Bout Of Moderate Exercise Research Articles

Absent Right Coronary Artery in an Active Young Female

Absent Right Coronary Artery in an Active Young Female

Does an acute bout of moderate exercise reduce alcohol craving in university students?

Craving is considered to be a vital contributor to the onset and maintenance of alcohol misuse. However, there is little known about its potential moderators and there are few interventions that specifically target these cravings. Exercise generates multiple psychological and physiological effects that in theory may reduce craving, and therefore we hypothesised that a short exercise circuit may potentially alter reward circuits. Recent research centred around neuroimaging studies suggests that similar reward circuits in the brain stimulated through exercise are also found to be activated by commonly misused substances such as alcohol. Peripheral levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, as well as the release of endorphins that would otherwise be artificially stimulated using alcohol are hypothesised to increase via alternate substitution induced by exercise. Exercise would thus replace effects of alcohol use to a substantial extent, and therefore was theorised to decrease craving and subsequently reduce hazardous alcohol use. A university student sample who reported hazardous drinking levels participated in either an exercise, colouring (as an active control) or a passive control intervention, and self-reported alcohol craving, mood, anxiety, and positive and negative affect scores were assessed. The present study found that a short exercise circuit significantly reduced alcohol craving, whilst also eliciting beneficial effects on mood and anxiety. This knowledge will help aid the utilisation of exercise as a potential therapeutic tool to reduce alcohol craving, prevent hazardous alcohol use and develop a greater understanding of the mechanisms that underlie addictive behaviour.

Effects of acute exercise on spontaneous physical activity in mice at different ages

BackgroundExercise is often used to obtain a negative energy balance. However, its effects on body weight reduction are usually below expectations. One possible explanation is a reduction in spontaneous physical activity (SPA) after exercise since the increase in energy expenditure caused by the exercise session would be offset by the decrease in SPA and its associated energy cost. Thus, we evaluated the effects of a single bout of moderate exercise at individualized intensity on spontaneous physical activity. The impact of the single bout of exercise was determined in early adulthood and at the transition to middle age.MethodsMale C57bl/6j (n = 10) mice were evaluated at 4 (4 M) and 9 (9 M) months of age. One week after a treadmill Maximal Exercise Capacity Test (MECT), mice performed a 30-min single bout of exercise at 50 % of the maximal speed reached at MECT. An infrared-based system was used to determine locomotor parameters (SPA and average speed of displacement, ASD) before (basal) and immediately after the single bout of exercise for 48 h (D1, 0-24 h; D2, 24-48 h). Food intake was measured simultaneously. Data were analyzed by GEE and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsBasal SPA declined from 4 M to 9 M (p = 0.01), but maximal exercise capacity was similar. At both ages, SPA and ASD decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) on day 1 after exercise. On D2, SPA returned to basal levels but ASD remained lower than basal (p < 0.001). The magnitude (% of basal) of change in SPA and ASD on D1 and D2 was similar at 4 M and 9 M. Food intake did not change at 4 M but decreased on D2 at 9 M.ConclusionsA single bout of moderate exercise decreases physical activity in the first 24 h and average speed of locomotion in the 48 h following exercise. This compensation is similar from early adulthood to the transition to middle age. The decrease in both the amount and intensity (speed) of SPA may compensate for the increase in energy expenditure induced by exercise, helping to understand the below-than-expected effect of exercise interventions to cause a negative energy balance.

Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Diastolic blood Pressure in Preclinical Medical Students of Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore

