Bourgeois Class Research Articles

Securing Homes: Orphan Trains as a Way of Curing Ills of the Late 19th Century America

Rapid changes in American society at the late 19th century bred social ills which required solving with the use of all available resources of the era. One of the tools, developed by the Children’s Aid Society of New York, was the “Orphan Trains” program. It focused on the “street Arabs,” poor kids of New York tenements who in large numbers were relocated to Midwestern farms to be Americanized, taught to work and saved from destitution. The scheme is viewed through its central metaphor of “home” which refers not only to the homes found for the orphans but also the homes of the emerging bourgeois class as well as the tenement dwellings. The work attempts to show that saving innocent victims tried in fact to ensure stability of American society at large as it addressed growing economic disproportions, grave shortage of labor on farms and a threat to American participatory democracy caused by influx of unskilled foreigners. Moreover, the scheme of relocation employed community based, self-help solutions which drew on the traditional American values of family, home and hard work and attempted to address new ills with well-established methods of indentured work. Simultaneously, it implemented modern ideas concerning childhood, child care or charity.

Мещанка и паспорт: как женщины мещанского сословия преодолевали и использовали «паспортную зависимость»

Мещанка и паспорт: как женщины мещанского сословия преодолевали и использовали «паспортную зависимость»

MELINTASI HORISON INTERPRETASI IDEOLOGIS DALAM NOVEL RITOURNELLE DE LA FAIM KARYA J.M.G.LE CLÉZIO

This research focuses on the study of ideology in Ritournelle de la Faim by J.M.G. Le Clézio. Presenting main characters who are coming from the dominant class, the texts reveals its ambivalence forms. It stimulates question towards the text resistence potential itself over the dominant ideology, whether the text itself is subversive or ultimately collapse under the dominant ideology. To analyze this issue, Frederic Jameson’s Political Unconscious theory is applied. The findings of this study are: 1) political horizon shows the text as the imaginary resolution over the social contradiction, through critical works towards bourgeois class; 2) social horizon shows that the ideologeme can be found in the form of the society demoralization which creates the ambivalence of the characters. This ultimately deflects bourgeois values as a fantasy of an ideal life; and 3) modes of production has put the author as a cynical subject, where the author's ideology contained in the text has been distorted in a certain way by late capitalism ideology

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ СТАТУС ХУДОЖНИКА: НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О КРАСНОЯРСКОМ ЖИВОПИСЦЕ МАРТЫНЕ ХОЗЯИНОВЕ

The article considers the features of the social status of the Russian artists, mainly icon painters, in the XVI-XIX centuries. The composition and content of newly discovered archival documents revealing the sequence of the actions necessary to exit the bourgeois class and obtain the status of a “free artist” are analysed by the example of the biography of the Krasnoyarsk icon painter M. M. Khozyainov (about 1770-1817). Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the professional training of artists in the Russian province in the late XVIII - the early XIX century and the impossibility of changing their social status without obtaining academic education.

Inside out: The remaking of home as an institution of critique

Abstract As the issue’s call for papers has rightly discerned, contemporary Chinese art utilized spaces outside of the art institution as the site of production and exhibition since its early developments. From the first Star Group exhibition in 1979 to Song Dong’s site-specific work in the 1990s, avant-garde Chinese artists have experimented with spaces that are parasitic or antithetic to the official spaces of the nation-state. Such practices might have successfully deconstructed the art institution and its symbolic orders in an earlier moment, they are nonetheless prone to the processes of institutionalization and canonization. This is especially true when museums, galleries and academics, together with market players, have claimed such spaces and artists as the place and subject of a new order known as ‘institutional critique’. Departing from this straightforward mode of institutional critique, this article identifies home as a critical space in contemporary Chinese art practices since the late 1990s and early 2000s. The production, exhibition and critique of art in China today. Joining what is known as the ‘third wave’ of institutional critique, this article reclaims what might constitute a new subject of cultural criticism precisely when state-sponsored art institutions are defunded and demolished by neo-liberal governments around the globe. Turning inside out, it reworks the dichotomy of interiority and exteriority as they are articulated by the bourgeois class to return art to that of the marginalized and disfranchised.

