Bow String Research Articles

A method for the reproduction of cello bow kinematics using a robotic arm and motion capture

Numerous experimental and theoretical methods have focused on the bow–string interaction in bowed string instruments, including several artificial bowing setups. The current research aims to present an experimental approach to reproduce bowing techniques using a robotic arm. First, optical motion capture is used to track the 3D kinematics of the bow. The cello bow and corpus are equipped with reflective markers. The cello is mounted on a playing platform. The recorded 3D trajectories of the bow markers are used to control the motion of the robotic arm. This process requires converting the 3D data between the coordinate frames of the two systems. This conversion is described in detail in this paper. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, an experienced cellist was asked to play an adapted piece on the cello, which was then repeated using the robotic arm. The robotic arm is capable of accurately reproducing the bow velocity, but even minimal variations in position can compromise proper bow–string contact. To illustrate this, the study compares two similar robotic situations and discusses the challenges of adapting the robot’s coordinates as a function of a given playing parameter or the sound produced.

Thought, Memory, and Being in Plato’s Sophist

Thinking as described in Plato’s Sophist undergoes two basic changes: it progresses by shifting from one to many and it regresses by shifting from many to one. The change from one to many is generative; the change from many to one is reductive. These opposing changes provide a tension for thinking, and like Heraclitus’ bow string, this tension gives thinking its efficacy. Thinking would wander and accumulate endlessly unless it regresses from many to one. Yet, thinking would stagnate if it could not progress from one to many. Both changes are essential characteristics of thinking, and both rest on memory. Memory constitutes the foundation of thought.

The Appearance of the Idea of War in the Contexts of Establishment and Beauty in the Divan of the Bosnian Aladdin Sâbit

Among the literati and scientists, the view is found that classical Turkish poetry prefers a separate literary expression, where literature when removed from society, reality, and sociality is at a certain level indifferent to the issues of society. Being involved with life will lead a poet to the reality of society and humanity, and the relevant art must have knowledge about signifiers to be noticed by the poet’s addressee.Metaphorical structures will increase the meaning of a text while evaluating literary texts. This article has come across depictions of war in their literal and figurative meanings in classical Turkish poetry and draws attention herein to the ethnosymbolist approach. The focus of Turkish classical poetry appears to be determinable as the metaphor of war. Based on this, metaphors in classical literature such as the image of a lover’s gaze as an arrow or her hair as a bow string are not meaningless. The flamboyant elements that a nation has stated have emerged in literature in its own language.The poets imply that the army is not in war for fighting but to clean the blood of the enemy with cupping or to shave their hair for free. For the poet, war is the natural healing that saves the corrupted world, and based on this idea, war is based on eliminating and correcting evil. This article will examine the couplets about war in the Divan of the Bosnian Alaaddin Sâbit, a 17th-century poet, in terms of embellishment and concretization.

Savaş Düşüncesinin Bosnalı Alaaddin Sâbit Divânı’nda Somutlama ve Güzelleme Bağlamında Görünümü