Objectives: To evaluate the response of acute bout of moderate exercise on DBP in preclinical medical students of Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Lahore and to compare it with gender, family history, lifestyle and waist-hip-ratio of the study participants. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the Department of Physiology, SIMS from May to December 2019. Ninety-three (93) healthy male and female MBBS students were recruited through nonprobability convenient sampling. Socio-demographic components were gathered using a ques-tionnaire. Anthropometric data (height, weight and waist-hip-ratio) and resting DBP was recorded before the exercise. All participants underwent exercise challenge on a treadmill. Post-exercise DBP was measured by taking serial recordings at zero minutes, 2 minutes and 5 minutes after exercise cessation. Data was analyzed using SPSSv20. Results: Within the 93 participants, 87(93.5%) were physically inactive, with only 6(6.5%) were physically active. In comparison with the baseline DBP, the DBP at zero and 2 minutes post exercise was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001) in study participants. There was no significant correlation between DBP immediately after exercise and gender (p = 0.751); family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.603); and lifestyle (p = 0.954). A non-significant (p = 0.636) yet positive correlation was observed between post exercise DBPand waist-hip-ratio among males. Conclusion: Our study revealed that an acute bout of exercise significantly raised the DBPimmediately after exercise. This rise in BP was not significantly related to gender, lifestyle and family history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Keywords: Diastolic blood pressure, aerobic exercise, waist-hip-ratio, medical students, treadmill How to cite: Shafiq M., Qutab M., Javaid S., Fatima R., Ijaz M., Shafiq A. Effect of acute aerobic exercise on diastolic blood pressure in preclinical medical students of Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore. Esculapio 2021;17(02):170-174.

Effect of acute bout of moderate exercise on P300 component of event-related potential in young women during different phases of menstrual cycle: A pilot study

Objectives: Ovarian hormones not only regulate reproductive functions but also are implicated in emotional and cognitive processing. But, menstrual cycle studies do not provide convincing evidences. However, evidence supports a link between estrogen depletion and risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Physical exercise has shown to improve a person’s attentiveness and cognitive skills. Since both exercise and ovarian hormones may affect cognition, the present study intends to determine the effect of acute bout of moderate exercise on cognitive processing in young women in early proliferative phase and mid-luteal phase. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted on young, normally menstruating women of 18-35 years (n = 20). Each participant attended two laboratory sessions, early follicular phase (initial 3 days post-menstruation) and mid luteal phase (days 21-24). The participants filled up Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) and their basal central, brachial blood pressures and P300 Event Related Potential (ERP) were recorded. Then, the subjects performed step test till they achieved 60-80% of their maximum heart rate. Afterwards, their central and brachial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. The participants then filled up Borg perceived exertion scale questionnaire. Post exercise P300 ERP was recorded after 15 min of exercise. Results: Significant changes in all cardiovascular parameters in post-exercise session were observed in both phases of menstrual cycle. The amplitude and latencies of P300 ERP showed no significant difference at resting state (pre-exercise) during both phases. P300 ERP latency showed significant decrease in post-exercise session when recorded at Cz (P = 0.024, P = 0.05) and Pz position (P = 0.03, P = 0.003) in both phases except in Fz position. But there was no significant change in amplitude. MANCOVA analysis revealed that only amplitude of P300 ERP (P = 0.023) in post-exercise session during mid-luteal phase was affected by basal activity level significantly. Conclusion: The present study documented that an acute bout of moderate exercise caused significant decrease in latency of P300 ERP in the participants during both phases of menstrual cycle. Therefore, it can be stated that even acute bout of moderate exercise significantly enhances attention allocation, working memory in the participants; thereby it enhances cognitive functioning of the individual.

Do obese patients with primary knee osteoarthritis benefit from a single bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise?

BackgroundObesity and osteoarthritis are often concomitant. Both are accompanied by oxidative stress and stimulated inflammatory response. Exercise is considered a substantial treatment in rehabilitation of both conditions. Yet most of literature reported the benefits of regular exercising, while there is paucity about the effects of single low to moderate exercise session. This study aimed to investigate the possible potential effects of a single bout of moderate exercise in obese middle-aged individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).ResultsScore of pain and Western Ontario and Mc-Master University (WOMAC) had been improved 24 h after exercise. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased post-exercise but decreased the next 24 h though remained higher than baseline. Blood glucose level was reduced post-exercise whereas blood lipids still uninfluenced by exercise. Markers of inflammation remained unchanged after exercise session.ConclusionA single bout moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is effective in improving pain and antioxidant activity among middle-aged obese patients with primary knee OA. Single bout of mild to moderate exercise may help in treatment of obese patients with KOA.Trial registrationClinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT03927339

Brown Fat-Activating Lipokine 12,13-diHOME in Human Milk Is Associated With Infant Adiposity.

