Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus Research Articles

STAT6 promotes innate immunity against BEFV and VSV by inhibiting STUB1 and NIX-mediated MAVS degradation

Signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6), an essential member of the STAT protein family, plays vital roles in innate immunity, however, its function in regulating innate immunity through the degradation of MAVS has not been described. In this study, we found that STAT6 suppresses the replication of both bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Further investigations revealed that STAT6 promotes the type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling pathway in the context of BEFV and VSV infection. Moreover, the knockout of STAT6 leads to the degradation of MAVS through both the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagolysosomal pathways. Mechanistically, STAT6 results in the downregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase STIP1 homology and Ubox-containing protein 1 (STUB1), inhibits the interaction between STUB1 and MAVS, and reduces STUB1- mediated K48-linked MAVS ubiquitination, thereby inhibiting the MAVS degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, STAT6 also suppresses MAVS degradation through the autophagy receptor Bcl2 interacting protein 3 like (NIX)-mediated autophagy pathway. Taken together, our study unveils a novel mechanism by which STAT6 acts as a positive regulator of the type I IFN signaling pathway during BEFV and VSV infection, predominantly by inhibiting MAVS degradation and ultimately suppressing BEFV and VSV infection. These findings provide valuable insights into the regulation of MAVS degradation by STAT6, which may serve as a basis for the design of novel antiviral agents.

The Current Epizootiological Situation of Three Major Viral Infections Affecting Cattle in Egypt.

One of the major factors hindering efficient livestock production is the presence of high-impact infectious animal diseases, such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), lumpy skin disease (LSD), and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), which are notable viral infections affecting cattle in Egypt, leading to significant economic losses. FMD is caused by the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the genus Aphthovirus in the Picornaviridae family. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of Capripox genus within the Poxviridae family, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. BEF is caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) of genus Ephemerovirus in the Rhabdoviridae family. FMD is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hooved animals and can spread through the wind. On the other hand, LSD and BEF are arthropod-borne viral diseases that mainly affect domestic cattle and water buffalo. Despite government vaccination efforts, these three viral diseases have become widespread in Egypt, with several reported epidemics. Egypt's importation of large numbers of animals from different countries, combined with unregulated animal movements through trading and borders between African countries and Egypt, facilitates the introduction of new FMDV serotypes and lineages not covered by the current vaccination plans. To establish an effective control program, countries need to assess the real epizootic situation of various infectious animal diseases to develop an efficient early warning system. This review provides information about FMD, LSD, and BEF, including their economic impacts, causative viruses, global burden, the situation in Egypt, and the challenges in controlling these diseases.

Evaluation of the in vitro Effect of the Interferon Produced by Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus on Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

Evaluation of the in vitro Effect of the Interferon Produced by Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus on Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

Development of two competitive ELISAs based on monoclonal antibodies for the serological detection of Bovine ephemeral fever virus

Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is a member of the genus Ephemerovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. It is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by many species of midges and mosquitoes. It can cause severe economic consequences due to losses in milk production and the general condition of cattle and water buffalo. BEF occurs in some tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, Australia, the Middle East and Asia with seasonal outbreaks, but its possible spread to other areas (e.g. Europe) cannot be excluded. Therefore, using and developing rapid diagnostic methods with optimal performance is essential for identifying emerging pathogens and their control. In the present study, we developed two competitive serological ELISAs based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designed by using BEFV inactivated antigen and the BEF recombinant nucleoprotein (N), respectively. A panel of 77 BEF-positive and 338 BEF-negative sera was used to evaluate the two tests. With a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.4 % using the inactivated virus and 98.7 % using the recombinant N, and a diagnostic specificity of 100 % using both antigens, our results suggest that these tests are suitable for the serological diagnosis of BEF.