Akademide ve bazı edebiyatçılar, sanatçılar, çeşitli sanatlarla ilgilenen halk arasında klasik Türk şiirinin; toplumdan, gerçeklikten, sosyallikten uzak olduğu, bu edebiyatın ‘sırça köşkte’ belirli üslup seviyesinde toplumun, insanlığın meselelerine kayıtsızca ayrı bir edebi dil tercih ettiği görüşü kısmen de olsa yer bulmaktadır.Döneminin aynası şairin; toplumun, hayatın bir parçası olması muhakkak ki şairi toplum ve insanlık meselelerine, gerçekliğine yönlendirecektir. Bu gerçekliğin, muhatabı tarafından fark edilebilmesi için ilgili sanat dalının gösterenlerine dair bilgi sahibi olmak gerekmektedir. Edebî metnin gösterenlerinin de kelimelerden, mecazlardan oluşmasından ötürü edebî metinleri değerlendirirken gösterenleri, mecazlı yapıyı göz önünde bulundurmak metnin anlam katmanlarını açacaktır. Şairin kullandığı mecazlı dilin ifadede oluşturduğu farklılıktan kaynaklı, metni anlamada eksik kalındığı için şiire hakkıyla nüfuz etmek birtakım zorlukları beraberinde getirmektedir.Klasik Türk şiirinin mazmun sistemi içerisinde mecaza bağlı gelişen tasvirler klasik Türk şiirinin simgeci tarafına dikkat çekmektedir. Bununla beraber klasik Türk şiirinin merkezini savaş istiaresi olarak da belirlemek mümkün görünmektedir. Savaş istiaresine ve mazmunlara dayalı olarak sevgilinin bakışının oka, kılıca benzetilmesi; saçlarının halata, darağacına benzetilmesi anlamsız değildir. Cihangir bir devletin belirttiği şaşaalı unsurların hepsi edebiyatta kendi dili, estetiği içerisinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Şairler savaşla ilgili olarak ordunun savaşmaya değil; kanı kirlenen düşmanın kanını hacamatla temizlemeye, saçı uzayan düşmanın saçını vakıf berber hizmeti sunarak ücretsiz tıraş etmeye gittiğini güzelleme bağlamında belirtmektedir. Bu noktada şair için savaş; bozulmuş olan âlemin tabiatını kurtuluşa, selâmete erdiren doğal şifa olmakla beraber kötüyü, kirliyi ortadan kaldırmaya dayanmaktadır.Bu makalede, XVII. yüzyıl şairlerinden Bosnalı Alaaddin Sâbit’in Divân’ındaki savaşla ilgili beyitler, gösterenlerden hareketle güzelleme ve somutlama noktasında incelenecektir.

Medial canthopexy using mini-screws &/or micro plates for the surgical treatment of post traumatic telecanthus associated with naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures

BackgroundThe normal bony insertion of the medial canthal tendon can be disrupted after trauma, as a result of ablative surgery or as a consequence of subperiosteal detachment during a craniofacial surgical procedure. Medial canthoplasty is required to avoid telecanthus following these events. Several surgical techniques have been described to reattach the tendon to the posterior lacrimal crest. The techniques of transnasal wiring had been used widely to reconstruct medial canthal tendon. However, some surgeons have preferred the use of ipsilateral techniques that include the nylon anchor suture, the stainless-steel screw and/or miniplates. Aim of the studyThis study aims to present a technique for Canthopexy and Medial canthal ligament reconstitution secondary to posttraumatic medial canthal degloving injuries using mini-screws and/or microplates to obtain a consistent and definitive reinforcement of the Medial Canthal ligament and its continuity to the postero-superior surface of the medial orbital wall. Materials and methodsThe present study enrolled 23 patients with posttraumatic medial telecanthus deformity that had been treated over a 3-year period from July 2016–June 2019. Clinical examination had been scheduled for all patients regarding evaluation of lacrimal system function, medial canthal position in addition to eyelid measurements. Visual impairment and movements of the eye were evaluated by ophthalmological consultation. Irrigation and probing were used for evaluation of the nasolacrimal system. MCT detachment can be determined by Bowstringing test through subcutaneous palpation of the MCT as one stretches the lid laterally.Eyelid evaluation comprised recording measurements of the inter-canthal distance (ICD), the interpupillary distance (IPD) and the palpebral fissure length (PFL). Telecanthus was assessed by recording the distance (in millimetres) measured between the facial midline and the medial canthus of the injured eye that will be compared to the corresponding values of the uninjured eye preoperatively and at all postoperative follow-up intervals. Radiographic assessment was evaluated by axial, coronal and sagittal C.T scans preoperatively and at 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. ResultsMedial Canthopexy with mini-screws was performed in 15 patients while a Y-shaped micro plate was utilized in 8 patients. The postoperative medial canthal position had been reported to be satisfactory in all patients, showing a considerable improvement compared with the preoperative position. The patients were re-evaluated at 1,3 and 6 months postoperatively demonstrating absence of any evidence of recurrence and with an acceptable cosmetic result, as the medial canthal concavity had been successfully achieved. All patients were satisfied except one that was overcorrected and re-operated for re correction. Another one was under corrected and had undergone revision. However, at 6 weeks postoperatively, one patient had a wound dehiscence resulting in medial canthal detachment and required retreatment. In all patients (except for the one of wound dehiscence), the post-canthopexy Bow String test failed to cause loss of canthal re-attachment and reconstruction or even lateral displacement of the medial canthal tendon throughout all the follow-up intervals. ConclusionsMedial Canthopexy using mini-screws and/or microplates is a simple, easy and reliable technique for the surgical correction of posttraumatic Telecanthus secondary to MCT detachment as this technique promotes satisfactory post-surgical outcomes with resultant acceptable esthetic and functional results.

