Pig Bowel Research Articles

Distribution and chemical coding of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig bowel and gallbladder

Distribution and chemical coding of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig bowel and gallbladder

Distribution and chemical coding of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig bowel and gallbladder

Distribution and chemical coding of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig bowel and gallbladder

Distribution of 5-HT3 receptors in the mucosa of the guinea pig bowel supports a role in intrinsic and extrinsic sensory transmission

Distribution of 5-HT3 receptors in the mucosa of the guinea pig bowel supports a role in intrinsic and extrinsic sensory transmission

Coarse Brown Rice Increases Fecal and Large Bowel Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Starch but Lowers Calcium in the Large Bowel of Pigs

Young male pigs were fed a diet formulated from human foods including either boiled white rice plus rice bran or heat-stabilized brown rice at equivalent levels of fiber for 3 wk. Stool and starch excretion were low in pigs fed white rice during the first 2 wk of the experiment. In pigs fed brown rice, their excretion was high during wk 1 but declined in wk 2 while short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) excretion was higher at both times. Large bowel digesta mass, measured during wk 3, was higher in pigs fed brown rice but only in the proximal colon. Large bowel and fecal starch concentrations were higher in pigs fed brown rice but the difference was insufficient to explain the increase in large bowel digesta mass. In pigs with a cecal cannula, digesta starch concentrations were equally higher when white or brown rice was fed compared with the corresponding rice which had been finely milled, indicating that particle size was a determinant of ileal digestibility. Concentrations and pools of total and individual SCFA were higher in all regions of the colon but not the cecum of pigs fed brown rice. Large bowel Ca(2+) concentrations were lower in pigs fed brown rice, suggesting greater absorption. The data confirm earlier findings that brown rice raises large bowel digesta mass and SCFA through greater fermentation of starch but show that starch itself makes a relatively small contribution to digesta and stool mass. Apparently, the rate of passage of digesta is a determinant of the concentrations and pools of SCFA in the distal colon and in feces.

Distribution and chemical coding of orphanin FQ-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig bowel

Distribution and chemical coding of orphanin FQ-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig bowel

Distribution of CCK-A receptor immunoreactivity in the guinea pig bowel

Distribution of CCK-A receptor immunoreactivity in the guinea pig bowel

Effects of Particle Size of Rice on Resistant Starch and SCFA of the Digesta in Caecostomised Pigs

A study on the relation between particle size and resistant starch (RS) has been conducted in pigs. The objectives of the study was to investigate the effects of particle size of rice (whole rice and rice flour) on the starch escaping digestion and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in the large bowel of pigs fitted with a caecal cannula. Four pigs were caecostomised and given 4 diet different in particle size and NSP content e.i. Whole brown rice (WB), fine brown rice (FB), whole white rice (WW) and fine white rice (FW) for 8 days. There was a washed-out period of 6 days between changes of diet. Caccal content was taken every 2 hour (2-16 hours and 24 hours after feeding) by withdrawal through a plastic tube. The di gesta were analyzed for starch (RS) and VFA. it was found that concentrations of starch in caecal contents was the same when the animals fed cooked fine white and or fine brown rice diets. The caecal starch concentrations in animals fed the fine product varied from 15 to 44% of the values in animals fed the whole product, or brown rice and 18% to 45% for white rice. The presence of NSP was rather less important even though fibre is known to inhibit starch digestion. Differences in the particle size of rice did not affect concentration of the total VFA in the caecal contents. Small differences were found in the molar ratios of the major VFA with the butyrate being highest when pigs fed whole brown rice and lowest when the animals fed whole white rice.

Release of Endothelin-1 in Strangulation Obstruction of the Small Bowel in Pigs

Evidence has been provided that increased portal vein pressure results in increased release of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Strangulation obstruction is associated with increased venous pressure, and we wanted to determine if it is associated with increased local release of ET-1 and elevated concentration of ET-1 in systemic blood. Strangulation obstruction was induced by elevating pressure in a gasket placed around a loop of ileum until venous pressure reached 50 mm Hg. Ischemia in a bowel loop was induced by arterial clamping, reducing blood flow by 70%. Blood samples were collected before and after 30, 90, and 180 min of strangulation or ischemia. ET-1 was determined by radioimmunoassay following acidification and extraction on C18columns. In strangulated loop the blood flow decreased by 70%. ET-1 concentration remained around 5 pg/ml in arterial blood, increased fourfold in strangulated venous blood, and remained unchanged in venous blood from control bowel. The release of ET-1 from the strangulated loop to blood increased twofold. Ischemia resulted in reduced release of ET-1. It is concluded that strangulation obstruction causes increased release of ET-1 to venous blood in the strangulated loop, but not increased ET-1 concentration in systemic blood. The increased ET-1 release was probably due to increased venous pressure, not to low blood flow.