Little is known about the specific breastmilk components responsible for protective effects on infant obesity. Whether 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME), an oxidized linoleic acid metabolite and activator of brown fat metabolism, is present in human milk, or linked to infant adiposity, is unknown. To examine associations between concentrations of 12,13-diHOME in human milk and infant adiposity. Prospective cohort study from 2015 to 2019, following participants from birth to 6 months of age. Academic medical centers. Volunteer sample of 58 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant pairs; exclusion criteria included smoking, gestational diabetes, and health conditions with the potential to influence maternal or infant weight gain. Infant anthropometric measures including weight, length, body mass index (BMI), and body composition at birth and at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. We report for the first time that 12,13-diHOME is present in human milk. Higher milk 12,13-diHOME level was associated with increased weight-for-length Z-score at birth (β = 0.5742, P = 0.0008), lower infant fat mass at 1 month (P = 0.021), and reduced gain in BMI Z-score from 0 to 6 months (β = -0.3997, P = 0.025). We observed similar associations between infant adiposity and milk abundance of related oxidized linoleic acid metabolites 12,13-Epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (12,13-epOME) and 9,10-Dihydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid (9,10-diHOME), and metabolites linked to thermogenesis including succinate and lyso-phosphatidylglycerol 18:0. Milk abundance of 12,13-diHOME was not associated with maternal BMI, but was positively associated with maternal height, milk glucose concentration, and was significantly increased after a bout of moderate exercise. We report novel associations between milk abundance of 12,13-diHOME and adiposity during infancy.

Short Bouts of Physical Activity Are Associated with Reduced Smoking Withdrawal Symptoms, but Perceptions of Intensity May Be the Key.

The primary aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a short bout (10 min) of moderate-intensity exercise to reduce withdrawal symptomatology, craving and negative affect; while the secondary aim was to assess how the effectiveness of a short bout of moderate exercise can be modulated by the perception of intensity in physically active and low-activity smokers. Fifty low-activity and physically active smokers were recruited (24 male and 26 female) and randomized in three different conditions. Prescribed (objective) moderate intensity (OBJ) and perceived moderate intensity (PER), and passive waiting (PW). After the intervention (T3), smokers reported less desire to smoke in the PER (p < 0.001) and OBJ (p < 0.001) conditions, relative to the PW condition. At T3 smokers in the PER condition reported less negative affect than smokers in the PW condition relative to the baseline (T1) (p < 0.007). Further, smokers in the PER condition reported less negative affect than smokers in the PW condition (p < 0.048). Physically active (PA) smokers perceived less exertion than low-activity (LA) smokers, and the effects were stronger in the PER condition relative to OBJ. Generally, our results suggest that a short bout of moderate exercise helps both LA and PA smokers. These findings provided a novel insight into the psychological mechanisms that affect the efficacy of the exercise in smoking cessation and suggest that exercise should be tailored according to individual perception of intensity.

Combined effects of moderate exercise and short-term fasting on markers of immune function in healthy human subjects.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a short-term (36 h) fasting period combined with an acute bout of exercise on markers of immune function and inflammation in healthy human subjects. Fourteen moderately trained male subjects (aged 19-39 yr) participated in a 36-h fasting trial (FA-T), followed by an acute bout of moderate exercise (60% V̇o2max). After 1 wk, the same subjects, as their own control, participated in a nonfasting trial (NFA-T) in which they performed an exercise trial of the same duration and intensity. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after each exercise bout and analyzed for several immunological and metabolic markers. At baseline, fasting subjects showed lower levels of T cell apoptosis, lymphocyte-proliferative responses, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), insulin, and leptin (P < 0.05) as well as higher levels of neutrophil oxidative burst and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than those in the NFA-T (P < 0.05). After the exercise protocol, fasted subjects revealed higher T cell apoptosis, neutrophil oxidative burst, TBARS, TNFα, and MCP-1 levels as well as lower levels of lymphocyte-proliferative response, IL-6, insulin, and leptin than those in the NFA-T (P < 0.05). Short-term fasting aggravates perturbations in markers of immune function, and inflammation was induced by an acute moderate-intensity exercise protocol.