Каменные бруски с двумя перетяжками в погребениях культурного круга Бабино в контексте оснащения лучника в западной части Старого Света

This paper is devoted to analysis of a rare category of artefacts — stone bars with two constrictions which present distinct cultural and chronological markers. In Eastern Europe these bars are known only among materials of the Dnieper-Don and Volga-Don Babino cultures; the time of their use is limited to within the 22nd century cal BC corresponding to the upper boundary of the period of their occurrence in the Near East, Central and Western Europe in the BzA1 period. Their functional purpose was to serve as protective mounts on the forearm of an archer preserving from the shock of the bow string. Analysis of the arrangement of the protective mounts in burials allows us to define three cases of their everyday use: noncombat, prior-combat and fighting situations. Experimental simulation has shown that the protective mount was fixed by means of a leather oversleeve with a lacing.

Quality Standards of Rhizome of Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult and Schult f.

Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult and Schult f. is an ornamental herb belonging to family Asparagaceae. It is known as murva in Sanskrit and Indian bow string hemp in English. There is no detailed study for assessing the quality control parameters of rhizomes of S. roxburghiana though rhizomes medicinally useful as expectorant, febrifuge, purgative and in heart disease, itch, leprosy, and rheumatism. The present study is aimed to standardize the rhizomes of S. roxburghiana in lines with pharmacopoeial testing on herbal drugs. Methods used for standardization of rhizomes of S. roxburghiana were as per WHO guidelines. Macro-microscopic characterization of the sample has been performed for identification rhizome part of the plant. Quality control constants like ash values, moisture content, extractive values and TLC were performed. Proximate analysis of sample was carried out to estimate carbohydrate, protein, fat, reducing sugar and crude fibre. Quality control parameters like pharmacognostical and phytochemical details obtained from the present study would help to develop physical and chemical standards for rhizomes of S. roxburghiana. Results of this study will help in developing pharmacopoeial standards for the plant part.

Maximum bow force revisited.

Schelleng [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 26-41 (1973)], Askenfelt [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 503-516 (1989)], Schumacher [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 1985-1998 (1994)], and Schoonderwaldt, Guettler, and Askenfelt [Acta Acust. Acust. 94, 604-622 (2008)] formulated-in different ways-how the maximum bow force relates to bow velocity, bow-bridge distance, string impedance, and friction coefficients. Issues of uncertainty are how to account for friction or for the rotational admittance of the strings. Related measurements at the respective transitions between regimes of Helmholtz motion and non-Helmholtz motion employ a variety of bowing machines and stringed instruments. The related findings include all necessary parameters except the friction coefficients, leaving the underlying models unconfirmed. Here, a bowing pendulum has been constructed which allows precise measurement of relevant bowing parameters, including the friction coefficients. Two cellos are measured across all strings for three different bow-bridge distances. The empirical data suggest that-taking the diverse elements of existing models as options-Schelleng's model combined with Schumacher's velocity term yields the best fit. Furthermore, the pendulum employs a bow driving mechanism with adaptive impedance which discloses that mentioned regimes are stable and transitions between them sometimes require a hysteresis on related parameters.

Vibration Characteristics of Violin Bow String and its Timbre Effect

This paper analyzes the modes of vibration of the strings and the strings of the material, the thickness effect on pronunciation, the establishment of a mass-spring model of vibrating strings and studied when the force pulling the strings and plucked violins panel vibration. Spectrum analysis and processing by MATLAB, the vibration of the resonance box is directly converted into sound, a sound judgment using spectral analysis methods.