Bovine Ephemeral Fever Viruses in Israel 2014-2023: Genetic Characterization of Local and Emerging Strains.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an arthropod-borne viral disease, which frequently causes significant epizootics in susceptible water buffalo and cattle in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Middle East. In the current study, a two-stage protocol for BEFV viral isolation was developed. Data on the clinical signs, geographic distribution and phylogenetic analysis of BEFV strains isolated in Israel in 2015, 2018, 2021 and 2023 were summarized. It was found that during 2015-2021, all BEF outbreaks were caused by local BEFV strains, whereas the epizootic of BEFV in 2023 was caused by a new "Mayotte-like" BEFV strain. A comparison of bluetongue (BT) and BEF outbreaks during 2023 in Israel demonstrated that the incidence of BEFV was 2.21 times higher and its pathogenicity was more serious for the cattle population compared to that caused by BTVs. A phylogenetic analysis of Israeli and global BEFV revealed the emergence of non-local strains in new areas. This finding suggests that BEFV can no longer be classified based only upon geographic distribution. Considering a phylogenetic, genetic and proteomic analysis of all available BEFV strains, we suggest classifying them as a single serotype, which includes four lineages.

Laboratory investigation of causes of bovine abortion and stillbirth in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2020.

Bovine abortion is a critical problem in the cattle industry. Identifying causes of abortion is key to establishing appropriate herd management and prevention strategies. We used pathology examinations, detection of etiologic agents, and serology to determine the cause of bovine abortions in Korea. We analyzed 360 abortion and stillbirth cases submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency from December 2014 to January 2020. The putative cause of abortion was identified in 140 of 360 (38.9%) cases; 124 of the 140 (88.6%) cases were attributed to infections. The most common etiologic agents detected were bovine viral diarrhea virus (65 of 360; 18.1%), Coxiella burnetii (19 of 360; 5.3%), Leptospira spp. (13 of 360; 3.6%), Listeria monocytogenes (9 of 360; 2.5%), and Neospora caninum (8 of 360; 2.2%). Minor abortifacient pathogens included Brucella abortus (2 of 360; 0.6%), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (2 of 360; 0.6%), Akabane virus (2 of 360, 0.6%), and bovine ephemeral fever virus (1 of 360; 0.3%). Non-infectious conditions included congenital anomalies (7 of 360; 1.9%), goiter (7 of 360; 1.9%), and vitamin A deficiency (2 of 360; 0.6%). Our diagnostic rate in cases with placenta submitted (42 of 86; 48.8%) was significantly higher than in cases without placenta (98 of 274; 35.8%), which highlights the value of submitting placentas. Our results confirm the status of the large variety of causative agents associated with abortions in cattle in Korea.

Prevalence, isolation and molecular characterization of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in south and southeast regions of Turkey in the outbreak of 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of BEF disease in the blood, sera and tissue samples sent to the Viral Diagnosis Laboratory of Adana Veterinary Control Institute with suspected BEF in 2020 from different provinces of Turkey as well as to perform characterization and phylogenetic analysis of cases tested positive with molecular methods. For this purpose, 79 defibrinated blood and 2 tissue samples as well as 168 sera samples obtained from cattle varying in breed, age, and sex, were examined by using Real Time RT-PCR and Blocking ELISA, respectively. Two new degenerate primers amplifying 956 bp of the protein G (AVKEF_AATGTTCCNGTGAATTGTGGAG and AVKER_TGCATAATCYCTTCCTGGTCT) were designed and the phylogenetic analysis of the samples tested positive with RT-PCR was performed. As a result of the examinations conducted, 64.20% (52/81) of the defibrinated blood and tissue samples, and 69.04% (116/168) of the sera samples were diagnosed as positive. Through VERO cell culture, the virus was isolated from the tissue samples of 2 animals in Adana and Sanliurfa provinces, which were positive. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus circulated in Turkey during the 2020 pandemic belongs to the Middle East lineage. We concluded that monitoring the disease and identifying the lineages of the virus that have caused pandemic are significant in the selection of the proper vaccine and the disease control.