A Single Bout of Moderate Intensity Exercise Improves Concentration Level on Teenagers

ABSTRACTBackground: Physical exercise has a lot of benefit for health. However, the effect of cognitive function such as concentration in teenagers has yet been known.Aims: The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of a single bout or acute moderate intensity physical exercise on the level of concentration in teenagers.Methods: The subjects of this study were 32 16-18 years old teenagers, divided into two groups, control (C) and exercise (E) groups. Each group consisted of 8 boys and 8 girls. The E group did a single bout of moderate exercise using ergocycle. Physical exercise duration was 15 minutes, preceded by 5 minutes of warming up and then followed by 5 minutes of cooling down exercise. The concentration level was measured using the response period to sound stimulation (in second), measured with reaction time machine pre- and post-treatment. Faster response showed better concentration level and vice versa. Data were analyzed using paired T test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, independent T test, and Mann-Whitney test. The significance level was 5%.Result: There were significant differences of concentration level between pre- and post-exercise in E group (p= 0.004) and post-exercise concentration level between groups (p = 0.01). Exercise group had faster reaction time than C group (0.555±0.2 vs. 0.793±0.3, respectively).Conclusion: A single bout of moderate intensity exercise can improve the cognitive function showed by increased concentration level in teenagers.

A Single Bout of Moderate Intensity Exercise Improves Concentration Level on Teenagers

ABSTRACTBackground: Physical exercise has a lot of benefit for health. However, the effect of cognitive function such as concentration in teenagers has yet been known.Aims: The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of a single bout or acute moderate intensity physical exercise on the level of concentration in teenagers.Methods: The subjects of this study were 32 16-18 years old teenagers, divided into two groups, control (C) and exercise (E) groups. Each group consisted of 8 boys and 8 girls. The E group did a single bout of moderate exercise using ergocycle. Physical exercise duration was 15 minutes, preceded by 5 minutes of warming up and then followed by 5 minutes of cooling down exercise. The concentration level was measured using the response period to sound stimulation (in second), measured with reaction time machine pre- and post-treatment. Faster response showed better concentration level and vice versa. Data were analyzed using paired T test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, independent T test, and Mann-Whitney test. The significance level was 5%.Result: There were significant differences of concentration level between pre- and post-exercise in E group (p= 0.004) and post-exercise concentration level between groups (p = 0.01). Exercise group had faster reaction time than C group (0.555±0.2 vs. 0.793±0.3, respectively).Conclusion: A single bout of moderate intensity exercise can improve the cognitive function showed by increased concentration level in teenagers.

Three-weeks moderate aerobic exercise in increasing production of endogenous antioxidant enzyme and lowering oxidative stress level among sedentary men

Background: During exercise, there will be an increase of free radical due to the elevation of oxygen consumption to fulfill the increasing demand for energy. This free radical could produce by muscle and other tissue, especially from the leakage of mitochondria respiratory chain reaction. Moderate exercise training may provide adequate protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress by elevating the antioxidant level and healthier mitochondria that will produce less free radicals. This research will investigate the change of baseline level of MDA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and also MDA and SOD level after a single bout of moderate exercise before and after three weeks of intervention.Methods: Seven sedentary men with age average 17.2 + 0.2 years recruited for this study. They were meet the criteria of healthy sedentary men. Moderate aerobic exercise of 30 minutes running at 11 – 13 RPE Borg Scale, three times a week for three weeks in a row was applied to the subject. MDA and SOD examination was done by chromatographic assays for total plasma level. The collected data were analyzed using dependent student t-test. Data were normally distributed.Results: The result of this research found a significant elevation of SOD production (p&lt;0.01) after a single bout moderate exercise after three week training (19.98 + 15.52 vs 40.43 +19.64 mg/ml) and significant depression of MDA production (p&gt;0.05) after training program (0.79 + 0.62 vs 1.97 + 0.94 nmol/ml).Conclusion: There is no significant change in post-exercise MDA and SOD level before and after the training program. Initial fitness status, food intake, lifestyle could affect baseline level of MDA and SOD before and after exercise.