Logic, Paralogisms and Social Distinction

In La Barrière et le Niveau (1925), the French philosopher Edmond Goblot applied a logic of quality to the social world. The major thesis which Goblot defended at that time was: having no titles or property, the bourgeois class constructed itself superficially through value judgements, building upon commonly shared appreciations, however intrinsically contradictory they may be. If we accept this logical reading found in La Barrière et le Niveau, then two different types of paralogism, useful for sociological theory, merit consideration: paralogisms of criteria and paralogisms of judgement. When interpreted in this way, Goblot’s work presents a threefold theoretical interest: it associates logic and sociology in an original way; it illustrates the heuristic relevance of a social ontology approach, and it provides a grid of sociocultural analysis of the social classes which is still relevant today.

Translation's Forgotten History: Russian Literature, Japanese Mediation, and the Formation of Modern Korean Literature

Translation's Forgotten History: Russian Literature, Japanese Mediation, and the Formation of Modern Korean Literature

Rewolucja dokonana i obroniona

The author disputes Leder’s idea in Prześniona rewolucja. Ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej [A Missed Revolution: Exercise in Historical Logic] (2014) that a great revolution, eliminating the “late feudalism” of the 19th century, occurred in Poland in the years 1939–1956 and that it happened because of the war’s destruction of the old social structures and the Nazi genocide of the Jewish population, that is, the bourgeois class, which was replaced in the years 1945–1956 by unconscious beneficiaries of the change. The beneficiaries were unaware, he writes, because the essence of the changes and their benefits never entered the social imaginary. The core of the author’s polemic is the claim that such change, which was conducted by force and by foreigners, can not be called a “revolution,” that is, the passage of society to modernity. Furthermore, the author claims that the great Polish revolution was conducted in full by the nation, by the peasant classes, in the years 1914–1922, and was popular and independence-oriented in nature. It was the continuation of the Polish independence uprisings of the 19th century, the result of changes in the social structure that had been occurring for years in the Polish lands, which were at the time divided between the partitioning states, and of deepening self-awareness among the people. The revolution was continued after Poland’s acquisition of independence in 1918. The Second World War, and foreign intervention, only disrupted that process.

Perceived class mobility and veiled stratification of contemporary fashion: A comparison with proletariat and bourgeois class structure in the nineteenth century

Abstract It is important to bear in mind as to what extent this distinction exists, or whether we can confidently say it does not exist at all. As a matter of fact, we find that with higher income, individuals spend more of their capital income on clothing. There is still an intangible class division and stratification on the street, even though it is representative. Therefore, it is important to examine the historical role played by clothing as a symbol or a form of self-expression within the social hierarchy, and to identify its antithetic aspects during post-industrial Britain and France, and from the twentieth century to present day. In this article, the principal plan is to outline the contrast between the past and the present examining two antithetic aspects of clothing within the social structure for those periods; the first era is post-Industrial Revolution in Britain and France. The intention is to explain the intensive opposition between the bourgeois, which represents the upper class, and the proletariat, which is the lower class in the mid-eighteenth century to the end of nineteenth century. The second period is the twentieth century to the present and democracy and equilibrium in fashion will be examined. Finally, class mobility through ether existing hierarchy or reduced representation (i.e. ambivalence to Democracy in fashion) as the main debate of multifaceted stratification in fashion will be elaborated and the class boundaries are increasingly blurred, yet whether we accept it or not, class distinctions still exist.

La retórica de las matemáticas en los tratados aritmético-algebraicos del Renacimiento

The deep movement of transformation and renewal of the social, economic and cultural orders befallen in the late Middle Ages, as well as the economic dynamism of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the eagerness of wealth from of the bourgeois class contributes, along with a rapid urban expansion and an increase of continental commercial relationships, the urgent need to learn arithmetic in order to carry out successfully the new accounting. Consequently, in order to satisfy those social needs and for the sake of arrive to the greater number of readers, during the Renaissance were published, first in Spanish, many works devoted to the calculations. The publication of these arithmetic-algebraic treatises –whose purpose was essentially practical– in the five-hundred century brought with it, not only the democratization of the calculation, but also, from a linguistic viewpoint, dignified the use of the vernacular languages as transmitters of knowledge expressed traditionally in Latin to a minority elite and favored the construction of a type of speech whose rhetoric we analyze in this paper. In short, our aim is bring to light, through extracted fragments of the most significant sixteenth century treatises that containing arithmetic and algebra, the stylistic and informative characteristics of this specialised vocabulary. Motivated by humanist pedagogical theory and to instruct (docere), highlighted in the corpus studied the use of many examples, citations and allusions to authorities, instructions and warnings, among other rhetorical resources which we consider key to the establishment and dissemination of these disciplines in the Iberian Peninsula just like the configuration of the mathematical technolect in Spanish.

