Bowen's Hypothesis Research Articles

Stressful Life Events and Physical and Psychological Health: Mediating Effects of Differentiation of Self in a Spanish Sample.

The pathways between differentiation of self and health remain only partly elucidated. This cross-cultural study sought to test Bowen's hypothesis about the associations between differentiation, stressful life events, and physical and psychological health, in a sample of 466 Spanish adults. Results show that people with higher levels of differentiation were less prone to physical ailments (e.g., heart disease, cancer, or blooddisorders) and psychological symptoms (e.g., depression or anxiety). Further, differentiation mediated the association between stress (i.e., perceived negativity of stress in the past year and number of stressful events across the lifetime) and physical and psychological health. The current research provides cross-cultural empirical evidence for the links between differentiation and mind and body health in a Mediterranean culture.

Choosing a Partner of Equal Differentiation

This study examined Bowen's hypothesis that people select partners of equal differentiation of self. This study views differentiation as balancing individuation and intimacy and, therefore, “equal differentiation” can be measured by similarity and by complementarity of individuation and intimacy scale scores. This study also looked at the multigenerational transmission process, gender differences, and happiness. Participants consisted of 81 couples who were either engaged or married/common law. The Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire (Version B) was utilized, as well as the Happiness Scale from the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results of this study lend substantial support for Bowen's preposition that people choose partners of equal differentiation; however, there was only weak support found for the hypothesis of multigenerational transmission. Future directions for research are discussed.

An Unrecorded Book of Hours, Printed by Plantin with a (Partly) Unrecorded Series of Illustrations

AbstractAn unrecorded copy of the Officium illustrated with 16 small engravings and printed by Plantin in 1578/9 which has recently come to light in an antiquarian bookshop confirms Karen Lee Bowen's hypothesis of 1994 that a number of engravings with the same format occurring in Plantin's Missale of 1585 belong to a series which Plantin must have commissioned from the engraver Jan Wierix after the designs of Peeter van der Borcht shortly after 1572. The series in the newly discovered book is anonymous, but the engravings are copied so carefully that they may be added to the oeuvre of Jan Wierix and Peeter van der Borcht respectively. Some of these engravings were previously entirely unknown.

Do people who marry really have the same level of differentiation of self?

In a test of M. Bowen's hypothesis that people marry at the same level of differentiation of self, both members of 36 heterosexual couples completed the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire (PAFS-Q). The similarity of the actual couples' scores was compared with the similarity of randomly formed couples across 1,000 Monte Carlo replications of the pseudocouple methodology for each of 7 PAFS-Q variables. Several indexes of couple similarity averaged across the replications revealed that the members of the actual couples were more similar than the members of the pseudocouples on just 1 of the spousal measures and none of the measures of intergenerational relationships. In general, these findings do not support the Bowen hypothesis.

Cometary Dust and the Rainfall Singularity Shift

AbstractDaily rainfall data for Sydney, Prague and Moscow for singularities around 26 May and 9 November were examined by an autocorrelation method. Intervals between 2 and 7 days were used for the autocorrelation. In all three samples the wider the interval used the later the date of the best autocorrelation. The shift is discussed from the point of view of the Bowen hypothesis on meteor-rainfall correlation. Also new results supporting the Bowen hypothesis and its new version on bacteria from space, published recently, are briefly discussed.

Extraterrestrial magnetic spherules: their association with meteor showers and rainfall frequency

The relationship between meteoric activity and extraterrestrial particle concentration in the troposphere is examined experimentally using magnetic spherules as an indicator of the larger flux. Spherules were collected by high volume air fiitration at 0.5°S, 19.5, 40, 47.5 and 65°N latitudes from August through October 1967; the simultaneous occurrence of concentration peaks at all stations precludes the likelihood of a terrestrial origin of these particles. The sizes and densities of spherules were used to calculate probable falling times and thus to identify parent meteor streams. Various influences altering theoretical falling times were evaluated to establish limits of validity for the calculations. The chemical analyses suggest that meteor streams vary in the amounts of stony and iron fragments they introduce into the atmosphere, or may consist wholly of one or the other. Concentration peaks of 7–8 μ, dia. spherules were found on days preceding periods of rainfall frequency anomalies. Frequency of rainfall and periods of maximum meteor shower activity correlate over a 52-yr period where synoptic conditions favor rain initiation through particle flux into high cirrus levels. The study concludes that the experimental evidence, together with proposed revisions in the Bowen hypothesis, restore credibility to the concept of meteoric influences on rainfall.