Acute Changes in Electrophysiological Brain Dynamics in Elite Karate Players

Regular physical exercise has enhanced effects on the human anatomy and functionality. Recently, an effect of a single set of exercise is shown to have positive effects on mood and on cognitive functioning. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a single bout of moderate exercise on the brain electrophysiological dynamics in resting-state condition and under the mental workload situation from elite-level athletes. For this purpose, electroencephalogram (EEG) is measured before and after the exercise sessions from 17 elite karate players who are members of the national karate team of Turkey. Blood lactate measurements are implemented to monitor the volunteers before EEG measurements. EEG data are analyzed using three metrics: conventional band power of each electrode, coherence metrics between electrodes for each band and source coherence values corresponding to each frequency band. Each metric is statistically analyzed between pre- and post-values, and results revealed that in all frequency bands, right parietal electrode had increased connection values which are thought to be related to ongoing sympathetic nervous system response observed during the recovery period. Another finding is the enhanced connectivity of frontal sources under the resting state as well as during the increased mental workload periods.

Acute exercise is not cardioprotective and may induce apoptotic signalling in heart surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

During open-heart surgery, the myocardium experiences ischaemia-reperfusion injury. A single bout of moderate, 30-min exercise induces preconditioning and protects the heart from ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats, but this has never been investigated in humans. We aimed to investigate whether 1 bout of moderate exercise 24 h prior to surgery protects against mitochondrial and cardiac damage. Patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass were eligible for this pilot study. Twenty were included and randomized to the treadmill exercise group (the EX group, n = 10) 24 h preoperatively or to standard presurgical procedures (control n = 10). Right atrial (RA) and left ventricular (LV) biopsies were collected immediately before and as long as possible after aortic cross-clamping to assess the primary outcome of mitochondrial respiration by respirometry, in addition to reactive oxygen species production by fluorometry and apoptotic transcripts. Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase myocardial brain were measured in plasma at arrival, before surgery and 6 and 24 h postoperatively. Mitochondrial respiration was lower in the EX group after surgery in the LV (Complex I -22%, P < 0.05 and maximal -23%, P < 0.05) and the right atrium (Complex I -25%, P < 0.05). Transcript level of the apoptosis-related marker caspase 3 was increased 1.5-fold in the LV prior to surgery in the EX group when compared with the control group, P < 0.05. Cardiac troponin T was 45% higher in the EX group than in the control group 6 h postoperatively (P = 0.03), although not significant when corrected for aortic cross-clamping time. Results indicate that exercise did not precondition the heart against surgery-related damage. Exercise may render the myocardium and mitochondria more vulnerable to perioperative damage. NCT00218985 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00218985).

Hemodynamic and Neuroendocrinological Responses to Artificial Gravity

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the hemodynamic and neuroendocrinological responses to different levels and protocols of artificial gravity, especially in comparison to what is expected during a moderate bout of exercise. Ten male participants were exposed to artificial gravity using two different protocols: the first was a centrifugation protocol that consisted of a constant phase of 2 Gz for 30 minutes, and the second consisted of an intermittent phase of 2 Gz for two minutes, separated by resting periods for three minutes in successive order. Near infrared spectroscopy (oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin) at the prefrontal cortex, Musculus biceps brachii, and Musculus gastrocnemius, as well as heart rate and blood pressure were recorded before, during, and after exposure to artificial gravity. In order to determine effects of artificial gravity on neuroendocrinological parameters (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor 1), blood samples were taken before and after centrifugation. During the application of artificial gravity the concentration of oxyhemoglobin decreased significantly and the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin increased significantly in the prefrontal cortex and the Musculus biceps brachii muscle. Participants exposed to the continuous artificial gravity profile experienced peripheral pooling of blood. No changes were observed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, or insulin-like growth factor 1. Intermittent application of artificial gravity may represent a better-tolerated presentation for participants as hemodynamic values normalize during resting periods. During both protocols, heart rate and arterial blood pressure remained far below what is experienced during moderate physical activity.