La pensée constitutionnelle de la bourgeoisie chinoise

There are many people who come from Bourgeois class, and they always explore the way of the modern China in the end of 19th century. We will introduce their ideas and discuss.

Deriva a través de la construcción del subconsciente colectivo: el territorio, la arquitectura, la ciudad, el libro

La forma en la que se construye nuestra identidad puede ser observada desde el papel que juega en ella la arquitectura, afrontada desde una mirada amplificada, sin ceñirse a los aspectos puramente formales de la disciplina. La idea del «Hombre Marlboro» a partir del documentalismo de los pioneros del medio oeste en Estados Unidos, la autovigilancia ciudadana en la República Democrática Alemana, o la cristalización de la sociedad de clases burguesa a partir del diseño del Teatro de Besançon, son algunos de los ejemplos con los que podemos entender el papel que juega el territorio, la ciudad y la arquitectura en la construcción del subconsciente colectivo. Si entendemos la arquitectura de la forma que la entendía Michel Foucault, como un dispositivo de poder en el que confluyen estrategias de control, disciplinas del cuerpo y mecanismos biopolíticos, podemos entender la ciudad como un campo de batalla en el que se fraguan las sutilezas de la identidad. De la misma manera, la imagen de la arquitectura y su forma de narrarla han ido construyendo el subconsciente de la disciplina.

Traspasando las fronteras del espacio privado. Manipulación de los límites del espacio de la arquitectura doméstica por Vilanova Artigas y Paulo Mendes da Rocha

The present article starts from an analysis on the relation between the limits and the configuration of domestic architecture, and the type of family that occupies it to clarify how the spatial solutions are only a reflection of the individual relations inside these groups. Brazilian architects of the 20th century, with figures such as Paulo Mendes de Rocha and Vilanova Artigas, were able to find and develop their own architecture that reflected the beating of a new nation. Through their spatial experiences they succeeded in criticizing the bourgeois class that dominated Brazilian society since the beginning of the American colonization. The spatial solutions of its architecture imply a message addressed to the whole society. For the mentioned architects, architecture becomes a tool capable of modifying the spatiality of the domestic sphere and with it, the relations within the family groups that inhabit it. The manipulation of the boundaries within the dwelling itself and regarding the context –urban or natural– raises a new understanding of the subject within the family structure and with the society that inhabits it.

The Quarrel of the Amateurs

In my third and final lecture, I consider the conflict opposing Denis Diderot to Anne-Claude-Philippe de Tubières, Count de Caylus, on the faculty of judging works. The contemporary critic Jean-Louis Jam has called this conflict “the quarrel of the amateur.” I examine how this conflict anticipates from the eighteenth century, but in a kind of reversal in advance, the ambiguous fate in which criticism decomposes into philistinism—and in which the cultivated philistine comes to be interested and circumspect, and to repeat, with a serious, portentous air, “This is interesting … this is interesting.” With Diderot and the Encyclopédie, the Amateur becomes a figure on which there weighs a suspicion that imposes itself first insofar as the amateur represents a privilege typical of the ancien régime. But it also weighs on the amatorat, the bourgeois class of amateurs, as we shall see with Roland Barthes, and precisely as this bourgeois class, as an amatorat that is both philistine and cultivated. As for us, the hermeneuts of the twenty-first century, all more or less philistinized perhaps, mystagogues, mystifiers, and mystified, no longer believing in either myths or their demystification, we know now that we have come to know a new, quite uncultivated philistinism, though believing itself quite cultivated, and rather worse than that of all those bourgeois: a philistinism proper to our own time, a “bobo” philistinism, getting its honey from the buzz.

ГРОМАДСЬКА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ І СПОРІДНЕНІСТЬ: МІКРО-МАКРО ПЕРЕХОДИ У ПІДНЕСЕННІ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО РУХУ 1860–1890-Х РР.