Evaluation of acute phase response in cattle with naturally infected bovine ephemeral fever virus

Bovine ephemeral fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease that primarily affects cattle and causes economic losses mainly due to the sudden decrease in milk yield. We aimed to reveal the biochemical reflection of the acute phase response by detecting the changes in serum acute phase proteins in cattle naturally infected with the bovine ephemeral fever virus. The material of this study consisted of 21 Simmental dairy cows (4–6 years old) naturally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus (infected group) and 10 clinically and serologically healthy Simmental dairy cows (control group). The prevalence of the disease in suspected cattle was 52 per 100. It was determined that in infected cows levels of serum haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (P < 0.001), and ceruloplasmin increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas levels of albumin decreased significantly (P < 0.05). It is thought that the acute phase proteins variation pattern for bovine ephemeral fever would be beneficial both in better understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and in determining the diagnosis and prognosis correctly.

Economic Aspects of Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) Outbreaks in Dairy Cattle Herds.

Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by blood-feeding insects (mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges). While the dispersal of arboviral diseases such as bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) into naive areas is often the result of globalization and animal movement, the endemization and local outbreaks of these diseases are mainly influenced by environmental changes. Climate change affects the activity, distribution, dynamics, and life cycles of these vectors (arthropods), the replication of viruses within their vectors, and weakens animal's immune systems. Although BEF does not currently occur in the Americas and Europe (other than in the western regions of Turkey), the risk of BEFV emergence, spread, and endemization in Europe is real. Over the past two decades, arboviruses such as the bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) have emerged in Europe without warning and caused significant losses to the dairy and meat industries. Since the European cattle population has never been exposed to BEFV, the economic losses to dairy and beef production in this continent due to the reduction in milk production, loss of valuable cows, and abortion, should BEF emerge, would probably be considerable. Moreover, arboviruses can also cause substantial financial damage due to restrictions on animal trade and transportation, like the current EHDV-8 outbreak in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, we used national data stored in the Israeli herd book to examine the economic aspects of BEF outbreaks in affected dairy cattle farms countrywide. Our results demonstrate that BEF outbreaks can have immediate and delayed effects, causing severe economic losses due to culling (loss of valuable cows) and a reduction in milk production that affects dairy farm income for months after clinical diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first extensive study on the impact of a BEF outbreak at a population level, enabling to conduct accurate risk assessments in future cases of BEFV emergence and re-emergence.

Wing morphometrics of biting midges (Diptera: Culicoides) of veterinary importance in Madagascar.

Biting midges are vectors of arboviruses such as bluetongue virus, bovine ephemeral fever virus, Akabane virus, African horse sickness virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus and Schmallenberg virus. Fast and accurate identification of biting midges is crucial in the study of Culicoides-borne diseases. Morphological identification of biting midges has revealed the presence of cryptic species. A total of 20 species are reported in Madagascar. In this study, we assessed wing morphometric analysis for identification of seven species namely C. dubitatus Kremer, Rebholtz-Hirtzel and Delécolle, C. enderleini Cornet and Brunhes, C. kibatiensis Goetghebuer, C. miombo Meiswinkel, C. moreli Clastrier, C. nevilli Cornet and Brunhes, and C. zuluensis de Meillon. Culicoides enderleini, C. miombo, C. moreli, C. nevilli and C. zuluensis are vectors diseases. A molecular approach, based on the cytochrome oxidase I gene (Cox1), was used for species delimitation. The molecular analysis presented seven different clades grouped two-by-two according to morphological characters. A total of 179 wing images were digitised. We found morphometric variation among seven species based on 11 landmarks and two outlines. Wing shape variation plots showed that species overlapped with species belonging to the same group. The cross-validation revealed a relatively high percentage of correct classification in most species, ranging from 91.3% to 100% for landmarks; 60% to 82.6% for outlines-1 and 77.1% to 91.3% for outlines-2. Our study suggests that wing geometric morphometric analysis is a robust tool for reliable "Moka Fohy" identification in Madagascar. This inexpensive and simple method is a precise supplement to morphological identification, with reaches the accuracy of Cox1 barcoding.