BOWSTRING VIBRATION DAMPENERS AND SIGHTS

Archery bow string dampers and peep sights comprised of a rigid ellipsoidal inner core and an elastomeric outer surface are disclosed.

Serum IgG-Like Glycoferroprotein: Identifi cation of Its Final Dissociation Form of Thermostable Protein Coupled with Albumin

Human serum IgG-like glycoferroprotein identical to ascitic IgG-like glycoferroprotein that binds labeled monoclonal antibodies to CA125 is a complex consisting of three proteins: IgG, human serum albumin, and unidentified thermostable protein. Final dissociation form of serum IgG-like glycoferroprotein also appears as a complex of three nonidentical polypeptides with a molecular weight of 55 kDa (PC55) migrating in the albumin zone of thermostable protein coupled with albumin and structures chemically identical to human serum albumin and IgG heavy chains. Under denaturing conditions of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, IgG-like glycoferroprotein and PC55 have the same molecular weight (about 55 kDa), while under reducing conditions their weight is about 75 kDa. Transition form (form the lower to the higher molecular weight) appears as an oblique (at about ≈ 30°) protein band creating a ladder string effect. Ladder string effect was reproduced with thermostable protein coupled with albumin, PC55, IgG-like glycoferroprotein, with all commercially available human and bovine albumins, rat albumin as well as with heated and renatured albumins and can serve as electrophoretic identification sign for thermostable protein coupled with albumin. Renatured after boiling (100°C for 15 min) bovine albumin under reducing conditions appeared as bow string twisted in helix, that raises molecule in 2.5 turns from ≈ 2 to ≈ 75 kDa. These data attest to the existence of an albumin double and to its possible double structure.

STRING VIBRATION SUPPRESSOR FOR COMPOUND ARCHERY BOWS

A vibration dampening device for use on compound archery bows. A device may be associated with one or more bow limb, with each device disposing a vibration damping bumper in position to shorten the vibrating length of the bow string at brace, compared to the vibrating length of a bow string of a comparable bow lacking the device(s). Certain embodiments couple bowstring vibration at brace with one or more cable. Preferred embodiments include a limb anchor adapted to distribute string-induced loading onto a bow limb at both sides of a string cam.

The Structural Stability of Wild-type Horse Prion Protein

Prion diseases (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), variant CJD (vCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Kuru in humans, scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or ‘mad-cow’ disease) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattles) are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. However, by now there have not been some effective therapeutic approaches or medications to treat all these prion diseases. Rabbits, dogs, and horses are the only mammalian species reported to be resistant to infection from prion diseases isolated from other species. Recently, the β2-α2 loop has been reported to contribute to their protein structural stabilities. The author has found that rabbit prion protein has a strong salt bridge ASP177-ARG163 (like a taut bow string) keeping this loop linked. This paper confirms that this salt bridge also contributes to the structural stability of horse prion protein. Thus, the region of β2-α2 loop might be a potential drug target region. Besides this very important salt bridge, other four important salt bridges GLU196-ARG156-HIS187, ARG156-ASP202 and GLU211-HIS177 are also found to greatly contribute to the structural stability of horse prion protein. Rich databases of salt bridges, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts for horse prion protein can be found in this paper.

A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Finger and Bow String Movements During the Release in Archery

The aim of this paper was to examine finger and bow string movements during archery by investigating a top Austrian athlete (FITA score = 1233) under laboratory conditions. Maximum lateral bow string deflection and angular displacements for index, third, and ring fingers between the full draw position and the end of the release were quantified using a motion tracking system. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to determine whether bow string deflection and finger movements are predictive for scoring. Joint ranges of motion during the shot itself were large in the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, and much smaller in the metacarpophalangeal joints. Contrary to our expectations, greater deflection leads to higher scores (R2 = .18, p < .001) and the distal interphalangeal joint of the third finger weakly predicts the deflection (R2 = .11, p < .014). More variability in the joint angles of the third finger was found in bad shots than in good shots. Findings in this study let presume that maximum lateral bow string deflection does not adversely affect the archer's performance.

