4 groups: I - rats served as a control, ӀӀ - rats with a model of MS; ӀӀӀ and ӀV - rats received the mineral waters against the background of MS modeling. The mineral waters used in the work were characterized by an increased (in close amounts) content of organic substances (C org.), similar in chemical but different in quantitative macro-component composition. At the same time, mineral waters practically did not differ in terms of total mineralization. Modeling of MS was carried out for 60 days by replacing 10% fructose solution in drinking water bowls, introducing white bread crackers into the diet, and excluding green mass from the diet. In groups where animals were corrected for MS, mineral waters were administered with an intragastric tube with olive at a dose of 1% of body weight daily, starting from the 60th day of the experiment, for 12 days. Upon completion of the experiment on day 72, histological sections (which were stained with hematoxylin-eosin) were prepared from the extracted pieces of the heart, stomach, liver and kidneys tissues. The succinate-dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined on the prepared cryostat sections. Using a light microscope, changes in the structure of the above organs and changes in the activity of oxidative-restorative enzymes were evaluated. The activity of oxidative-restorative enzymes was approaching normal; some manifestations of changes in water metabolism in the animal organism persisted. At the end of the use of both mineral waters, a significant decrease was found in the content of visceral fat around the intestines, renal capsule, under the pericardium, which correlated with a decrease in the animal's body weight and restoration of the fasting blood glucose level to the cereal level. The authors believe that the established features of the corrective effect of both mineral waters on changes in the structure of internal organs are explained not so much by the difference in the content and ratio of the bioactive component (C org.), but by differences in the content of macronutrients. In mineral waters obtained by rats of group III, the content of Cl- and SO4+2 ions is 2.30 and 3.67 times, and Ca2+ and Мg2+ ions are 2.75 and 4.57 more than in mineral waters, which received rats of group IV. However, the content of HCO3-, Na+, K+ is 1.14 and 1.30 times higher in the mineral waters obtained by rats of group IV. The authors believe that the macronutrients involved in the implementation of MWs biological activity affect the metabolic background of the organism, which creates the bioactive element - C org. conditions for the performance of more intensive corrective action.

PSIII-36 Increased viscosity enhances water intake and reduces risk of calcium oxalate stone formation in cats

Abstract The control of liquid intake in cats is especially of interest as there is a significant risk of urinary tract stone formation due to their high urinary solute density. Calcium oxalate stone formation is not easily mitigated by dietary manipulation. This study investigated if increasing water viscosity (282 vs 2.9 centipoise; means throughout are viscous water followed by control cats) improved voluntary intake of water and calcium oxalate stone risk. Twelve cats (7 neutered males, 5 spayed females) from 3 to 8 years of age with an average weight 4.7 kg were monitored for 4 months. Each cat spent 2 months consuming viscous water and two months consuming normal water in a crossover design. Water consumption was measured through loss of weight from each pet’s water bowl with an additional bowl of the consumed viscosity placed in the room for evaporative loss measurements. A urine calcium oxalate titrimetric test (COT) was performed to evaluate the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation. In brief, the [Ca+2]/(added Oxalate-2) ratio is calculated (per liter). An increasing index value denotes samples at greater risk of calcium oxalate crystallization. The ratio represents the concentration of ionized calcium and the amount of oxalate that is added to initiate crystallization. The results showed that cats drinking viscous water had a significant increase in water consumption (79.9 vs 65.6 grams P = 0.014). There was a reduction in urine specific gravity (1.042 vs 1.052 P = 0.016), fractional excretion of calcium (0.197 vs 0.280 P = 0.036), urinary calcium concentration (49.8 vs 61.8 ppm P &amp;lt; 0.01) and in stone risk as measured by COT (35.5 vs 82.4 P = 0.029). In conclusion, these data show that there is an increased intake of water when cats are offered water with increased viscosity and increased viscosity was associated with an improvement in measurements of oxalate stone risk.

Effect of electric heating and ice added to the bowl on mainstream waterpipe semivolatile furan and other toxicant yields

ObjectivesWe examined mainstream total particulate matter, nicotine, cotinine, menthol, pyrene, carbon monoxide (CO) and semivolatile furan yields from a commercial waterpipe with two methods for heating the tobacco, quick-light charcoal...

Diagnostic approach to polyuria and polydipsia in dogs

Polyuria (increased urine output, ie, in excess of 50 ml/kg/day) and polydipsia (increased water intake, ie, in excess of 100 ml/kg/day) (PUPD) are very common presenting signs in canine patients....

Waterbowls: Reducing Impacting Droplet Interactions by Momentum Redirection.

Superhydrophobic surfaces can dramatically reduce the transport of mass or energy from impacting droplets by making them bounce off. Such transport processes are dependent on both the contact time and the contact area between the drop and the surface. To reduce transport, recent studies have focused on reducing the contact time. However, the contact area, which is dictated by the conformal spreading of the droplet, remains large, thereby limiting the reduction in the overall transport. Here, we show how surfaces can be designed to redirect the momentum of the spreading lamella causing it to lift off into 3-dimensional shapes, thereby dramatically reducing the contact area. We design superhydrophobic surfaces with an in-plane discontinuity leading to the accumulation of vertical momentum resulting in the out-of-plane ejection of the lamella into water bowls. We demonstrate a 2-fold reduction in the heat transfer between a cold rain and a warm surface. These insights can be broadly applied to other transport phenomena involving mass and energy exchange to limit heat loss under precipitation, icing of surfaces, reduce salt deposition on a surface exposed to ocean spray, or inhibit the formation of a water film on wings or wind turbine blades.