Immunohistochemical localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the guinea pig bowel and pancreas

Immunohistochemical localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the guinea pig bowel and pancreas

Immunohistochemical localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the guinea pig bowel and pancreas

Although nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are known to be present on neural elements in both the bowel and the pancreas, the precise location of these receptors has not previously been determined. Immunocytochemistry, by using a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb35), which recognizes alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt)-insensitive nAChRs, and a polyclonal antibody raised against the alpha-Bgt-sensitive receptor subunit, alpha7, was used to locate receptor protein in guinea pig gut and pancreas. mAb35-receptor (mAb35-R) immunoreactivity was abundant in both enteric plexuses, enterochromaffin cells, and pancreatic ganglia. Immunostaining was associated with the cell membrane, and clusters of mAb35-R were observed on cell somas and dendrites. Receptor immunoreactivity was also observed on terminals and axons, suggesting that a subset of nAChRs is presynaptic. Internal sites of mAb35-R were observed in permeabilized ganglia. Cells expressing the receptors were closely associated with ChAT-immunoreactive nerve fibers. In addition, the majority of ChAT-positive neurons expressed both cell surface and internal stores of mAb35-R. In the bowel, clusters of mAb35-R were present on the soma and dendrites of Dogiel type I motorneurons and secretomotor neurons. Receptors were detected at the plasma membrane of calbindin-immunoreactive myenteric neurons. In contrast, calbindin-immunoreactive submucosal neurons did not express cell surface mAb35-R, supporting the idea that they are sensory neurons. A subset of enteric neurons expressed both mAb35-R and glutamate receptor (GluR1) immunoreactivity. In the pancreas, mAb35-R immunoreactivity was only observed in ganglia. Alpha7-immunoreactivity was found on both enteric cell bodies and nerve fibers. Based on these results, it appears that visceral nAChRs are composed of at least four subunits and that both pre- and postsynaptic nAChRs are present in the gut and pancreas.

Serotonin (5-HT): An enteroendocrine marker of rejection after small bowel allotransplantation in the pig

The histopathologic findings of mucosal epithelial cell injury in acute and chronic rejection in small bowel transplantation are well known. Several studies have been done on the pig either as autotransplantation, allotrans-plantation, orthotopic, or enterotopic transplantation, with or without immunosuppression. Very few investigations on the enteroendocrine system have been done. In particular, none have been done on rejection in pigs after intestinal transplantation. On the other hand, changes in the enteroendocrine markers (somatostatin and chromogranin A) have been examined in detail after auxiliary small bowel transplantation in dogs without immunosuppression, showing no apparent changes on the 7th postoperative day, even if in a severe rejection status. Recent studies on rats have evaluated the presence of serotonin after small bowel allotransplantation with different times of preservation, and after reperfusion. The authors concluded that the number of serotonin-positive cells decreased with a preservation time of more than 1 hour in Ringer lactate at 4°C. We too have examined the modifications of argentaffin as well as serotonin-positive cells in the harvested small bowel of pigs perfused with Belzer solution (4°C) and preserved in Ringer lactate at 4°C, after preservation and reperfusion in the combined liver-small bowel allotransplantation. We noticed that the argentaffin and serotonin cells were preserved up to 20 hours and that after reperfusion the most important injury was due to the disappearance of these cells from the crypts. In this study, we studied the modifications of the intestinal enterochromaffin cells after combined liver-small bowel and small bowel alone allotransplantation in pigs, with the aim of evaluating a correlation with rejection.