Comprehensive examination on codon usage bias pattern of the Bovine Ephemeral fever virus

Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV) is a non-contagious virus that commonly infects cattle and water buffalo, reduces milk productivity, decreases the quality of beef, and causes an adverse economic impact on the global livestock industry. However, the evolution of BEFV is unclear, and uncertainty exists regarding its global geodynamics. Consequently, this study aims to comprehend the pattern of viral evolution and gene expression in the BEFV genes G, M, N, and P, including synonymous codons. Additionally, we performed recombination analyses, which exclusively detected recombination signals in the G- and P-genes. Subsequently, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to validate and support these findings. The codon usage bias results showed that the BEFV-selected genes were influenced by both natural and mutation pressure. Furthermore, nucleotide A is more abundant in all the selected genes. The eNC values, ranging from 42.99 to 47.10, revealed the presence of moderate codon usage bias, where gene P exhibited the highest and gene G had the lowest codon usage bias. The neutrality and PR-2 plots, specified codon usage patterns of the genes, are also being shaped by strong selectional pressure. This comprehensive analysis of BEFV genes (G, M, N, and P) sheds light on the molecular evolutionary patterns, co-adaptation, and different genes expression in diverse regions, facilitating the development of preventative programs and insights into viral pathogenesis and vaccine design. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Stretching the wings further- susceptibility of Culex pipiens Linnaeus to bovine ephemeral fever virus infection under experimental conditions

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a significant viral disease of cattle in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate climatic zones. This disease is also known as three-day sickness due to the spontaneous recovery of the cattle within a short period (usually 3–5 days). Despite its short duration, the disease may have a considerable impact. It can cause heavy economic losses, primarily due to decreased milk production, lowered fertility in bulls, and even fatality in severe cases. The virus is suspected to be transmitted by haematophagous insects (mainly mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges); however, the identity of a competent vector for BEFV remains a mystery. Here, we investigated whether BEFV may replicate for a short duration in Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758, the most prevalent mosquito species in Israel and a potential vector of this virus to Israeli cattle. We applied nested- qPCR to test BEFV abundance in Cx. pipiens every 24 h for 14 consecutive days post-infection. Additionally, we collected eggs laid by BEFV-infected females and investigated BEFV abundance in the different developmental stages of F1 mosquitos. Our results suggest that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes have the potential to act as a vector of BEFV and also indicate that BEFV may be vertically transmitted from Cx. pipiens female parent to her female offspring.

Effectiveness of the strain 919 bovine ephemeral fever virus vaccine in the face of a real-world outbreak: A field study in Israeli dairy herds

Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is a globally spread arthropod-borne RNA virus that has significant economic impacts on the cattle industry. A live attenuated commercial BEF vaccine, based on the Australian BEFV strain 919, is widely used in Israel and other countries. A previous study has suggested the high effectiveness of this vaccine (ULTRAVAC BEF VACCINE™ from Zoetis®), but anecdotal reports of high BEF morbidity among vaccinated dairy herds in Israel casted doubt on these findings. To resolve this uncertainty, a randomized controlled field vaccine effectiveness study was conducted in Israel during a BEF outbreak which occurred in 2021. Eleven dairy herds were enrolled and monitored for BEF-associated morbidity and rumination alteration patterns using electronic monitoring tags (HR Tags, SCR® Dairy, Netanya, Israel). Four of the herds were naturally infected with BEFV during the outbreak, resulting in a total of 120 vaccinated and 311 unvaccinated subjects that were included in the effectiveness study. A mixed-effect Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to calculate the overall hazard ratio between vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle. This analysis demonstrated an average vaccine effectiveness of 60 % (95 % CI = 38 %–77 %) for preventing clinical disease. In addition, a non-statistically significant trend (p = 0.1) towards protection from mortality was observed, with no observation of mortality among the vaccinated groups compared to 2.61 % mortality (7/311) among the unvaccinated subjects. One hundred and thirty vaccinated and unvaccinated calves from affected and non-affected herds and with different status of morbidity were sampled and analysed by serum-neutralization test. The highest titers of BEFV-neutralizing antibodies were found in subjects that were both vaccinated and clinically affected, indicating a booster effect after vaccination. The results of the study provide evidence for the moderate effectiveness of the ULTRAVAC BEF VACCINE™ for the prevention of BEF.

Whole genome characterization and evolutionary analysis of bovine ephemeral fever virus isolated in Iran.

Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an economically important arthropod-borne virus of cattle and water buffaloes which is enzootic in Africa, Australia, and Asia. We characterized the entire length of BEFV BA/RZ/IR strain genome isolated in Iran and compared to the all BEFV full genomes available in the GenBank. The BEFV genomes were phylogenetically classified as 4 lineages including the Middle Eastern, East Asian, Australian, and South African lineages. The Iranian BA/RZ/IR strain, which displayed maximum sequence identity (96.72%) to the Chinese JT02L strain was clustered as a separate branch in the East Asian lineage of the virus. Using Shannon entropy analysis, amino acid variations were detected in the all proteins encoded by BEFV genomes. Particularly, the polymerase L and the accessory proteins Gns, α2 and β exhibited the highest amino acid variations suggesting their significance in the viral replication efficiency. Our bioinformatics analyses also predict the occurrence of recombination event within the East Asian lineage of BEFV genomes. Our data show that the Chinese Henan 1 may be a hybrid strain constructed of the Chinese JT02L and Iranian BA/RZ/IR BEFV strains as the major and minor parents, respectively. These computational analyses suggest that the homologous recombination may be an evolutionary mechanism for BEFV as a member of the Rhabdoviridae family.

Serological Detection of SRMV, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, BVDV and BEFV in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Southwest Iran

Background: Small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) are among the most important viruses of farm animals. Objectives: This study aimed at the serological detection of SRMV, BVDV, BHV-1, and BEFV in the camel population of Khuzestan Province, located in southwest Iran. Methods: A total of 150 camel blood samples were randomly collected from free-ranging, seemingly healthy camels of both sexes and various ages in 8 different regions of Khuzestan Province, Iran. The sera were tested for SRMV, BVDV, BHV-1, and BEFV with serum neutralization test. Results: The seropositive samples for SRMV, BVDV, and BHV-1 were 1(0.67%), 7(4.67%), and 11(7.33%), respectively. There was no seroconversion against BEFV in the serum samples. Conclusion: The camel population of Khuzestan Province is subclinically infected with SRMV, BVDV, and BHV-1 and could play a significant role in the epizootiology of these viral diseases in this region, which is very important for the control and eradication programs.

Emergence and genomic analysis of a novel sublineage of bovine ephemeral fever virus in Southwest China.

Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), belonging to the genus Ephemerovirus under the family Rhabdoviridae, is the etiological cause for the bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) in cattle and water buffalo. In this study, we report recent BEF outbreaks in Southwest China and sequence the complete genome sequence of one BEFV isolate BEFV/CQ1/2022. Comparative genomic analyses between BEFV/CQ1/2022 and isolates available in GenBank revealed remarkable inter-isolate divergence. Meanwhile, the sequence divergence was related to the evolutionary relationships and geographical distribution of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the global BEFV isolates can be divided into 4 distinct lineages. The East Asia lineage was the most diverse and could be subdivided into 4 sublineages. Notably, BEFV/CQ1/2022 and other 10 recent isolates from Mainland China were found to be clustered in sublineage 2. Additionally, recombination analysis provided evidence of BEFV recombination among East Asian isolates for the first time. Taken together, a novel sublineage of the East Asian BEFV emerged in Southwest China, and large divergence and potential recombination among BEFV strains were investigated in this study, which may improve understanding of BEFV epidemiology and evolution.

Evaluation of antibody response to inactivated bovine ephemeral fever virus vaccine for Japanese Black calves in the field

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the antibody response to the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) vaccine in Japanese Black calves. Twenty‐eight Japanese Black calves, which were raised on an ordinal farm, were divided into two groups. Fifteen calves received the inactivated BEFV vaccine at 12 and 16 weeks of age (vaccination group), and 13 calves did not receive the vaccine (non‐vaccination group). Blood samples were obtained at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 weeks of age. As the results, in the vaccination group, the antibody titers at 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 weeks of age were significantly higher than those at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age (p < 0.01). Additionally, antibody titer in the vaccination group increased after 16 weeks of age and showed a significantly higher level than that in the non‐vaccination group throughout the remaining experimental period (p < 0.01). These results might be helpful in establishing a vaccination program against BEFV in calves.