The author uses James S. Coleman' conception of micro-to-macro transitions as a theoretical tool for reconstruction kinship network as well as network of civil activities among members of "Stara Hromada" (The Old Community). It is impossible to reconstruct social foundations of the Ukrainian national movement according to Ernest Gellner' conception. E. Gellner in his classical book "Nations and Nationalism" explains social origins of modern nationalism as a reaction to industrialization. According to E. Gellner, bourgeois class had the main influence on the process of nation formation during the industrialization. That trend was not possible in Ukrainian social, economic, and political context of XIX century. The main role in Ukrainian nationhood and nation formation played traditional elite (nobles). The Old Community after 1869 was network organization of that social group. The author uses network analysis for empirical evidence. Communication and cooperation between different members of the Old Community were based on principles of estate integration. Marriage was especially significant social practice in the process of community integration. Civil activity with family background was a reaction to contradictory conflation of different social roles. That activity provoked new type of social identity – national identity among representatives of traditional elites. James S. Coleman' conception provides heuristic understanding of aggregation individual actions and attitudes into desirable behaviors at the collective level.

Moda no Brasil nos anos 1920: um olhar nas caricaturas de Belmonte

O presente trabalho visa à investigação das caricaturas de Belmonte que têm a moda como tema, publicadas nas revistas cariocas Frou-Frou e Careta entre 1923 e 1927. A análise dessas representações gráficas é capaz de oferecer valorosa contribuição para o entendimento de práticas sociais e escolhas vestimentais de feição burguesa na então capital metropolitana do País; pretendemos propor uma reflexão sobre mudanças da indumentária, do arquétipo feminino e das relações de gênero em um período de disseminação da cultura das aparências e do fomento à estetização da vida cotidiana, em pleno curso da modernidade urbana.

“Everyone Breeds in His Own Image”: Staging theAethiopicaacross the Channel

“Everyone Breeds in His Own Image”: Staging the<i>Aethiopica</i>across the Channel

DINAMIKA POLITIK PEMBANGUNAN PADA MASA ORDE BARU (Studi Tentang Industrialisasi Ketergantungan dan Peran Modal Jepang)

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The Rise and Fall of the Palestinian-Arab Middle Class Under the British Mandate, 1920–39

The Palestinian-Arab middle class under the Mandate may be characterized as bourgeois and educated, similarly to bourgeois classes that have developed in the West in the Modern era. The bourgeois characteristics of the Palestinian-Arab middle class, and their influence on its historical trajectory during the Mandate era, have not been studied in depth yet. This article aims to focus on a local aspect of the rise of the middle class in the region in that period: the rise of the Palestinian-Arab middle class under the Mandate, until the Palestinian-Arab Revolt (1936–9). The main hypothesis is that particular bourgeois social and cultural characteristics prevented the middle class full incorporation into the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, and even led to estrangement between the middle class and the national leadership, as well as members of lower strata, especially the villagers. Members of the middle class, mostly Christians but Muslims as well, espoused in their daily life modern habits, ideas, and customs, as a means to distinguish between themselves and other classes, similarly to their parallels in the West, and like their contemporaries elsewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean, as has demonstrated by Watenpaugh. Those gaps reached their climax during the years of revolt.

The Critiques of Liberalism in Korea and the New Liberalism

The purpose of this paper to specify many problems from the studies and critiques on liberalism in Korea and to illustrate new liberalism in the late Victorian Age in England, which serves as an alternative to progressive liberalism aiming to overcome neo-liberalism. Those who have critical views on liberalism make their approaches to it based on the two kinds of frameworks above. First, those who consider liberalism a dominant ideology for the bourgeois class accept it as a kind of ideological device fully accomplishing class dictatorship by the bourgeoisie, in terms of a specific paradigm, Marxist historical materialism. Second, another ideology commenting upon liberalism is an equation of liberalism with neo-liberalism, which argues liberal political groups in Korea have led liberalism in Korea to be converted to neo-liberalism by making their choices in favor of neo-liberal policies. Liberalism in Korea has a dominant position as a main political ideology. Studies on liberalism in Korea have very simplistic aspects, and they tend to make critiques on all liberalism. The critiques on liberalism in Korea only take into account a unilateral aspect, dismissing the diversity of liberalism. In this circumstance, the new liberalism that appeared in England in the late eighteenth century is able to serve as a new alternative in Korea. New liberalism presents a framework for Korea that facilitates a free market economy and an advanced welfare state.