Successful patching and incorporation of lyophilized dura mater (Lyodura) in the distal small-bowel wall

Lyophilized dura mater (Lyodura) was used successfully in patching defects in the antimesenteric side of the distal small bowel of rats, guinea pigs, and dogs. Excellent healing was observed. The Lyodura was completely incorporated and had disappeared after 6 weeks; single-layer cuboidal epithelium was evident at this stage. Well-formed villi were present at 12 weeks. All layers of the intestinal wall were present 1 year following patching. Although the use of Lyodura has been considered contra-indicated in contaminated surgical procedures, we conclude from this study that it can be used safely in the intestinal tract of laboratory animals. Its efficacy as a substrate for growing neomucosa in the intestinal tract was evident. The potential use of this method in experimental short-bowel syndrome should be further explored.

Characterization of the flora of the large bowel of pigs: A status report

This is a review of recent studies designed to identify the taxa of the predominant bacteria in the large bowel of weaned or adult healthy pigs. Methods and culture media that have been used are discussed, and comparisons are made between findings in different laboratories. Differences between populations at different sites in the bowel are noted, as are changes in populations with changes in diets. Some information has been discussed concerning population changes that occur in association with swine dysentery, but considerations of microbial succession in young animals and of the impact of microbial activities on the host are outside the scope of this review.

The traction sigmoidoscope: Development and preliminary report

1. 1. Ten different working models of the traction sigmoidoscope have been made and t sted on freshly removed pig's bowel. 2. 2. Promising models when used on patients have shown that (a) superficial mucosal hemorrhages are infrequent when 5 inches of mercury vacuum or less is used; (b) 5 or 15 inches of vacuum applied to the mucosa produces no sensation whatsoever in the fully conscious patient; (c) severe mucosal hemorrhage from 15 inches of vacuum completely healed in ten days; (d) 20 ounces of traction are necessary to grasp and properly manipulate the normally flexible colon; (e) 20 to 24 ounces of traction grasp will slip on rigid or fixed bowel. Perforation by traction cannot occur because of this built-in safety factor. 3. 3. Polypectomy has been performed on six of seven patients when the polyp was completely beyond reach of the ordinary scope. 4. 4. Under anesthesia about three of four patients can be scoped for 35 cm. or more. 5. 5. The curtain rod principle of this scope becomes non-operative on a fixed sigmoid colon. 6. 6. Benign polyps were discovered in eight of the seventy-four patients in the series, or about 10 per cent.

The regenerative power and reserve capacity of the liver and their value in surgery of the biliary tract

Summary1° It is experimentally demonstrated that by stopping the bile-flow from a great part of the liver to the bowel in pigs and rabbits no icterus is produced, and that this condition is compatible with normal life.2° Furthermore it is established that the bile (eventually produced in these obstructed parts of the liver) cannot possibly escape through intrahepatic anastomoses of bile ducts (or biliary ducts ?).3° The parts of the liver in which the bile flows freely, become hyper- functional and assume entirely the assimilation of bilirubine.4° Is was established that the parts with obstructed bile ducts undergo atrophy, while a compensatory hypertrophy occurs in those where the bile can5° It is likely that these facts apply equally to man.6 This aspect of hepatic physiology has its surgical applications :a) it is possible to ligature high up in the hepatic hilus and a branch can be used for plastic interventions on the common bileduct;b) anastomosis with one of the branches of the hepatic duct is a ve...

Passage of histamine across the wall of the small bowel of guinea pigs.

ArticlePassage of Histamine Across the Wall of the Small Bowel of Guinea PigsMurray Dworetzky, and Charles F. CodeMurray DworetzkySection on Physiology, Mayo Foundation, University of Minnesota, and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and Charles F. CodeSection on Physiology, Mayo Foundation, University of Minnesota, and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaPublished Online:01 Aug 1951https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1951.166.2.462MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 166Issue 2August 1951Pages 462-469 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1951 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1951.166.2.462PubMed14857204History Received 18 February 1951 Published online 1 August 1951 Published in print 1 August 1951 Metrics

Oedema of the bowel in pigs.

THIS obscure condition, which was first described by Shanks1 and Lamont2, has now become a major hazard to store-pigs in the whole of Ireland. It is now apparently causing serious concern in Great Britain. Repeated attempts at transmission by the staff at this laboratory have so far failed. A few months ago we came across a reference by Kurnick3 to a condition in the human characterized by œdema which was thought to be due to a protein deficiency. In July 1949, Dr. Mitchell, Dominion Pathologist, Canada, visited this laboratory, and he directed our attention to the work carried out by Gwatkin and his associates4 on the protein fraction in the diet of the pig.