Fatal Suicidal Crossbow Injury—The Ability to Act

We report a case of a 58-year-old man who committed suicide using a modern crossbow. The victim shot himself in the chest with a conical field-tip arrow from close proximity. We first presumed that this was a case of homicide committed with a firearm. We were, however, subsequently proved wrong. The reasons for the primary statement were as follows: the external morphology of the entrance wound being typical of a firearm discharged from long distance; the perforation found on the victim's clothing; the absence of the firearm at the place of death; the absence of the arrow in the wound. All of these reasons forced us initially to conclude that the case was one of homicide. In the reported case, the man, after having been shot with an arrow, was further able to act, even though the abdominal aorta and liver were seriously injured. While the arrow was in the wound, the injuries may not have led to massive bleeding because of incomplete tamponade of the defects by the arrow shaft. Pulling the arrow out of the victim's wound track initiated massive bleeding. Despite all these injuries, the man was capable of pulling the bow string again and reloading the crossbow with the arrow used in the first attempt. This case demonstrates that forensic investigations into crossbow injuries can be very difficult, especially when the bolt has been removed from the body.

Procurement, design and construction of the Clyde Arc, Glasgow

The design and construction of the Clyde Arc has created a new landmark structure on the River Clyde waterfront in Glasgow. The construction of the £20·3 million project commenced in May 2005 and was completed in September 2006. The bridge is a three-span structure, the central span comprising a tied bow string arch with a single steel diamond-shaped arch rib spanning the long diagonal of the span. The main deck consists of a composite steel ladder beam arrangement with two longitudinal plate girders and cross girders at 4 m centres acting compositely with a reinforced concrete deck. The centre span is supported directly from 14 hanger bars, each 110 mm in diameter. The lower hanger connections are attached to outriggers from the main longitudinal girders, which are connected longitudinally with tubular members. The back spans are supported at the pier cross girders and are integral with the reinforced concrete abutments, which are in turn supported on reinforced concrete piles of small diameter. The centre span is supported on tubular steel piles of large diameter, within the river. This paper describes the procurement, design and construction of this structure.

The proposal of Bow String Arch applied a reinforced concrete filled tube

The proposal of Bow String Arch applied a reinforced concrete filled tube

Laser vibrometry measurements of vibration and sound fields of a bowed violin

Laser vibrometry measurements on a bowed violin are performed. A rotating disc apparatus, acting as a violin bow, is developed. It produces a continuous, long, repeatable, multi-frequency sound from the instrument that imitates the real bow–string interaction for a ‘very long bow’. What mainly differs is that the back and forward motion of the real bow is replaced by the rotating motion with constant velocity of the disc and constant bowing force (bowing pressure). This procedure is repeatable. It is long lasting and allows laser vibrometry techniques to be used, which measure forced vibrations by bowing at all excited frequencies simultaneously. A chain of interacting parts of the played violin is studied: the string, the bridge and the plates as well as the emitted sound field. A description of the mechanics and the sound production of the bowed violin is given, i.e. the production chain from the bowed string to the produced tone.

Die (reën)boog na die sondvloed (Gen 9:12-17)

The (Rain)bow after the deluge (Gen 9:12-17)The Hebrew word which is used for “rainbow” in Genesis 9:13,16 can also be translated as an archer’s “bow”. It is interesting to note that all the ancient writers used the latter meaning (“war bow”) in their interpretation of the Noah account, and not the meaning of “rainbow”. The ancients often depicted God as a warrior God who had a bow and shot arrows at those whom He wanted to punish. After God had punished the people for their sins, he hung up his bow. The bow in the clouds is without a bow string, and this is to remind the people that God is now at peace with them. In this article the prevalence of this interpretation in the ancient world, is shown. The writings of the Church Fathers are also scrutinized for their remarks on the (rain)bow. To conclude, the translation of this symbol in various Bible translations is also discussed.

TEACHING NOTES

The text of the article is available in the PDF.