Role of fractional crystallization in the descent: Basalt ? trachyte

The role of fractional crystallization in the descent: basalt → trachyte is critically examined. For each “simple basalt” magma type — alkaline, critically undersaturated, and oversaturated — there is a possible trachyte derived by way of fractional crystallization. Olivine removal is the main physical control that may interfere with trachytic trends at low pressure. Higher pressures widen the field of the initial basic compositions from which alkaline trachytes may fractionate. Bowen's hypothesis of trachyte formation from an undercooled basic magma is not supported by recent experimental data. Inefficiency and lack of scope of the fractional crystallization process, in the late stage of differentiation, may lead to an excess of trachytes over trachyandesites. In general, more time, taken in the basic and the salic stages of the descent, due to steeper liquidus and solidus, would result in a greater abundance of the basic and the salic rock types, compared to the intermediate varieties.

Remarks on the Paper by TR Visvanathan Entitled "On Bowen's Hypothesis"

Visvanathan's paper (1965) has reopened the controversial question of rainfall calendaricities that has stimulated so much research and discussion since the paper by Bowen (1953). Visvanathan's suggestion that anomalous rainfall at Sydney results from the joint effects associated with the lunar month and the calendar date is an interesting one, and depends upon the conclusion that the correlations between the curves of his Figures 2(b), 2(c), and 2(d) are significant. Although these curves are based on data that have been smoothed, thus introducing serial correlation into them, an appropriate significance test can be made which does in fact show that the conclusions are valid. However, his findings led the writer to examine the Sydney data from another point of view, and this investigation led to results giving a different interpretation from that given by Visvanathan.

On Bowen's Hypothesis

Bowen (1953) examined daily rainfall at Sydney for January for the years 1859-1940, and found exceptional peaks to occur on the 12th and 22nd days of that month. He extended his investigations to other months and other stations, and concluded that there is a marked tendency for heavy falls of rain to occur on certain dates rather than on others and the pattern to be repeated year after year. He argued that if the feature is noticed in rainfall at a large number of stations over the globe the influence should be extraterrestrial. He put forward the now well-known hypothesis that on some calendar dates the Earth crosses a meteoric stream, and the meteoric dust entering the top of the atmosphere reaches the troposphere about 30 days later, to induce heavy rainfall, the influx of meteoric dust being supposed to provide the necessary condensation nuclei. He further strengthened his hypothesis by showing that such other occurrences as concentration of freezing nuclei counts, cirrus clouds, noctilucent clouds, and the dates on which snow first covered the ground at Tokyo all showed a tendency for maxima to fall on the preferred dates of singularity in a in all.

On the reality of rainfall peaks and their relation to meteor showers

The curve of average rainfall over India, accumulated over 10 yr on each date during November, December and January of 1950–1960 has been presented. Statistical analysis has been used to separate out the seasonal trend T, and the purely random fluctuations R from this time series. The remaining C-time series has still been found to exhibit several prominent peaks, on certain calendar dates, which are in good agreement with those recorded by Bowen (1953; 1956 a,b; 1957) from his world-wide rainfall curve. Rainfall peaks have been found to repeat themselves every year about these dates, although with varying magnitudes. Evidence has been found from these results, in support of the reality of rainfall peaks, and their relation to some extra-terrestrial source. Bowen's hypothesis that dust from meteor showers may contribute to the freezing nuclei in the lower atmosphere, about 30 days after the date of maximum shower activity has been criticized by several workers. Bigg's (1957; 1963) work on the lunar effect of rainfall, and modified theory of Rosinski et al. (1961; 1962) have revived the possibility of a connection between meteor showers and rainfall. The time delays between the dates of maximum shower activity and those of the prominent rainfall peaks in the above C-time series have been found to vary between 30 and 76 days. There seems to be a possible linear relation between these time delays and their corresponding shower velocities.

On Bowen's hypothesis

The magnitude of rainfall anomaly and, as connecting links, the population of secondary particles and their space distribution were used in a re-examination of Bowen's hypothesis. On the basis of the mechanism of coagulation, the peaks of rainfall activity were shown to be correlated with specific meteoric activity. The time lag was 40–66 days. Rainfall data for the period from 1880 to 1950 and all available visual and radio echo observations of sporadic meteors and meteor showers wore used in the analysis.

SECONDARY PARTICULATE MATTER FROM METEOR VAPORS

The size distribution of secondary particulate matter, formed from condensing vapors in meteoric trains in the meteoric evaporating zone, was calculated. The diameters of the particles were found to be approximately proportional to the size of the meteor. The particles were calculated to be below 100 A in diameter, and the median volume diameters ranged from 4.5 to 80 A one min after evaporation. The average concentration of secondary particles formed from meteoric showers was found to be higher than the concentration from the steady-state influx of sporadic meteors. From these results, the majority of the freezing nuclei in Bowen's hypothesis might be interpreted to be connected with the secondary particles formed in meteoric trails. If these particles serve as freezing nuclei, then freezing nuclei should be of similar chemical composition. The presence of larger secondary particles in the wakes of very bright meteors may contribute to the formation of noctilucent clouds. Bowen's hypothesis should be re-evaluated and the role of the secondary meteoric matter in the earth's atmosphere clarified.

GEOLOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE MASINLOC CHROMITE DEPOSIT ZAMBALES, LUZON, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

The Masinloc mine, the world9s largest producer of refractory-grade chrome ore, is at Goto, Zambales, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Ore production from 1946 through 1952 was 1,605,867.6 long tons, containing 32.33 per cent Cr 2 O 3 . The ore occurs with other chromite deposits in a layered ultramafic complex, intruded by microdiorite and similar dikes and overlapped by Miocene sediments. Near the mine, the complex is composed of pseudostratified gneissose norite and olivine gabbro and massive saxonite serpentine and dunite serpentine. Dunite intrudes olivine gabbro; saxonite may also be intrusive. The chrome deposits form a belt 8000 feet long, which lies in saxonite near its contact with olivine gabbro. The largest body is roughly oval and lies slightly inclined at the topographic surface; it is about 1800 feet long, 950 feet wide, and as much as 175 feet thick. It is composed of dense and disseminated ores with small quantities of associated dunite, melano-troctolite, and olivine gabbro. Dense ore forms most of the deposit as well as fragments in dunite at the margins. It is a mosaic of chromite grains, interpreted as a compact mass of clusters, with about 10 per cent interstitial gangue, partly dunite serpentine and partly olivine gabbro. The chromite is fractured and in places anisotropic because of strain. It contains rare poikilitic enclosures of euhedral olivine and is corroded in contact with the silicates. Olivine gabbro gangue shows microscopic zonal distribution of minerals in the ore interstices. Disseminated ore occurs as a selvage, dike, and marginal fragments, but mostly as large bodies with flowage banding, adjacent to dense ore. It is 60–80 per cent chromite, as corroded multigranular pieces, in a dunite serpentine matrix. Dunite is found mainly as a shell at the dense ore contacts. Dark troctolite forms segregations, pockets, and dikes, and olivine gabbro, similar to that in ore interstices, forms narrow dikes cutting ores and other rocks. The field relations show that dense chromite is the oldest and olivine gabbro the youngest component of the ore deposit. Disseminated ore, dunite, and melano-troctolite are probably almost contemporaneous. Dense chromite has the formula Cr 41 Al 54 (Mg 74 ), similar to Caribbean ores, and disseminated chromite has nearly the same composition. Norite and olivine gabbro form the upper zones of the layered complex, and their pseudostratification and gneissosity originated through crystal sedimentation often interrupted. The dense chromite bodies are regarded as xenoliths that have been borne upward in intrusive saxonite. Disseminated ore and associated dunite probably originated through corrosion and disruption of dense ore by peridotite and they accumulated next to the dense masses after movement had ceased. The high Al and Mg contents of the chromite, as well as its reactions with olivine gabbro and peridotite, which tended everywhere to the generation of the pyroxene-free types troctolite and dunite, indicate that chromite crystallized from troctolitic magma. The ore composition and texture seem best explained by Bowen9s hypothesis of the genesis of chromite: that spinel formed first through transformation of glomeroporphyritic clusters of olivine and basic plagioclase in reaction with magma saturated with forsterite, and that with falling temperature spinel was converted to chromite, olivine, and plagioclase. These, together with pyroxene, settled to form a compact deposit of clusters, beyond reach of liquid sufficient to resorb them. Such deposits may have formed in the transitional zone of the complex. This and the subjacent ultramafic zones may have been subsequently heated and disrupted incidental to orogeny, and peridotite masses with solid inclusions of chrome ore irrupted into higher levels of the complex. The temperatures then prevailing were high enough to fuse the olivine-gabbro ore matrix and commence anew the reaction between chromite and liquid.

The Relative Intensities of Nebular Lines

It is proved rigorously for multipole radiation that the transition $j=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}j=0$ cannot occur. The relative intensities of the lines of the multiplet $^{2}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}D$ are calculated. They are in the ratio $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{5}{2}:\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{3}{2}:\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{3}{2}:\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{5}{2}=10:5:2:1$, approximately. This is not in agreement with experiment in that the weaker lines are not observed. The relative intensities of the intercombination lines comprising the multiplet $^{1}D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}P$ are calculated, using in part the Darwin-Pauli theory of the spinning election as applied by Houston to the study of intercombination lines. The line $^{1}D_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}P_{2}$ always is strongest according to the calculations, and the experiments confirm this. The line $^{1}D_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}P_{1}$ is about half as strong, which also checks experiment. The intensity of $^{1}D_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}P_{0}$ varies, however, from zero to a value of the same order of magnitude as that of $^{1}D_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}P_{1}$. This is in disagreement with experiment in that the line is not observed. This is the same sort of disagreement as for the multiplet $^{2}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}D$. It is concluded that Bowen's hypothesis, attributing the emission of the "forbidden" nebular lines to quadrupole radiation, is substantiated to some extent, but not fully. The discrepancies between theory and experiment may arise from the simplifying assumptions introduced.