Immunogenicity of a freeze-dried combined vaccine against Rift Valley fever and bovine ephemeral fever in cattle.

The target of vaccination is to encourage a strong, covering and long-lasting immune response against antigens. For achieving these objectives; effective adjuvant and new vaccine strategies are demanded to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic to instigate a powerful immune response. This study was completed for elaboration and evaluation of freeze-dried combined vaccine against both Rift Valley fever (RVF) and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) viruses using different stabilizers. Three formulae were prepared from such vaccine including: formula (1): stabilized with a mixture of 5% Lactalbumin Hydrolysate and 2.5% sucrose, formula (2): stabilized with a mixture of 50% the previous stabilizer and 50% of 1% Carbopol and formula (3): stabilized with 1% Carbopol solution. Samples of the three vaccine formulae were reconstituted on the time of experimental animal vaccination using saponin diluent which acts as an adjuvant for both RVFv and BEFv and as an inactivator BEF virus. The ratio between both viruses in all vaccine formulae was 1:1. All vaccine batches were proved to be free of any foreign contaminants and unharmed for experimentally vaccinated animals. Each of the three groups of calves was vaccinated S/C with 2 ml of a reconstituted vaccine formula and their immune response was evaluated using serum neutralization test. The gained results revealed that the prepared combined freeze-dried vaccine with Carbopol elicited a better humoral immune response than the other two vaccine formulae. It could be recommended to use Carbopol as a stabilizer for the preparation of the aimed vaccine.

Seroprevalence of Bovine ephemeral fever virus in Gujarat State of India.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus (BEFV) is an arthropod borne virus that causes bovine ephemeral fever or three‑day sickness in cattle and buffaloes. This is the first report on seroprevalence of BEF in cattle and buffaloes in Gujarat, India. Total of 92 animals, 78 cattle and 14 buffaloes from three regions (districts) of Gujarat state of India, were screened for the presence of anti‑BEF antibodies. A total of 27 out of 92 animals were found positive and overall seroprevalence detected was 29.34% (95% CI 20.0‑38.6%). A total of 19 out of 78 cattle and 8 out of 14 buffalo's samples were found positive BEFV antibodies. Species‑wise seroprevalence in cattle and buffaloes was 24.35% (95% CI 14.8‑33.8%) and 57.1% (95% CI 31.2‑83.0%), respectively. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) species effect based on the seroprevalence. In cattle, location‑wise seroprevalence was observed to be 26.82% (95% CI 13.2‑40.3%) and 21.62% (95% CI 8.3‑34.8%) in Navsari and Banaskantha districts, respectively. The effect of location is not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Cytopathic effect of Vero cells was characterized by rounding, granulation of the cytoplasm within 48‑72 hrs of post infection. This was the first report demonstrating the presence of BEFV in Gujarat state.

Şap hastalığı (FMD) ve üç gün hastalıklarına (BEF) karşı eş zamanlı aşılanmış sığırlarda bağışıklık yanıt

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus and causing an acute febrile illness disease in cattle and water buffalo. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease of mammals and has a great potential for causing severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. FMD and BEF vaccines are widely used in countries where both diseases are seen together. This study was carried out to determine the immunological response of cattle simultaneously vaccinated with BEF and FMD vaccines. For this purpose, the cattle were divided into 4 groups in this study as single FMD vaccination group (Group 1; n=10), single BEF vaccination group (Group 2; n=10), BEF+FMD simultaneously vaccinated group (Group 3; n=10) and unvaccinated control group (Group 4; n=10). After the first vaccinations, booster BEF vaccine was applied to the cattle in groups 2 and 3. Although there was no increase in the neutralizing antibody titers against BEF and FMD virus in the blood serums of unvaccinated cattle on the 30th and 60th days of vaccination, There were significant increases in statistically protective neutralizing antibody levels in the vaccinated cattle. As a result, it was demonstrated with this study that BEF and FMD vaccines can be applied simultaneously to combat both diseases in cattle.