Abstract 5913: The impact of daily exercise on tumor perfusion

Abstract Aberrant blood vessel networks in solid tumors lead to impaired tissue perfusion and areas of hypoxia (pO2 &amp;lt; 10 mmHg). Tumor hypoxia is associated with aggressive progression, dissemination, and therapeutic resistance. It is found in 40% of breast cancers, and can constitute a major obstacle to anticancer therapy. Exercise is associated with improvements in cardiovascular and respiratory function, aerobic capacity and overall health. In cancer patients undergoing therapy, exercise has been shown to decrease treatment related side effects and general fatigue. The goal of the present investigation was to determine whether aerobic exercise could be applied to improve tumor perfusion and oxygenation in a breast cancer model. Such modulation of the tumor physiology and host environment would be expected to lead to enhanced antitumor efficacy when combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The effects of a single and daily bouts of moderate intensity treadmill running were studied in mice bearing the syngeneic murine mammary carcinoma 4T1. The exercise intensity was determined by measuring the anaerobic threshold, which was assessed by measuring the steady rise in blood lactate during exercise. Initial studies examined the effect of a single moderate bout of exercise (18 m/min) in mice bearing ~500 mm3 orthotopic tumors. In subsequent experiments mice were exercised at 18 m/min, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks prior to orthotopic injection of tumor cells and continued exercise (5 days a week) for 2 weeks during tumor growth. Controls for each treatment consisted of sedentary mice exposed to a stationary treadmill for the equivalent amount of time. At the end of each of the exercise regimen, tumors were harvested, sectioned, stained, and tile mapped to assess physiological changes by immunofluorescence. The detection of open blood vessels (Hoechst-33342) was used as an indirect indicator of perfusion. Tumor hypoxia was determined using the 2-nitroimidazole (EF5). Blood vessels were stained using the endothelial cell marker CD-31. All markers were quantified using Photoshop and ImageJ NIH software. Our results indicate that in the 4T1 breast cancer model moderate intensity exercise did not significantly alter tumor growth, oxygenation or blood vessel number. However, daily bouts of exercise did significantly increase the number of open tumor vessels indicating improved tumor perfusion. These results suggest that a daily exercise regimen may have the potential to improve drug delivery to mammary tumors Citation Format: Jennifer M. Wiggins, Sharon Lepler, Christine Pampo, Lori Rice, Jennifer A. Lee, Dietmar Siemann. The impact of daily exercise on tumor perfusion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5913. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5913

Acute exercise does not modify brain activity and memory performance in APP/PS1 mice.

Age is the main risk factor for Alzheimer´s disease (AD). With an increasingly aging population, development of affordable screening techniques to determine cognitive status will help identify population-at-risk for further follow-up. Because physical exercise is known to modulate cognitive performance, we used it as a functional test of cognitive health. Mice were submitted to treadmill running at moderate speed for 30 min, and their brain activity was monitored before and after exercise using electrocorticogram (ECG) recordings. After exercise, normal, but not APP/PS1 mice, a well established AD model, showed significantly increased ECG theta rhythm. At the same time normal, but not AD mice, showed significantly enhanced performance in a spatial memory test after exercise. Therefore, we postulate that a running bout coupled to pre- and post-exercise brain activity recordings will help identify individuals with cognitive alterations, by determining the presence or absence of exercise-specific changes in brain activity. Work in humans using a bout of moderate exercise plus electroencephalography, a clinically affordable procedure, is warranted.

Does a single bout of exercise influence subsequent physical activity and sedentary time in overweight boys?

ObjectiveTo assess the influence of a single bout of exercise on subsequent physical activity and sedentary time among overweight boys. MethodsA crossover study on 24 overweight boys (11–13years old) was conducted with three different experimental sessions: control, one bout of moderate exercise, and one bout of vigorous exercise. Physical activity was measured using triaxial accelerometers and time spent in light, moderate, vigorous, and sedentary activities was assessed during six days of follow-up. Differences in daily percentage of time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activities among experimental sessions were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models. ResultsTime spent in sedentary behavior was greater after moderate and vigorous sessions compared to the control, with statistically significant differences in trajectories between moderate (p=0.04) and vigorous sessions (p=0.006) compared to controls. Similarly, the time spent in moderate physical activity was smaller after moderate (p=0.02) and vigorous sessions (p=0.02) compared to the control. No differences in sedentary (p=0.50) and moderate (p=0.97) activities were observed between moderate and vigorous sessions. The percentage of time spent in vigorous physical activity showed a greater reduction in vigorous condition compared to moderate and control (p<0.01) conditions, while time spent in light physical activities was not different between sessions. ConclusionsOur results indicate a compensatory effect after a single bout of exercise due to decreases in moderate and vigorous physical activity and increases in sedentary time during the following six days.

Acute moderate exercise improves mnemonic discrimination in young adults.

Increasing evidence suggests that regular moderate exercise increases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and improves memory functions in both humans and animals. The DG is known to play a role in pattern separation, which is the ability to discriminate among similar experiences, a fundamental component of episodic memory. While long-term voluntary exercise improves pattern separation, there is little evidence of alterations in DG function after an acute exercise session. Our previous studies showing acute moderate exercise-enhanced DG activation in rats, and acute moderate exercise-enhanced prefrontal activation and executive function in humans, led us to postulate that acute moderate exercise may also activate the hippocampus, including more specifically the DG, thus improving pattern separation. We thus investigated the effects of a 10-min moderate exercise (50% V̇O2peak ) session, the recommended intensity for health promotion, on mnemonic discrimination (a behavioral index of pattern separation) in young adults. An acute bout of moderate exercise improved mnemonic discrimination performance in high similarity lures. These results support our hypothesis that acute moderate exercise improves DG-mediated pattern separation in humans, proposing a useful human acute-exercise model for analyzing the neuronal substrate underlying acute and regular exercise-enhanced episodic memory based on the hippocampus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Acute effects of physical exercise on the serum insulin-like growth factor system in women with fibromyalgia

BackgroundIncreased Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (S-IGF-1) has been noted after physical activity in healthy subjects, while the acute release of S-IGF-1 in relation to exercise has not previously been studied in women with fibromyalgia (FM). S-IGF-1 and its binding protein (S-IGFBP-3) are mediated by growth hormone and have anabolic effects on the skeletal muscle. Aim of the study was to investigate acute release of IGF-1 after aerobic exercise in women with FM.MethodsThe acute effect of physical exercise on S-IGF-1 and S-IGFBP-3 were studied in 22 women with FM and in 27 healthy controls during moderate and high-intensity cycling (i.e. ratings 12–13 and 15–17, on Borg’s perceived exertion scale (RPE), respectively). Self-reported pain and fatigue were recorded. Differences within and between the two groups were analyzed.ResultsAfter 15 min of bicycling, S-IGF-1 and S-IGFBP-3 increased both within the group with FM and in the healthy controls (p < 0.01). The increases in S-IGF-1 did not significantly differ between the women with FM and the healthy control group (mean increase 11 ± 10 vs. 11 ± 15 ng/ml and 13 ± 10 vs. 19 ± 22 ng/ml) when bicycling at moderate or high intensity, respectively. Self-reported pain and fatigue during exercise, irrespective of intensity, were higher in women with FM compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001).ConclusionsFifteen minutes bicycling at moderate intensity was sufficient to acutely mobilise S-IGF-1 in women with FM similarly to healthy controls in spite of higher score of fatigue and pain in women with FM. Hence, patients with FM were able to activate their skeletal muscle metabolism during a short, moderate bout of exercise and were not resistant to training effects. The result is important for encouraging clinical rehabilitation of patients with FM who commonly exercise at a moderate, rather than at a high-intensity level.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT01592916, May 4, 2012.